Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War

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Casualties in the Russo-Ukrainian War included six deaths during the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, 14,200–14,400 military and civilian deaths during the war in Donbas (2014–2022), and tens of thousands of deaths during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Russian annexation of Crimea

Main article: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

During the Russian annexation of Crimea[1] from 23 February through 19 March 2014, six people were killed. The dead included three protesters,[2][3][4][5] two Ukrainian soldiers[6] and one Russian Cossack paramilitary.[7] On 10 August 2016, Russia accused the Special Forces of Ukraine of conducting a raid near the Crimean town of Armiansk which killed two Russian servicemen. The government of Ukraine dismissed the report as a provocation.[8] Ten people were forcibly disappeared between 2014 and 2016 and were still missing as of 2017.[9]

War in Donbas (before 2022 invasion)

Main article: War in Donbas (2014–2022)
Civilian casualties of the war in Donbas
A mural of Ukrainian soldiers who died during the war in Donbas in 2014

The overall number of estimated deaths in the war in Donbas, from 6 April 2014 until 31 December 2021, was 14,200–14,400. This includes about 6,500 pro-Russian separatist forces, 4,400 Ukrainian forces, and 3,404 civilians.[10] This number includes non-combat military deaths, as well as deaths from mines and unexploded ordnance. The vast majority of the deaths took place in the first year of the war, when major combat took place before the Minsk agreements.

Total deaths

Breakdown Fatalities Time period Source
Total 14,200–14,400 killed 6 April 2014 – 31 December 2021 United Nations[10]
Civilians 3,404 killed (306 foreign) 6 April 2014 – 31 December 2021 United Nations[10]
Ukrainian forces
(ZSU, NGU, SBGS
and volunteer forces) 		4,400 killed 6 April 2014 – 31 December 2021 United Nations[10]
4,647 killed[a] 6 April 2014 – 23 February 2022 Museum of Military History[11][12][13]
Pro-Russian forces
(DPR and LPR forces) 		6,517 killed 6 April 2014 – 23 February 2022 United Nations, DPR & LPR[10][14][15]
Russian Armed Forces 400–500 killed[b] 6 April 2014 – 10 March 2015 US State Department[16]

Initially, the known number of Ukrainian military casualties varied widely due to the Ukrainian Army drastically understating its casualties,[17] as reported by medics, activists and soldiers on the ground, as well as at least one lawmaker.[17][18][19][20][21] Several medical officials reported they were overstretched due to the drastic number of casualties.[17] Eventually, the Ukrainian Defence Ministry stated that the numbers recorded by the National Museum of Military History were the official ones, although still incomplete,[22] with 4,647 deaths (4,509 identified and 138 unidentified) cataloged by 1 December 2021.[11][12]

According to the Armed Forces of Ukraine, 1,175 of the Ukrainian servicemen died due to non-combat causes by 5 March 2021.[23] Subsequently, the military did not publish new figures on their non-combat losses, stating they could be considered a state secret.[24]

Deaths by regions

2018 Ukrainian Deaths
Deaths of Ukrainian soldiers in 2018.[25]

The following table does not include the 298 deaths from the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 or the deaths of Ukrainian servicemen, which are listed separately.

Region Fatalities Time period Source
Donetsk region 2,420 civilians and DPR fighters killed[26] 6 April 2014 – 15 February 2015 OCHA
Luhansk region 1,185 civilians and LPR fighters killed[c][26] 1 May 2014 – 15 February 2015 OCHA
Donetsk region 5,042 civilians and DPR fighters killed[30] 6 April 2014 – 18 February 2022 DPR
Luhansk region 2,269 civilians killed[31] 6 April 2014 – 23 February 2022 LPR
A wall of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv has been transformed into a war memorial with the photos of thousands of Ukrainian soldiers who were killed during the war in Donbas

Missing and captured

At the beginning of June 2015, the Donetsk region's prosecutors reported 1,592 civilians had gone missing in government-controlled areas, of which 208 had been located.[32] At the same time, a report by the United Nations stated 1,331–1,460 people were missing, including at least 378 soldiers and 216 civilians. 345 unidentified bodies, of mostly soldiers, were also confirmed to be held at morgues in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast or buried.[33] In all, as of late October, 774 people were missing according to the government,[34] including 271 soldiers.[35] By the end of December 2017, the number of confirmed missing on the Ukrainian side was 402,[36] including 123 soldiers.[37] The separatists also reported 433 missing on their side by mid-December 2016,[38] and 321 missing by mid-February 2022.[30]

As of mid-March 2015, according to the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU), 1,553 separatists had been released from captivity during prisoner exchanges between the two sides.[39] Subsequently, Ukraine released another 322 people by late February 2016,[40][41][42][43] while by September, 1,598 security forces members and 1,484 civilians had been released by the rebels.[44] 1,110 separatist fighters and supporters, including 743 civilians, were reportedly still being held by Ukrainian forces as of late March 2016.[45] The figure of separatist prisoners was updated to 816, including 287–646 civilians, in December.[46][38] At the end of May 2015, the Ukrainian commander of Donetsk airport, Oleg Kuzminykh, who was captured during the battle for the complex, was released.[47]

