CIELUV

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In colorimetry, the CIE 1976 L*, u*, v* color space, commonly known by its abbreviation CIELUV, is a color space adopted by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1976, as a simple-to-compute transformation of the 1931 CIE XYZ color space, but which attempted perceptual uniformity. It is extensively used for applications such as computer graphics which deal with colored lights. Although additive mixtures of different colored lights will fall on a line in CIELUV's uniform chromaticity diagram (dubbed the CIE 1976 UCS), such additive mixtures will not, contrary to popular belief, fall along a line in the CIELUV color space unless the mixtures are constant in lightness.

Historical background

The sRGB gamut (left) and visible gamut under D65 illumination (right) plotted within the CIELUV color space. u and v are the horizontal axes; L is the vertical axis.

CIELUV is an Adams chromatic valence color space, and is an update of the CIE 1964 (U*, V*, W*) color space (CIEUVW). The differences include a slightly modified lightness scale, and a modified uniform chromaticity scale in which one of the coordinates, v′, is 1.5 times as large as v its 1960 predecessor. CIELUV and CIELAB were adopted simultaneously by the CIE when no clear consensus could be formed behind only one or the other of these two color spaces.

CIELUV uses Judd-type (translational) white point adaptation (in contrast with CIELAB, which uses a "wrong" von Kries transform).[1] This can produce useful results when working with a single illuminant, but can predict imaginary colors (i.e., outside the spectral locus) when attempting to use it as a chromatic adaptation transform.[2] The translational adaptation transform used in CIELUV has also been shown to perform poorly in predicting corresponding colors.[3]

XYZ → CIELUV and CIELUV → XYZ conversions

For typical images, u* and v* range ±100. By definition, 0 ≤ L* ≤ 100.

The forward transformation

CIELUV is based on CIEUVW and is another attempt to define an encoding with uniformity in the perceptibility of color differences.[4] The non-linear relations for L*, u*, and v* are given below:[4]

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}L^{*}&={\begin{cases}\left({\frac {29}{3}}\right)^{3}Y/Y_{n},&Y/Y_{n}\leq \left({\frac {6}{29}}\right)^{3}\\116\left(Y/Y_{n}\right)^{1/3}-16,&Y/Y_{n}>\left({\frac {6}{29}}\right)^{3}\end{cases}}\\u^{*}&=13L^{*}\cdot (u^{\prime }-u_{n}^{\prime })\\v^{*}&=13L^{*}\cdot (v^{\prime }-v_{n}^{\prime })\end{aligned}}}

The quantities un and vn are the (u′, v′) chromaticity coordinates of a "specified white object" – which may be termed the white point – and Yn is its luminance. In reflection mode, this is often (but not always) taken as the (u′, v′) of the perfect reflecting diffuser under that illuminant. (For example, for the 2° observer and standard illuminant C, un = 0.2009, vn = 0.4610.) Equations for u′ and v′ are given below:[5][6]

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}u^{\prime }&={\frac {4X}{X+15Y+3Z}}&={\frac {4x}{-2x+12y+3}}\\v^{\prime }&={\frac {9Y}{X+15Y+3Z}}&={\frac {9y}{-2x+12y+3}}\end{aligned}}}

The reverse transformation

(u′, v′) chromaticity diagram, also known as the CIE 1976 UCS (uniform chromaticity scale) diagram.

The transformation from (u′, v′) to (x, y) is:[6]

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&={\frac {9u^{\prime }}{6u^{\prime }-16v^{\prime }+12}}\\y&={\frac {4v^{\prime }}{6u^{\prime }-16v^{\prime }+12}}\end{aligned}}}

The transformation from CIELUV to XYZ is performed as follows:[6]

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}u^{\prime }&={\frac {u^{*}}{13L^{*}}}+u_{n}^{\prime }\\v^{\prime }&={\frac {v^{*}}{13L^{*}}}+v_{n}^{\prime }\\Y&={\begin{cases}Y_{n}\cdot L^{*}\cdot \left({\frac {3}{29}}\right)^{3},&L^{*}\leq 8\\Y_{n}\cdot \left({\frac {L^{*}+16}{116}}\right)^{3},&L^{*}>8\end{cases}}\\X&=Y\cdot {\frac {9u^{\prime }}{4v^{\prime }}}\\Z&=Y\cdot {\frac {12-3u^{\prime }-20v^{\prime }}{4v^{\prime }}}\\\end{aligned}}}

Cylindrical representation (CIELCH)

The sRGB gamut (left) and visible gamut under D65 illumination (right) plotted within the CIELCHuv color space. L is the vertical axis; C is the cylinder radius; h is the angle around the circumference.

The cylindrical version of CIELUV is known as CIE LChuv (or CIE HLCuv), where C*uv is the chroma and huv is the hue:[6]

${\displaystyle C_{uv}^{*}={\sqrt {(u^{*})^{2}+(v^{*})^{2}}}}$
${\displaystyle h_{uv}=\operatorname {atan2} (v^{*},u^{*}),}$

where atan2 function, a "two-argument arctangent", computes the polar angle from a Cartesian coordinate pair.

Furthermore, the saturation correlate can be defined as:

${\displaystyle s_{uv}={\frac {C^{*}}{L^{*}}}=13{\sqrt {(u^{\prime }-u_{n}^{\prime })^{2}+(v^{\prime }-v_{n}^{\prime })^{2}}}}$

Similar correlates of chroma and hue, but not saturation, exist for CIELAB. See Colorfulness for more discussion on saturation.

Color and hue difference

The color difference can be calculated using the Euclidean distance of the (L*, u*, v*) co-ordinates.[6] It follows that a chromaticity distance of ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {(\Delta u')^{2}+(\Delta v')^{2}}}=1/13}$ corresponds to the same ΔE*uv as a lightness difference of ΔL* = 1, in direct analogy to CIEUVW.

The Euclidean metric can also be used in CIELCH, with that component of ΔE*uv attributable to difference in hue as[4] ΔH* = C*1C*2 2 sin (Δh/2), where Δh = h2h1.

References

1. ^ Judd, Deane B. (January 1940). "Hue saturation and lightness of surface colors with chromatic illumination". JOSA. 30 (1): 2–32. doi:10.1364/JOSA.30.000002.
2. ^ Mark D Fairchild, Color Appearance Models. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998.
3. ^ D. H. Alman, R. S. Berns, G. D. Snyder, and W. A. Larson, "Performance testing of color difference metrics using a color-tolerance dataset." Color Research and Application, 21:174-188 (1989).
4. ^ a b c Schanda, János (2007). Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System. Wiley Interscience. pp. 61–64. ISBN 978-0-470-04904-4. As 24/116 is not a simple ratio, in some publications the 6/29 ratio is used, in others the approximate value of 0.008856 (used in earlier editions of CIE 15). Similarly some authors prefer to use instead of 841/108 the expression (1/3)×(29/6)2 or the approximate value of 7.787, or instead of 16/116 the ratio 4/29.
5. ^ Colorimetry, second edition: CIE publication 15.2. Vienna: Bureau Central CIE, 1986.
6. Poynton, Charles (2003). Digital Video and HDTV. Morgan-Kaufmann. p. 226. ISBN 1-55860-792-7.