Carabus nemoralis

Carabus nemoralis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Clade:	Pancrustacea
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Suborder:	Adephaga
Family:	Carabidae
Genus:	Carabus
Species:	C. nemoralis
Binomial name
	Carabus nemoralis; O. F. Müller, 1764
Synonyms
	Carabus waltersachi Mandl, 1984; Carabus freneyi Tarrier, 1975; Carabus montisdiniensis Tarrier, 1975; Carabus fayardensis P.Machard, 1974; Archicarabus aubersoni Raynaud, 1973; Archicarabus borealensis Raynaud, 1973; Archicarabus miolansicus Tarrier, 1965; Archicarabus colasi Bourgin, 1963; Carabus pseudomontivagus Mandl, 1961; Carabus verdonensis Puisségur, 1961; Carabus nigrotinctus Mandl, 1955; Carabus nicollei Bourgin, 1947; Carabus lestagei Basilewsky, 1930; Carabus auratus Heuer, 1926; Carabus brunnipes Lapouge, 1908; Carabus canadensis Lapouge, 1908; Carabus deletus Lapouge, 1908; Carabus lucidus Lapouge, 1908; Carabus krasae Roubal, 1903; Carabus tristis Dalla Torre, 1877; Carabus nigrescens Letzner, 1850; Carabus virescens Letzner, 1850; Buprestis foetens Voet, 1778; Carabus manae Devecis, 1996; Carabus layrei Tarrier, 1975; Carabus litigiosus Tarrier, 1975; Archicarabus venustus Raynaud, 1973; Carabus cantalicus Jeanne, 1971; Carabus indigotinctus Codina, 1927; Carabus meridianus Csiki, 1927; Carabus setosus Lapouge, 1910; Carabus atavus Lapouge, 1908; Carabus discolor Lapouge, 1908; Carabus meridionalis Lapouge, 1908; Carabus pascuorum Lapouge, 1908; Carabus quinqueseriatus Lapouge, 1908; Carabus kraatzianus Beuthin, 1889; Carabus nisseni Beuthin, 1889; Carabus pulcherrimus Beuthin, 1889; Carabus contractus Géhin, 1885;

Carabus nemoralis (commonly called the "Bronze carabid") is a ground beetle common in central and northern Europe, as well as Iceland and Canada. While native to Europe, it has been introduced to and is expanding its range throughout North America.^[1] It is 20-25mm long and found in many habitats in Great Britain.^[2]

Ecology

Feeding habits

Carabus nemoralis is a beneficial predator as it eats the agricultural pest Deroceras reticulatum slug in its young stage and also its eggs. Use of Carabus nemoralis as a biocontrol agent for multiple pests in large scale farming operations have been tested in recent years.^[3] Larvae are voracious hunters, resembling rove beetles. They can be found preying on annelids and slugs during early summer months.

Defensive adaptations

It is known that some Carabus nemoralis populations will regurgitate foul-smelling brownish-red liquid as a defense mechanism against predators. Specimens can also fire fecal matter at high speed to a considerable distance, if picked up or otherwise threatened.

Reproduction

Carabus nemoralis typically has one breeding period in the spring with eggs hatching in autumn of the same year.^[4] The adults are found all year-round in many habitats.^[2]

Subspecies

Carabus nemoralis nemoralis (Ireland, Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, former Yugoslavia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, New Zealand, Canada, Russia)
Carabus nemoralis lamadridae Born, 1895 (Spain)
Carabus nemoralis prasinotinctus Heyden, 1880 (France, Spain)

References

^ Cardenas, A.M; Buddle, C.M (2007). "Distribution and potential range expansion of seven introduced ground beetle species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Quebec, Canada". The Coleopterists Bulletin. 61: 135–142. doi:10.1649/937.1.
^ ^a ^b Collins Complete Guide to British Insects. Collins. 2005. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-00-729899-0.
^ Lee, J.C; Edwards, D.L (1999). "Impact of predatory Carabids on below and above ground pests and yield in strawberry". BioControl. 57 (4): 515–522. doi:10.1007/s10526-011-9425-z.
^ Hiembach, Weber, Udu, Friedrich (2001). "Behavioural, reproductive and developmental seasonality in Carabus auronitens and Carabus nemoralis (Col., Carabidae)". Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land- Forstwirtsch. 382: 1–194. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.977.6083.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

Scanned 3d model
Picture gallery
Media related to Carabus nemoralis at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Carabus nemoralis at Wikispecies

[1] Cardenas, A.M; Buddle, C.M (2007). "Distribution and potential range expansion of seven introduced ground beetle species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Quebec, Canada". The Coleopterists Bulletin. 61: 135–142. doi:10.1649/937.1.

[:0-2] Collins Complete Guide to British Insects. Collins. 2005. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-00-729899-0.

[3] Lee, J.C; Edwards, D.L (1999). "Impact of predatory Carabids on below and above ground pests and yield in strawberry". BioControl. 57 (4): 515–522. doi:10.1007/s10526-011-9425-z.

[4] Hiembach, Weber, Udu, Friedrich (2001). "Behavioural, reproductive and developmental seasonality in Carabus auronitens and Carabus nemoralis (Col., Carabidae)". Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land- Forstwirtsch. 382: 1–194. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.977.6083.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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