In December 2017, a large prisoner exchange took place where the rebels released 73 out of 176 prisoners they were holding, while Ukraine released 306 out of 380 of their prisoners. Out of those that were released by Ukraine, 29 brought to the exchange point refused to go back to separatist-held territory, while 40 who were already previously released did not show up for the exchange. Meanwhile, out of those released by the rebels, 32 were soldiers. This brought the overall number of prisoners released by the rebels to 3,215.[36] Among those still held by the separatists, 74 were soldiers.[48] The number of released prisoners was updated to 3,224 in late June 2018,[49] while the number of those still held by the rebels was put at 113.[50] At the end of December 2019, a new prisoner exchange took place, with Ukraine releasing 124 separatist fighters and their supporters, while 76 prisoners, including 12 soldiers, were returned to Ukraine by the rebels. Another five or six prisoners released by the separatists decided to stay in rebel-controlled territories.[51][52]

Foreign fighters

Foreign volunteers have been involved in the conflict, fighting on both sides. The NGO Cargo 200 reported that they documented the deaths of 1,479 Russian citizens while fighting as part of the rebel forces.[53] The United States Department of State estimated 400–500 of these were regular Russian soldiers.[16] Two Kyrgyz and one Georgian have also been killed fighting on the separatist side.[54][55] Additionally, at least 262 foreign-born Ukrainian citizens or foreigners died on the Ukrainian side.[56] One of those killed was the former Chechen rebel commander Isa Munayev.[57]

In late August 2015, according to a reported leak by a Russian news site, Business Life (Delovaya Zhizn), 2,000 Russian soldiers had been killed in Ukraine by 1 February 2015.[58][59]

Foreign civilians and journalists

Further information: List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War

At least 306 foreign civilians were killed in the war in Donbas prior to the 2022 invasion:

Landmines and other explosive remnants

As a consequence of the conflict, large swaths of the Donbas region have become contaminated with landmines and other explosive remnants of war (ERW).[65] According to the UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Ukraine, in 2020 Ukraine was of one of the most mine-affected countries in the world, with nearly 1,200 mine/ERW casualties since the beginning of the conflict in 2014.[66] A report by UNICEF released in December 2019 said that 172 children had been injured or killed due to landmines and other explosives.[67][68]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Total casualties

Breakdown Casualties Time period Source
Civilians 9,000[69]–16,502[70] killed (conf.)[d] 24 February 2022 – 17 January 2023 Ukrainian government
30,000 killed 24 February 2022 – 22 January 2023 Norwegian Chief of Defence[71]
8,401 killed, 14,023 wounded
(conf. minimum, thought higher) 		24 February 2022 – 26 March 2023 United Nations[72]
Ukrainian forces
(ZSU, NGU, SBGS, PSMOP) 		120,000 killed and wounded 24 February 2022 – 7 February 2023 The Telegraph estimate[73]
120,000 killed and wounded 24 February 2022 – 13 March 2023 US and European officials' estimate[74]
Ukrainian forces (ZSU) 10,000–13,000 killed 24 February – 1 December 2022 Ukrainian government[75]
Russian forces
(VSRF, Rosgvardiya, FSB, FSO,
PMCs Wagner & Redut, DPR & LPR) 		175,000–200,000 casualties
(40,000–60,000 killed) 		24 February 2022 – 17 February 2023 UK MoD estimate[76]
200,000–250,000 casualties
(60,000–70,000 killed) 		24 February 2022 – 22 February 2023 CSIS estimate[77]
47,000+ killed, 164,500+ wounded 24 February 2022 – 16 March 2023 BBC News Russian &
Mediazona estimate[78]
200,000–220,000+ casualties 24 February 2022 – 29 March 2023 US estimate[79]
168,150 losses[e] 24 February 2022 – 23 March 2023 Ukrainian government[80]
Russian forces
(VSRF, Rosgvardiya, FSB, FSO,
PMCs Wagner & Redut) 		35,000+ killed (est., 18,023 conf.
by names), 122,500+ wounded (est.) 		24 February 2022 – 22 March 2023 BBC News Russian & Mediazona[78]
Russian forces
(PMC Wagner) 		9,000 killed, 21,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – 17 February 2023 US estimate[86]
3,150 killed (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 22 March 2023 BBC News Russian & Mediazona[78]
Russian forces
(Donetsk & Luhansk PR) 		4,163 killed, 17,329 wounded
(DPR only) 		26 February – 22 December 2022 Donetsk PR[87]
7,000+ killed 24 February 2022 – 16 March 2023 BBC News Russian & Mediazona[78]
10,000+ killed 24 February 2022 – 22 February 2023 CSIS estimate[77][88]

