Ceanothus prostratus
| Ceanothus prostratus | |
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| Subgenus: | Cerastes
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| Species: | C. prostratus
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| Ceanothus prostratus | |
Ceanothus prostratus is a species of shrub in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae.[1] Common names include prostrate ceanothus,[2] pinemat,[3] and mahala mat.[4] It is native to the Pacific Northwest of the United States where it grows in coniferous forests and open plateaus.
Description
Ceanothus prostratus is a decumbent (or "mat-forming") shrub, generally less than 0.3 meters tall[1] and spreading laterally to up to 3 meters.[4] Its evergreen leaves are oppositely arranged and generally oval in shape with 3-9 sharp teeth along the margins. The inflorescence is umbel-like, with flowers of blue, purple, or lavender[1] that bloom between April and June.[3] Its fruit is small and rounded with horned lobes.[4]
Habitat
Ceanothus prostratus grows in the understory of mixed conifer forests, from foothills to subalpine areas. It also inhabits open flats and ridges in areas of low chaparral[5] as well as dry interior forest ecosystems. It can be found from elevations ranging between 270–2700 meters above sea level.[1]
Distribution
Ceanothus prostratus is found throughout the Pacific Northwest, ranging through Washington, Oregon, western Idaho, western Nevada, and south into northern California. The southern extent of its natural range is the central Sierra Nevada mountains.[5] Given its elevational range, this plant is also native to many of the other mountain ranges of the Pacific Northwest, including the Klamaths, Siskiyous, Cascades, and Warner Mountains.[3][5]
Ecology
Ceanothus prostratus is part of the subgenus Cerastes, a clade of Ceanothus that is generally characterized by traits like opposite leaves, persistent corky stipules, and horned fruits[6] (hence the name "Cerastes" which comes from the Greek for "having horns"). This subgenus likely began diversifying at the beginning of the Pliocene roughly 6 million years ago, when cool, dry conditions combined with the uplift of the Coast Ranges to create new and diverse habitats. The closest relatives of C. prostratus within the subgenus Cerastes are Ceanothus pinetorum and Ceanothus purpureus, based on a phylogeny produced in a 2011 paper.[7]
Ceanothus prostratus is a common nitrogen-fixing shrub, often found with Purshia tridentata. Together, their combined nitrogen additions to the soil of their habitats may account for 10-60% of annual nitrogen input in those ecosystems. It is also one of only two plants (along with Ceanothus diversifolius) known to be a host for the parasitic plant Cuscuta jepsonii, a dodder which until recently was thought to be extinct but could still be surviving and parasitizing C. prostratus in northern California.[8]
Ceanothus prostratus is one of many plants in the region that colonize logged areas, forming brushfields in the wake of timber harvests when more light reaches the ground.[9]
Ceanothus prostratus is present in plant communities alongside species such as Abies magnifica, Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus contorta, Pinus Jeffreyi, Pinus ponderosa, Quercus vaccinifolia, and Tsuga mertensiana.[10][11][12]
Varieties
There are two varieties of Ceanothus prostratus.
C. prostratus var. occidentalis (McMinn) occurs in the Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains of northern California, ranging in elevation from 270–1400 m. It forms as more of a low mound than a mat, exhibits a leaf blade folded lengthwise, and has fruit with spreading horns.[13]
C. prostratus var. prostratus is the more widespread of the two subspecies, covering the majority of the range of C. prostratus. It ranges in elevation from 800–2700 m throughout the Klamath Mountains, Coast Ranges, High Cascades, High Sierra Nevada, and the Modoc Plateau. C. prostratus var. prostratus forms as a mat, has a generally unfolded leaf, and produces fruit with erect horns.[5]
References
- ^ a b c d "Jepson eFlora - C. prostratus". Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ "USDA Plants Database". Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ a b c "Calfora". Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ a b c "vTree". Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Jepson eFlora - C. prostratus var. prostratus". Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ "Ceanothus". San Marcos Growers. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ Burge, Dylan; Erwin, Diane; Islam, Melissa; Kellermann, Jürgen; Kembel, Steven; WIlken, Dieter; Manos, Paul (2011). "Diversification of Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae) in the California Floristic Province". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (9): 1137–1164. doi:10.1086/662028.
- ^ Costea, Mihai; Stefanovíc, Saša (20 April 2009). "Cuscuta jepsonii (Convolvulaceae): An invasive weed or an extinct endemic?". American Journal of Botany. 96 (9): 1744–1750. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800425.
- ^ Jameson, Jr., E. W. (1952). "Food of Deer Mice, Peromyscus maniculatus and P. Boylei, in the Northern Sierra Nevada, California". Journal of Mammalogy. 33 (1): 50–60. doi:10.2307/1375640. JSTOR 1375640.
- ^ Whitlock, Cathy; Skinner, Carl; Bartlein, Thomas; Mohr, Jerry (2004). "Comparison of charcoal and tree-ring records of recent fires in the eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 34 (4): 2110–2121. doi:10.1139/x04-084.
- ^ Mohr, Jerry; Whitlock, Cathy; Skinner, Carl (2000). "Postglacial vegetation and fire history, eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA". The Holocene. 10 (4): 587–601. doi:10.1191/095968300675837671.
- ^ Busse, Matt; Jurgensen, Martin; Page-Dumroese, Deborah; Powers, Robert (15 June 2007). "Contribution of actinorhizal shrubs to site fertility in a Northern California mixed pine forest". Forest Ecology and Management. 244 (1–3): 68–75. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.03.040.
- ^ "Jepson eFlora - C. prostratus var. occidentalis". Retrieved 7 June 2015.