COVID-19 apps

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COVID-19 apps are mobile software applications designed to aid contact tracing in response to the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual.

Example proposal for a location-based COVID-19 contact tracing app: Contacts of individual A (and all individuals using the app) are traced using GPS co-localisations with other app users, supplemented by scanning QR codes displayed on high-traffic public amenities where GPS is too coarse. Individual A requests a SARS-COV-2 test (using the app) and their positive test result triggers an instant notification to individuals who have been in close contact. The app advises isolation for the case (individual A) and quarantine of their contacts.[1]

Numerous applications were developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions. Several frameworks for building contact tracing apps have been developed. Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.

Less intrusive alternatives include the use of Bluetooth signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones. On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their Android and iOS operating systems.

Countries with official contact tracing apps

In China, the Chinese government, in conjunction with Alipay, has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19. It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.[2]

In Singapore, an app called TraceTogether is being used.[3] Additionally a digital contact tracing protocol, BlueTrace, was developed, with an open source reference implementation, OpenTrace.[4][5]

Colombia - CoronApp is the mobile app for Android and iOS –and available for the Huawei AppGallery– developed by the Colombian government. The app, downloaded more than 1.2 million users, is a free application, which does not consume data; it helps detect affected areas and nearby people with a positive diagnosis for COVID-19. CoronApp facilitates the real-time monitoring of data collected to the Emergency Operations Center of the Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Health Institute, INS). It incorporates technologies such as those developed by the Governments of Singapore and South Korea, as well as Apple.[6] Privacy, the major concern with these applications from organizations around the world, has not been the exception for Colombia: Fundación Karisma points out some vulnerabilities of CoronApp. [7] As an additional benefit of the app, the Colombian Government will finance 1 gigabyte per month and 100 minutes for users of prepaid lines that install it. [8]

The Czech Republic has launched a Singapore-inspired tracing app called eRouška (eFacemask). The app was developed by local IT community, released as open source and will be handed over to the government.[9]

North Macedonia launched "StopKorona!" on April 13 2020, becoming the first country in the Western Balkans to launch a Covid-19 tracing app. The Bluetooth-based app traces exposure with potentially infected persons and helps healthcare authorities to provide a fast response. The app was developed and donated by Skopje-based Software company Nextsense. With regards to laws on data protection, the app does not use the users’ locations nor personal information. The users’ mobile numbers are the only user-related data, stored on servers managed by the Ministry of Health.[10][11][12]

Ghana launched "GH Covid-19 Tracker App", an Android and IOS app equipped with location tracking technology to provide detailed information about people who have been at the same event, location, country or other defined locations in order to provide accurate information to health authorities overtime to know who to screen and provide needed assistance. The app was developed by the Ministry of Communication and Technology and Ministry of Health.[13] As of 14 April 2020, the app was awaiting approval by the Google Play Store and Apple App Store.[14]

In Norway - Smittestopp app that is developed by the Norwegian government needs Bluetooth and GPS signals.[15]

Countries considering deployment

In the United Kingdom, Matthew Gould, chief executive of NHSX, the government body responsible for policy regarding technology in the NHS, said in late March 2020 that the organisation was looking seriously at an app that would alert people if they had recently been in contact with someone testing positive for the virus after scientists advising the government suggested it "could play a critical role" in limiting lockdowns.[16] On 12 April, the government stated that the contact tracing app was in an advanced stage of development, and would be available for deployment within weeks.[17]

A similar app is planned in Ireland,[18] and in France ("StopCovid [fr]").

Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's TraceTogether app and BlueTrace protocol.[19]

Russia intends to introduce a geofencing app for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.[20]

Open problems

Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.[21] Modelling by researchers at Oxford University has suggested that 80% of all smartphone users in a city of one million people would have to use a tracking system to halt the coronavirus.[22] In Singapore, only one person in six downloaded the TraceTogether App by April 2020; the app was also underused due to its burdensome user requirements.[23]

The proposed Google/Apple contact tracing plan intends to mitigate the take-up problem by incorporating the tracing mechanism in their device operating systems, distributed by standard software update mechanisms.[24]

App store restrictions

Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful "coronavirus" apps, Apple set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only "official" or otherwise reputable organizations.[25] Google and Amazon have implemented similar restrictions.[26]

Privacy, discrimination and marginalisation concerns

Privacy campaigners voiced their concern regarding the implications of mass surveillance using coronavirus apps, in particular about whether surveillance infrastructure created to deal with the coronavirus pandemic will be dismantled once the threat has passed.[27] Amnesty International and over 100 other organizations issued a statement[28] calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.[29] The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:[28]

  1. surveillance would have to be "lawful, necessary and proportionate";
  2. extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have sunset clauses;
  3. the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;
  4. data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;
  5. digital surveillance would have to address the risk of exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;
  6. any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;
  7. there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;
  8. "meaningful participation" by all "relevant stakeholders" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.