On 21 September 2022, Russia's Ministry of Defence confirmed that 5,937 Russian soldiers had been killed in combat.[89] It also claimed 61,207 Ukrainian soldiers had been killed and 49,368 wounded by this point.[90][91][92]

According to BBC News Russian and the Mediazona news website, out of 18,023 Russian soldiers and contractors whose deaths they had documented by 22 March 2023, 10.4 percent (1,874) were officers, while 11.7 percent (2,110) were Motorized Rifle Troops and 9 percent (1,629) were members of the Russian Airborne Forces (VDV). In addition, 9 percent (1,617) of Russian soldiers whose deaths had been confirmed were people who were mobilized, while 12.5 percent (2,259) were convicts.[78] The BBC further stated that "Every week, we discover new evidence of Russian military funerals in different localities of Russia, which were not reported by local authorities. Based on these observations, we can assume that the list of confirmed losses maintained by the BBC contain at least 40-60% fewer names of the dead than actually buried in Russia."[93] Thus, the BBC stated that the actual death toll could be over 35,000, counting only Russian servicemen and contractors (i.e. excluding DPR/LPR militia). Mediazona added that "the real toll is likely in the tens of thousands."[78]

According to an analysis by the Center of Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Russia suffered more combat deaths in the first year of the war than in all of its wars since World War II combined, including the Soviet and Russian wars in Afghanistan and Chechnya. CSIS estimated Russia suffered an average of roughly 5,000 to 5,800 military fatalities per month over the first year of the war. In comparison, Russia suffered somewhere between 13,000 to 25,000 fatalities in Chechnya over a period of 15 years and the Soviet Union also suffered roughly 14,000 to 16,000 combat fatalities in Afghanistan. Thus, according to CSIS's analysis, the average rate of Russian fatalities per month over the first year of the conflict in Ukraine was at least 25 times more than in Chechnya and at least 35 times more than in the Soviet Union's war in Afghanistan.[77]

Meanwhile, Ukraine confirmed its forces had suffered 10,000 killed and 30,000 wounded by the start of June 2022,[94][95] while 7,200 troops were missing,[96] including 5,600 captured.[97] At the height of the fighting in May and June 2022, according to Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy[98] and presidential advisor Mykhailo Podolyak, between 100 and 200 Ukrainian soldiers were being killed in combat daily,[99] while presidential adviser Oleksiy Arestovych stated 150 soldiers were being killed and 800 wounded daily.[100] Mid-June, Davyd Arakhamia, Ukraine's chief negotiator with Russia, told Axios that between 200 and 500 Ukrainian soldiers were killed every day.[101] By late July, Ukrainian daily losses fell to around 30 killed and about 250 wounded.[98]

With respect to Russian military losses, Ukrainian estimates tended to be high, while Russian estimates of their own losses tended to be low. Combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery and video image of military actions.[102] According to a researcher at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at Uppsala University in Sweden, regarding Russian military losses, Ukraine's government was engaged in a misinformation campaign aimed to boost morale and Western media were generally happy to accept its claims, while Russia was "probably" downplaying its own casualties. Ukraine also tended to be quieter about its own military fatalities.[103] According to BBC News, Ukrainian claims of Russian fatalities were including the injured as well.[81][82] Analysts warned about accepting the Ukrainian claims as fact, as Western countries were emphasizing the Russian military's toll, while Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting on the Russian death toll.[104] In early June 2022, the Svetlogorsk City Court in the Kaliningrad region ruled that a list of Russian soldiers killed in Ukraine, published by privately owned news websites, constituted "classified information" and its publication could be considered a criminal offense.[105][106]

The number of civilian and military deaths is impossible to determine with precision given the fog of war.[107][102] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) considers the number of civilian casualties to be considerably higher than the one the United Nations are able to certify.[108]

Civilian deaths

By December 2022, 19 of Ukraine's 24 oblasts had been documented by open-source intelligence to have civilian deaths.[citation needed]

By 17 February 2023, the Ukrainian prosecutor general announced that at least 461 children had been killed since the start of the invasion, with a further 923 wounded.[109] Most victims among children were from the Donetsk region. At least 55 of the war-related child deaths were from the Kyiv area and another 34 were from Kharkiv.[110][111] According to Ukraine, 350 children have also been reported missing, and 16,222 deported, as of 6 February 2023.[112] Russia reported that Ukrainian shelling of border areas in the Belgorod, Kursk and Bryansk Oblasts killed 30 people,[113] while an alleged Ukrainian attack on drilling platforms in the Black Sea near Crimea reportedly left seven workers missing.[114] In addition, due to missiles striking the Polish village of Przewodów in Lublin Voivodeship on 15 November 2022, two Polish civilians were killed.[115]

Civilian Deaths by Area
Area Fatalities Time period Source
Cherkasy Oblast 2 killed[116][117] 24 February – 26 June 2022 Ukrainian government
Chernihiv Oblast 899 killed[70] 24 February – 31 December 2022
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 118 killed[118] 24 April – 14 January 2023
Donetsk Oblast 4,895–26,434 killed[119] 24 February 2022 – 27 March 2023
Kharkiv Oblast 1,699–3,784 killed[120][70] 24 February – 31 December 2022
Kherson Oblast 698 killed[121] 24 February 2022 – 15 January 2023
Kirovohrad Oblast 7 killed[122] 24 February – 28 July 2022
Kyiv Oblast 2,072 killed[70] 24 February – 31 December 2022
Luhansk Oblast 815 killed[70] 24 February – 31 December 2022
Lviv Oblast 7 killed[123] 18 April 2022
Mykolaiv Oblast 2,208 killed[70][124] 24 February 2022 – 17 January 2023
Odesa Oblast 33 killed[125] 24 February – 23 September 2022
Poltava Oblast 22 killed[126] 27 June 2022
Rivne Oblast 25 killed[127] 24 February – 23 June 2022
Sumy Oblast 341 killed[70] 24 February – 31 December 2022
Vinnytsia Oblast 23 killed[128] 14 July 2022
Volyn Oblast 5 killed[129][130] 24 February – 25 July 2022
Zaporizhzhia Oblast 83 killed[131] 24 February 2022 – 2 March 2023
Zhytomyr Oblast 283 killed[70] 24 February – 31 December 2022
Total 14,235–37,859+ killed 24 February 2022 – 27 March 2023
Civilian Deaths by Area
Area Fatalities Time period Source
Western Russia 30 killed[113] 24 February 2022 – 20 February 2023 Russian government
30 killed[132] 24 February 2022 – 20 February 2023 United Nations
Republic of Crimea 6 killed[132] 24 February 2022 – 20 February 2023 United Nations
Donetsk People's Republic 1,094–4,409 killed[133][134] 26 February – 12 January 2023 Donetsk PR
Luhansk People's Republic 192–900+ killed[135][31] 17 February 2022 – 2 March 2023 Luhansk PR
Area Fatalities Time period Source
Lublin Voivodeship 2 killed[115] 15 November 2022 Polish government

Foreign civilians

At least 45 civilian foreign citizens from 21 countries are confirmed to have been killed during the war.

Country Deaths Ref.
 Greece 12 [136][137]
 Azerbaijan 8 [138][139]
 United Kingdom 3[f] [140][141]
 United States 3 [142][143]
 Belarus 2 [144]
 Poland 2 [115]
 Afghanistan 1 [145]
 Algeria 1 [146]
 Armenia 1 [147]
 Bangladesh 1 [148]
 Czech Republic 1 [149]
 Egypt 1 [150]
 France 1 [151]
 India 1 [146][152]
 Iraq 1 [153]
 Ireland 1 [154]
 Israel 1 [155]
 Lithuania 1 [156]
 Moldova 1[g] [158]
 Poland 1 [159]
 Russia 1 [160]

Paul Urey and Dylan Healy, two British aid workers were captured by Russian forces,[161] Healy was charged with 'forcible seizure of power' and undergoing 'terrorist' training,[162] but later released on 22 September[163] while Urey died in captivity.[140] An American citizen was also detained by pro-Russian separatists forces and accused of 'participation in pro-Ukrainian protests'.[164] He was released on 28 October,[165] and reached Ukrainian-controlled territory by 14 December.[166]

Foreign fighters and volunteers

Excluding the Russian and Ukrainian military casualties, at least 231 combatants and volunteers, foreign citizens or foreign-born, were killed during the war. By January 2023, another 1,000 had been wounded while fighting on the Ukrainian side.[167] Below is a list of the nationalities of the foreign fighter casualties.