The German Chaos Computer Club (CCC)[30] and Reporters Without Borders (Reporter ohne Grenzen) (RSF)[31] also issued checklists.

The proposed Google/Apple contact tracing plan intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.[24]

General approaches

International Telecommunication Union.

Centralized network-based location tracing

Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking. In Israel, network-based tracking was approved.[32] Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.[33] However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).

In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing. Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.[34] In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the MERS outbreak in that country.[35] This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.[35]

Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems. As of 6 April 2020, the details had not yet been released.[36]

Privacy-preserving contact tracing

Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.[37][38][39]

As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.[29] Users then receive a message if they've been in close contact with someone who has tested positive for COVID-19.[29]

A group of European researchers, including from the Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), are under the umbrella of the Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT) project,[40] developing a BLE-based app to serve this purpose that is designed to avoid the need for intrusive surveillance by the state.[41][42][43] However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches.[44] On April 17, 2020, EPFL and the ETH Zurich pulled out of the project, criticizing PEPP-PT for a lack of transparency and openness, and for not respecting personal privacy enough.[45]

Decentralised protocols include Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T),[36][46] the global TCN Coalition's TCN ("Temporary Contact Numbers") Protocol,[47][48] and the MIT Media Lab's SafePaths.[49][50] The goal of decentralization is to reduce the loss of privacy, by exchanging anonymous keys that don't include identifiable information.[51]

On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced a reference implementation of the BlueTrace protocol used by its official government app.[52]

Google / Apple contact tracing project

Main article: Google / Apple contact tracing project

On 10 April 2020, Google and Apple, the companies that control the Android and iOS mobile platforms, announced an initiative for contact tracing, which they stated would preserve privacy, based on a combination of Bluetooth Low Energy technology and privacy-preserving cryptography.[53][54] They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system.[55][56] According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages:[57][58]

  • API specification and publication
  • rollout of tools to enable governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps
  • integration of this functionality directly into iOS and Android

Google and Apple plan to address the take-up and persistent surveillance problems by first distributing the system through operating system updates, and later removing it in the same way once the threat has passed.[24]

The ACLU stated the Google and Apple's approach "appears to mitigate the worst privacy and centralization risks, but there is still room for improvement".[59]

List of frameworks

Name Functionality Platform Author/promoter Licence Homepage Ref
Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT) project privacy-preserving contact tracing undisclosed Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Robert Koch Institute, Technical University of Berlin, TU Dresden, University of Erfurt, Vodafone Germany multiple protocols, closed source, private specifications, MPL https://www.pepp-pt.org/, https://github.com/pepp-pt/pepp-pt-documentation, https://nadim.computer/res/pdf/PEPP-PT_NTK_High_Level_Overview.pdf [60]
Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project privacy-preserving contact tracing platform-independent Google, Apple Inc. public specification https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing [61]
Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T) privacy-preserving contact tracing platform-independent EPFL, ETHZ, KU Leuven, TU Delft, University College London, CISPA, University of Oxford, University of Torino / ISI Foundation publicly-developed Apache 2.0 reference implementation, MPL 2.0 iOS/Android code.
 https://github.com/DP-3T [62]
BlueTrace / OpenTrace privacy-preserving contact tracing platform-independent Singapore Government Digital Services public specification, GPL 3 code bluetrace.io, https://github.com/opentrace-community [4]
TCN Coalition / TCN Protocol privacy-preserving contact tracing platform-independent CovidWatch, CoEpi, ITO, Commons Project, Zcash Foundation, Openmined public developed specification, MIT License code tcn-coalition.org https://github.com/TCNCoalition/TCN [61]

List of apps by country

Note: This table should list only apps which are either supported by citations from third-party reliable sources, or are from, or supported by, independently notable organizations such as national governments, industrial collaborations, major universities or NGOs, or one of the framework collaborations listed above.