Dead foreign fighters of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Country Deaths Allegiance Ref.
Ukrainian Armed forces (173)
 Argentina 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [168]
 Australia 4 Ukrainian Foreign Legion
Sich Battalion 		[169]
 Austria 1 Ukrainian Armed Forces [170]
 Azerbaijan 29 Armed Forces of Ukraine
Georgian Legion 		[171][172][173]
[174][175][176]
[177][178][179]
[180]
 Belarus 19 Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion
24th Mechanized Brigade
72nd Mechanized Brigade 		[181][182]
[183][184]
[185][186]
 Belgium 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [187]
 Brazil 3 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [188]
 Canada 3 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [189][190][191]
 Colombia 6 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [192][193][194][195]
 Croatia 1 Armed Forces of Ukraine [196]
 Czech Republic 2 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [197]
 Denmark 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [198]
 Estonia 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [199]
 France 6 Ukrainian Foreign Legion
Sich Battalion 		[200][201][202]
[203][204][205]
 Georgia 41 Georgian Legion[206]
Sich Battalion
Azov Regiment
Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion
25th TDB "Kyivska Rus" [uk]
57th Motorized Brigade
46th Airmobile Brigade
72nd Mechanized Brigade 		[207][208][209]
 Germany 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [210]
 Ireland 2 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [211][194][212]
 Israel 3 Ukrainian Armed Forces [213][214][215]
 Italy 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [216]
 Japan 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [217]
 Moldova 1 Ukrainian Armed Forces [218]
 Netherlands 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [219][210]
 New Zealand 2 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [220][221]
 Poland 9 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [222][223]
 Portugal 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [194][224]
 Russia 5 Ukrainian Armed Forces
Ukrainian Foreign Legion 		[225][226][227][228]
 Spain 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [229]
 South Korea 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [230]
 Sweden 4 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [231][232][233]
 Taiwan 1 Sich Battalion [234]
 United Kingdom 6 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [235][236][237][238]
 United States 13 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [239][240][241][242]
 Uzbekistan 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion [194]
Russian Armed Forces (47)
 Belarus 1 Private military company [243]
 Kyrgyzstan 13 Russian Army [244]
 Moldova 1 Russian Army [244]
 South Ossetia[h] 12 Russian Army [244]
 Syria 9 Private military company [245][246]
 Tajikistan 9 Russian Army [244]
 Tanzania 1 Private military company [247]
 Zambia 1 Private military company [248]
Donetsk PR forces (7)
 Abkhazia[h] 1 Pyatnashka Brigade [249]
 Colombia 1 Pyatnashka Brigade [250]
 Italy 1 Pyatnashka Brigade [251][252]
 South Ossetia[h] 4 Pyatnashka Brigade [253][254][244][249]
Luhansk PR forces (4)
 Italy 1 Prizrak Brigade [255]
 Finland 1 Prizrak Brigade [256]
 Serbia 1 Prizrak Brigade [257][258]
 Slovakia 1 Prizrak Brigade [259]
Captured foreign fighters of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Country Captured Allegiance Status Ref.
Ukrainian Armed forces (13)
 Belarus 2 Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion Prisoners [260]
 Croatia 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion Released [261][262]
 Israel 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion Prisoner [263]
 Morocco 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion Released [261][264][262]
 Sweden 1 Ukrainian Foreign Legion Released [261][262]
 United Kingdom 4 Armed Forces of Ukraine
Ukrainian Foreign Legion 		Released [265][266][163]
 United States 3 Armed Forces of Ukraine
Ukrainian Foreign Legion 		2 Released
1 Prisoner 		[267][268][262]
Russian Armed forces (2)
 Uzbekistan 2 Private military company Prisoners
(as of Sep. 2022) 		[269][270]

A Peruvian citizen was also reported missing while fighting alongside the Ukrainian military.[271]

Identification and repatriation

Sergiy Kyslytsya, the Ukrainian Ambassador to the United Nations, announced on 27 February 2022, that the country had reached out to the International Committee of the Red Cross for help in the repatriation effort of the bodies of killed Russian soldiers.[272] Due to concerns that Russia was not reporting the number or any casualties of soldiers in Ukraine, the Ukrainian Interior Ministry began issuing appeals that same day for relatives of Russian soldiers to help identify wounded, captured, or killed soldiers. The initiative, called Ishchi Svoikh (Russian: Ищи Своих, lit. 'Look for Your Own'), appeared aimed in part at undermining morale and support for the war in Russia and was quickly blocked by the Russian government's media regulator the day the initiative began at the request of Russia's Prosecutor-General's Office.[273][103]

Ukrainian authorities began using facial recognition technology supplied to them by Clearview AI on 12 March 2022, to help identify the deceased, along with potentially using it to uncover Russian spies, vet people at checkpoints and potentially combat misinformation. The Chief Executive of Clearview claimed that the technology could be more effective than matching fingerprints or other identifiable aspects of the individual, although a study by US Department of Energy highlighted the concern of decomposition reducing the effectiveness.[274][275] Kyiv authorities have also reached out to the International Commission on Missing Persons, which was formed to help after the 1990s Balkan conflicts and the 1995 Srebrenica massacre, and identifies individuals by collecting DNA samples from the deceased and families to cross match. The organization will also document the location of the body and how the individual died.[276]

As Russian soldiers began to retreat the identification of the dead civilians who had been unreported due to communication issues and constant fighting began to be reported. Documentation and identification of the bodies began with many hastily dug graves and rubble being cleared away to photograph and identify the bodies as well as count the number involved. Handwritten tags and passports have been attached to the bodies after identification before they are taken by coroners and officials.[277] In some locations villagers kept track of the deceased, such as in Yahidne, a village north of Kyiv, where they used a school basement wall to write the names of the deceased while under Russian control.[278]

As of late May 2022, Ukrainian authorities had stored at least 137 bodies of Russian soldiers that were collected near Kyiv,[279] as well as 62 in the Kharkiv region.[280] During June, the bodies of 374 Russian soldiers were exchanged for the bodies of 365 Ukrainian servicemen between Ukraine and Russia.[281][282][283][284]

Notable deaths

Ukrainian military

Funeral of captain Oleksandr Korpan on 7 March 2022

Ukrainian civilians and journalists

Further information: List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War

Foreign civilians and journalists

Further information: List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War

Russian and DPR/LPR military

See also: List of Russian generals killed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine
Russian postage stamp honoring a soldier killed in Ukraine who was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation

Pro-Russian Ukrainian civilians

Prisoners of war

See also: War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine § Treatment of prisoners of war, and Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan

There have been many instances of troops being captured by both Ukrainian and Russian forces throughout the invasion.

Captured Russian soldiers during the battle of Sumy.
Ukrainian soldiers surrender at the end of the siege of Mariupol.

Russia claimed to have captured 572 Ukrainian soldiers by 2 March 2022,[377] while Ukraine claimed 562 Russian soldiers were being held as prisoners as of 20 March,[378] with 10 previously reported released in prisoner exchanges for five Ukrainian soldiers and the mayor of Melitopol, Ivan Fedorov.[379][380] Subsequently, the first large prisoner exchange took place on 24 March, when 10 Russian and 10 Ukrainian soldiers, as well as 11 Russian and 19 Ukrainian civilian sailors, were exchanged.[381][382][383] Among the released Ukrainian soldiers was one of 13 Ukrainian border-guard members captured during the Russian attack on Snake Island.[384] Later, on 1 April 86 Ukrainian servicemen were exchanged[385] for an unknown number of Russian troops.[386]

On 8 March, a Ukrainian defense reporter with The Kyiv Independent announced that the Ukrainian government was working towards having Russian POWs help revive Ukraine's economy in full compliance with international law. Ukraine's ambassador to the U.S., Oksana Markarova, reported that a platoon of the 74th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade from Kemerovo Oblast surrendered to Ukraine, saying they "didn't know that they were brought to Ukraine to kill Ukrainians".[387] Ukraine held a series of press conferences with about a dozen POW's, where the POW's made comments against the invasion, how they had been manipulated and for the conflict to end. While some have raised concerns that the conferences breach the Geneva Convention through potential unnecessary humiliation, US journalists who spoke to POW's independently of the conference claimed there was no intervention by Ukraine officials, by physical or mental coercion.[citation needed] According to The Guardian, while it was likely that Ukraine was using the discomfort of captured soldiers for propaganda purposes, still the videos succeeded in showing the Russian servicemen's "authentic sense" of regret for having come to Ukraine.[388] Amnesty International argued that Article 13 of the Third Geneva Convention prohibits videos of captured soldiers.[389] Captured Ukrainian soldiers with British citizenship were recorded calling for Boris Johnson to arrange for them to be freed in exchange for pro-Kremlin Ukrainian politician Viktor Medvedchuck. The videos were broadcast separately on Rossiya 24 TV channel, causing MP Robert Jenrick, to call the videos a "flagrant breach" of the Geneva Convention. A Russian spokeswoman claimed that she had also told Johnson during a phone call about the men's treatment that the UK should "show mercy" to the Ukrainian citizens by stopping military aid to the Ukrainian government when asked to show the men mercy.[390]

On 11 March it was stated by the Ukrainian Defense Ministry that Russian armed forces were attempting to coerce Ukrainian POW's to fight for Russia in exchange for amnesty.[citation needed] The head of the Ukrainian Coordination Headquarters for POW Treatment, Iryna Vereshchuk, raised concerns that Russia had not released information to Ukrainian authorities on the location of any Ukrainian POW's and the International Red Cross had not been allowed to see them, as of 16 March.[391]

By 21 April, Russia claimed that 1,478 Ukrainian troops had been captured during the course of the siege of Mariupol.[392] On 22 April, Yuri Sirovatko, Minister of Justice of the Donetsk People's Republic, claimed that some 3,000 Ukrainian prisoners of war were held in the territory of the DPR.[393] On 20 May, the Russian Ministry of Defense claimed that 2,439 Ukrainian soldiers had been taken prisoner over the previous five days as a result of the surrender of the last defenders of Mariupol, entrenched inside the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works.[394] On 26 May, Rodion Miroshnik, ambassador of the Luhansk People's Republic to Russia, claimed that around 8,000 Ukrainian POWs were held within the territory of the DPR and LPR.[395] According to a statement by Sergei Shoigu, Russia's Minister of Defence, in early June 2022, 6,489 Ukrainian soldiers had surrendered since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[396]

In a report by The Independent on 9 June, it cited an intelligence report that more than 5,600 Ukrainian soldiers had been captured, while the number of Russian servicemen being held as prisoners had fallen to 550, from 900 in April, following several prisoner exchanges.[97] In contrast, the Ukrayinska Pravda newspaper claimed 1,000 Russian soldiers were being held as prisoners as of 20 June.[citation needed]