Country Name Functionality Platform Author/supporter Licence Protocol Homepage Ref
 Việt Nam NCOVI medical reporting Android, iOS VNPT, Ministry of Health Vietnam Proprietary MINISTRY OF HEALTH VIETNAM [63]
 Sri Lanka COVID Shield Self-Health Checking, Quarantine Support, Automated Respiratory health monitoring Android, iOS Commonwealth Centre for Digital Health Proprietary https://covid.iq.lk/covid-shield-app.php [64]
 Australia Coronavirus Australia information, isolation registration Android, iOS Delv Pty Ltd / Australian Department of Health Proprietary health.gov.au [65]
COVID Trace contact tracing Android, iOS Australian Department of Health Open source, exact licence unknown BlueTrace [66][67]
 Austria Stopp Corona contact tracing, medical reporting Android, iOS Austrian Red Cross www.roteskreuz.at [68]
 China "Alipay Health Code" contact tracing Android, iOS integrated into Alipay and WeChat apps Proprietary [69][70][71][72]
 Czech Republic eRouška contact tracing Android, iOS Czech Ministry of Health and Hygiene MIT License erouska.cz [73][9][74][75]
 Germany Ito contact tracing Android Partners like TUM TCN www.ito-app.org [76]
 France StopCovid contact tracing unknown Government of France / INRIA github.com/betagouv/StopCovid [77], [78]
ROBERT-ROBust and privacy-presERving proximity Tracing protocol contact tracing unknown INRIA PEPP-TT github.com/ROBERT-proximity-tracing [79],
 Ghana GH COVID-19 Tracker App Android, iOS: awaiting app store approvals Ministry of Communication and Technology, Ministry of Health [14][13]
 Hong Kong Stay Home Safe quarantine enforcement Unknown The Government Of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Unknown [80]
 Iceland Rakning C-19 contact tracing Unknown Iceland's Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management and Directorate of Health Unknown [81]
 India Aarogya Setu contact tracing Android, iOS Union Government of India / National Informatics Centre aarogyasetu.in [82]
COVA Punjab contact tracing Android, iOS Government of Punjab [83]
COVID-19 Feedback feedback Android Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology / Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare [83]
COVID-19 Quarantine Monitor contact tracing, geofencing TBA Government of Tamil Nadu / Pixxon AI Solutions [83]
Corona Kavach information Android (discontinued) Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology / Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare [83][84]
GoK Direct information Android, iOS Government of Kerala / Qkopy (for Android), MuseON Communications (for iOS) Proprietary [83][85][86]
Mahakavach contact tracing Android Government of Maharashtra [83]
Quarantine Watch contact tracing Android Government of Karnataka [83]
Test Yourself Goa self diagnostic Android Government of Goa / Innovaccer [83][87]
Test Yourself Puducherry self diagnostic Android Government of Puducherry / Innovaccer [83][87]
 Israel Hamagen (Hebrew: המגן "the shield") contact tracing Android, iOS Israeli Health Ministry MIT License [88][89][90][91]
 Italy Immuni ("Immune") contact tracing, self diagnostic Android, iOS Bending Spoons unknown, open? PEPP-PT [92]
 North Macedonia StopKorona! contact tracing Android, iOS Ministry of Health (North Macedonia) [10]
 Norway Smittestopp contact tracing Android, iOS Simula Research Laboratory / Norwegian Institute of Public Health (FHI) [93]
 Poland ProteGO contact tracing Android, iOS authors: Jakub Lipinski, Karol Kostrzewa, Dariusz Aniszewski; supporter: Ministry of Digital Affairs of Poland GNU GPLv3 + GNU AGPLv3 github.com/ProteGO-app [94][95][96]
 Russia "Social Monitoring" contact tracing under development Infogorod / Gaskar [97][98]
Contact Tracer Digital Contact Tracing and Alerting Android SoftTree https://contacttracer.ru [99]
 Saudi Arabia Tawakkalna curfew management Android, iOS Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority [100]
 Singapore TraceTogether contact tracing Android, iOS Government Digital Services agency of Government Technology Agency of Singapore compatible with open source OpenTrace / BlueTrace framework BlueTrace [101]
 South Korea Corona 100m contact tracing Android (no longer available) Bae Won-Seok / TINA3D [102][103][104]
Self-Diagnosis app self-diagnostic Android, iOS Ministry of Health and Welfare ncov.mohw.go.kr/selfcheck [105][106]
Self-Quarantine app isolation registration Android, iOS Ministry of the Interior and Safety www.safekorea.go.kr [107][108]
 United Kingdom Covid Symptom Tracker self-diagnostic Android, iOS King's College London, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, Zoe Global Limited [109]
NHS App multipurpose Android, iOS NHS Digital www.nhs.uk [110]
 United States COVID-19 Apple App information iOS Apple Inc. / U.S. Federal Government [111]
How We Feel self-diagnostic Android, iOS Pinterest and others [112]
Private Kit: Safe Paths contact tracing Android, iOS MIT MIT License safepaths.mit.edu [113]
Covid Watch digital contact tracing and alerting Android, iOS Covid Watch TCN https://www.covid-watch.org/ [49][114]
coEpi self-reporting Android, iOS coEpi TCN https://www.coepi.org [49][115]

See also

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External links

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