According to Ukraine, as of 30 December 2022, 3,392 Ukrainian servicemen were being held by Russia as prisoners of war, while 15,000 soldiers and civilians were missing.[397] The ICMP also stated a month earlier that 15,000 people were missing since the start of the Russian invasion.[398] The following day, 31 December 140 Ukrainian servicemen were released in a prisoner exchange, bringing the number of released prisoners from Russian captivity to 1,464 servicemen and 132 civilians.[399] By 16 February, the number of prisoners released by Russia rose to 1,863.[400][401]

Dates of
prisoner exchanges 		Russian POWs Ukrainian POWs Ref.
1 March 2022 1 soldier 5 soldiers [379]
16 March 2022 9 soldiers 1 civilian [380]
24 March 2022 10 soldiers, 11 civilians 10 soldiers, 19 civilians [383]
1 April 2022 Unknown 86 soldiers [402]
9 April 2022 Unk. soldiers, 18 civilians 12 soldiers, 14 civilians [403]
14 April 2022 Unknown 22 soldiers, 8 civilians [404]
15 April 2022 4 soldiers 5 soldiers [405]
19 April 2022 Unknown 60 soldiers, 16 civilians [406]
21 April 2022 Unknown 10 soldiers, 9 civilians [407]
28 April 2022 Unknown 33 soldiers, 12 civilians [408]
30 April 2022 Unknown 7 soldiers, 7 civilians [409]
6 May 2022 Unk. soldiers, 11 civilians 28 soldiers, 13 civilians [410][411]
10 June 2022 4 soldiers 4 soldiers, 1 civilian [412]
18 June 2022 5 N/A 5 civilians [413]
28 June 2022 15 N/A 16 soldiers, 1 civilian [414]
29 June 2022 144 soldiers 144 soldiers [415][416]
2 September 2022 Unknown 14 soldiers [417]
21 September 2022 55 soldiers, 1 civilian[i] 214 soldiers,[j] 1 civilian[k] [418][163]
30 September 2022 Unknown 4 soldiers, 2 civilians [419]
11 October 2022 Unknown 32 soldiers [420]
13 October 2022 10 soldiers 20 soldiers [421][422]
17 October 2022 30 soldiers, 80 civilians 96 soldiers, 12 civilians [423]
26 October 2022 Unknown 10 soldiers [424]
29 October 2022 50 soldiers 50 soldiers, 2 civilians [425][426]
3 November 2022 107 soldiers 107 soldiers [427]
10 November 2022 45 soldiers 45 soldiers [428][429][430]
23 November 2022 35 soldiers 35 soldiers, 1 civilian [431][432]
24 November 2022 50 soldiers 50 soldiers [433]
26 November 2022 9 soldiers 9 soldiers, 3 civilians [434][435]
1 December 2022 50 soldiers 50 soldiers [436]
6 December 2022 60 soldiers 60 soldiers [437]
14 December 2022 N/A 64 soldiers, 1 civilian [438]
31 December 2022 82 soldiers 140 soldiers [439]
8 January 2023 50 soldiers 50 soldiers [440]
4 February 2023 63 soldiers 116 soldiers [441]
16 February 2023 101 soldiers 100 soldiers, 1 civilian [442]
7 March 2023 90 soldiers 130 soldiers [443]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The number of Ukrainian soldiers killed includes the deaths of two servicemen during the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.
  2. ^ The deaths of the Russian soldiers have not been confirmed by their government and have possibly been included in the toll of dead rebel fighters.
  3. ^ Out of the 1,185 civilians and militants killed in the Luhansk region by 15 February 2015,[26] 456 were civilians who died by 29 October.[27] In addition, 526 of the civilians and militants died in Luhansk city alone by 11 September,[28] of which 300 were confirmed as civilians by 31 August.[29]
  4. ^ See table here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities.
  5. ^ The Ministry of Defence of Ukraine uses the terms "combat losses" and "liquidated".[80] According to the BBC, these figures include wounded soldiers,[81][82] while others interpret the figures to be referring to only those killed.[83][84][85]
  6. ^ Aid worker Paul Urey was captured by Russian forces on 29 April 2022 and died in detention on 15 July 2022.
  7. ^ Killed by a quadcopter dropped explosive device on a vehicle at the Troebortnoye border checkpoint, in Russia's Bryansk Region[157]
  8. ^ a b c Both Abkhazia and South Ossetia are generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Georgia.
  9. ^ pro-Russian politician Viktor Medvedchuk
  10. ^ Includes soldiers, border guards, police officers and 9 foreign fighters from the International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine
  11. ^ British aid worker

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  113. ^ a b 25 killed in Belgorod (11 May 2022–24 Jan 2023),[7][8] 1 killed in Kursk (19 May 2022),[9] 1 killed in Bryansk (17 Nov 2022),[10] 1 killed (11 Feb 2023),[11] 2 killed (19–20 Feb 2023),[12] total of 30 people killed.
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  116. ^ Missiles kill one person and hit strategic bridge near Ukraine's Cherkasy, officials say
  117. ^ One civilian killed by Russian shelling in Uman, Cherkasy Oblast.
  118. ^ 1 killed (24 April 2022),[13] 10 killed (27 May 2022),[14] 7 killed (28 June 2022),[15] 2 killed (16 July 2022) [16] 13 killed (10 Aug 2022),[17] 25 killed (25 Aug 2022),[18] 1 killed (28 Aug 2022) [19] 4 killed (18–22 Sep 2022),[20] [21] [22] 4 killed (10 Oct 2022),[23] 2 killed (25 Oct 2022),[24] 4 killed (16 December 2022) [25] 45 killed (14 Janury 2023) [26] total of 118 reported killed
  119. ^ In 2022, 4,746 civilians were confirmed killed,[27] of which 1,285 died outside of Mariupol and Volnovakha.[28] By 27 March 2023, the number of confirmed deaths, excluding those in Mariupol and Volnovakha, reached 1,434,[29] for a total of 4,895 confirmed killed when including the two cities. According to some reports, the number of deaths in Mariupol was more than 25,000.[30] When taking this into account, the overall number of civilians killed could be up to 26,434.
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  121. ^ 686 killed in 2022,[31] 2 killed (4 January 2023)[32] 4 killed (5 January 2023)[33] [34] 6 killed (15 January) [35] [36] total of 698 reported killed
  122. ^ 2 killed (23 July 2022),[37] 5 killed (28 July 2022),[38] total of 7 reported killed
  123. ^ Chiang, Casey. "Seven Lviv Civilians Killed in Russian Missile Attack". PBS.
  124. ^ Ukraine ends search at missile-hit tower block
  125. ^ 1 killed (3 March 2022),[39] 8 killed (24 April 2022),[40] 1 killed (11 May 2022),[41] 22 killed (1 July 2022),[42] 1 killed (23 Sep 2022) total of 33 reported killed
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  127. ^ 21 killed (15 March 2022),[43] 4 killed (23 June 2022),[44] total of 25 reported killed
  128. ^ Ukraine accuses Russia of terrorism as Vinnytsia attack kills 23
  129. ^ Losses among the civilian population in Ukraine as of 8:00 on March 12
  130. ^ UAV Attack in Volyn Region: Civilian Casualties and Fatality
  131. ^ 66 killed in 2022,[45] 4 killed (1-9 Jan 2023),[46] 13 killed (2 March 2023),[47] total of 83 reported killed
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  133. ^ The DPR stated 1,102 civilians were killed in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 12 January 2023,[48] [49] of which 8 died between 1 January and 25 February 2022,[50] leaving a total of 1,094 killed in the period of the Russian invasion.
  134. ^ The JCCC stated that 4,409 civilians had been killed since the start of the invasion: 640 within the original borders of the DPR, and 3,769 killed in the areas since occupied by the DPR.[51]
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  420. ^ Ukraine welcomes home 32 prisoners and recovers the body of a fallen Israeli citizen
  421. ^ Ukraine secures the release of 20 soldiers from Russian captivity
  422. ^ Ten militiamen return to LPR in prisoner exchange with Ukraine - ombudsperson
  423. ^ Moscow, Kyiv swap 218 prisoners, including 108 Ukrainian women
  424. ^ 10 more Ukrainian soldiers released from Russian captivity
  425. ^ DPR head announces exchange of 50 captives with Ukraine
  426. ^ Ukraine conducts another PoW swap with Russia 52 liberated
  427. ^ Russia, Ukraine Free 214 Prisoners In Latest Exchange
  428. ^ «Так животных не убивают, как эти нелюди». Что известно о казни экс-бойца ЧВК Вагнера Евгения Нужина
  429. ^ 35 LPR militiamen return from Ukrainian captivity - Pasechnik
  430. ^ Ukraine returns 45 AFU servicemen during new prisoner swap – Yermak
  431. ^ Russia announces war prisoners exchange with Ukraine
  432. ^ Ukraine returned home 36 people – 35 servicemen and one civilian
  433. ^ Ukraine, Russia swap 50 prisoners of war each - officials
  434. ^ Russia says nine prisoners of war freed in prisoner exchange with Ukraine: agencies
  435. ^ 12 more Ukrainian POWs are returning home
  436. ^ Ukraine, Russia swap 50 prisoners in PoW exchange
  437. ^ Russia and Ukraine swap 60 POWs each in latest exchange
  438. ^ Ukraine brings home 64 more defenders
  439. ^ Russia and Ukraine free 200 captured troops in New Year prisoner swop
  440. ^ Russia and Ukraine Exchange 50 Soldiers Each in Prison Release Deal
  441. ^ 63 Russian and 116 Ukrainian soldiers returned in prisoner exchange
  442. ^ Russia, Ukraine exchange 202 prisoners of war in latest swap
  443. ^ Ukraine and Russia exchange 220 prisoners of war
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