Central American migrant caravans

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The Central American migrant caravans,[1] also known as the Viacrucis del Migrante ("Migrant's Way of the Cross"),[2][3] are migrant caravans that set off during Holy Week in the spring of 2017 and 2018, composed of people who fled gang violence from the Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA) organized by Pueblo Sin Fronteras (People Without Borders).[4][5][6][7][8] The caravans travel from the Guatemala–Mexico border to the Mexico–United States border. There were also some smaller unrelated caravans in previous years, and a larger unofficial caravan in the fall of 2018.

History[edit]

There are some reports of informal self-organized caravans as early as 2010. However, they generally were small and did not receive significant media attention.[9]

Pueblo Sin Fronteras caravans[edit]

Holy Week 2017 caravan[edit]

Pueblo Sin Fronteras supported its first Holy Week caravan in 2017.

Holy Week 2018 caravan[edit]

On 25 March 2018, a group of about 700 migrants (80% from Honduras) began their way north from Tapachula.[10] By 1 April, the caravan had arrived in Matías Romero, Oaxaca, and grown to about 1,200 people.[11] In mid-April, 500 migrants continued northward from Mexico City—the caravan's last official stop—toward Tijuana, in separate groups riding atop freight train cars.[12] Two busloads of the migrants arrived in Tijuana on 25 April and a further four busloads were making their way from Hermosillo.[13] On 29 April 2018, after traveling 2,500 miles (4,000 km) across Mexico, the migrants' caravan came to an end at Friendship Park at the Mexico–United States border in Tijuana.[14][15]

More than 150 migrants prepared to seek asylum from United States immigration officials.[16] United States Attorney General Jeff Sessions called the caravan "a deliberate attempt to undermine our laws and overwhelm our system".[16] On 30 April, Sessions' Justice Department announced criminal charges against eleven people for crossing the border illegally.[17]

American aid worker Scott Warren was arrested on 12 May on charges of illegally harboring people in the country, hours after releasing a report accusing the U.S. Border Patrol of tampering with water sources for migrants crossing the Arizona desert.[18] He pleaded not guilty and his trial is set for 14 November 2018.[19]

Late 2018 caravans[edit]

Late 2018 caravan
External 3D models
San Pedro Sula, Honduras to
Mapastepec, Chiapas, Mexico
- Google Maps
Mapastepec, Chiapas, Mexico
to Mexico City, Mexico
- Google Maps

Migrants from Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador gathered on 12 October to meet at San Pedro Sula, the second largest city in Honduras. The caravan began the next day, intending to reach the United States to flee from violence, poverty, and political repression.[20][21] The caravan began with about 160 migrants but quickly gathered over 500 participants as it marched through Honduras.[22] Bartolo Fuentes, a former Honduran congressman and one of the march coordinators, stated that the goal of the caravan was to find safety in numbers as it traveled north.[23] The same day it left, American Vice President Mike Pence urged the presidents of Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala to persuade their citizens to stay home.[24] Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández advised his citizens to return home and to "not let yourselves be used for political purposes".[25] Pueblo Sin Fronteras did not organize the October caravan, but expressed its solidarity with it. Irineo Mujico, the director of Pueblo Sin Fronteras, himself did not recommend another caravan to the United States, instead advising its members to seek asylum in Mexico.[26]

As the caravan passed through the Guatemalan city of Chiquimula, Fuentes was arrested by police and deported.[27] Other Hondurans, traveling on buses, had their papers seized or were arrested, forcing migrants to travel on foot.[28] On entering Tecún Umán on 18 October 2018, the caravan numbered around 5,000, but began shrinking due to the speed of parts of the caravan and its reception in shelters in Tecún Umán.[29] The same day, U.S. President Donald Trump threatened to close and to deploy the U.S. military to the U.S.–Mexico border to block the caravan.[30] Trump also threatened to cut aid to countries allowing the caravans to pass through.[31] Also on 18 October, Mexico flew two Boeing 727s transporting Federal Police officers to the Guatemala–Mexico border.[32] The next day, 19 October, an estimated 4,000 migrants had gathered in Tecún Umán. Mexican officials, including their ambassador to Guatemala, requested that migrants appear individually at the border for processing. The migrants ignored the request, and marched on the bridge, overwhelming Guatemalan police and Mexican barriers on the bridge, then entered Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas, and encountered Federal Police in riot gear. After an hour-long standoff with police, whom migrants threw shoes and stones at, tear gas was used to push the migrants back onto the bridge. Officials reported that at least six Mexican police officers had been injured. After hostilities ended, migrants formed into lines and began processing by Mexican authorities. By the mid-afternoon, migrants were allowed entry in Mexico and were taken by bus to Tapachula. According to the Commissioner of the Federal Police, Manelich Castilla Craviotto (es), this was for processing and shelter. Migrants with valid visas and documentation were allowed immediate entrance, while asylum-seekers would be detained in a migration center for 45 days.[33]

On 20 October, about 2,000 migrants who had crossed the Suchiate River and entered Ciudad Hidalgo decided to rebuild the caravan to continue their trek to the United States.[34] The caravan again resumed its march early on 21 October from Tapachula.[35] A force of 700 Federal Police officers, mostly women, formed a human barricade on the Suchiate–Tapachula highway, but withdrew as the 5,000-strong caravan of migrants came within 200 meters (660 ft). By the afternoon, the migrants reached Tapachula and its leaders decided to rest there, 40 kilometers (25 mi) inside Mexico.[36] Their march began again the next day, bound for Huixtla, another 40 kilometres (25 mi) away from Tapachula. Simultaneously, Guatemalan officials reported that another thousand migrants entered the country from Honduras, while another 1,000 migrants were reported making for Tapachula from Ciudad Hidalgo.[37]

Irineo Mujica was arrested in Ciudad Hidalgo on 22 October while walking with a group of migrants to a church. Mujica was pulled out of a crowd of migrants by Mexican authorities and pushed into a white van. According to Pueblo Sin Fronteras, he was not involved in organizing the caravan and was conducting humanitarian work in Tapachula.[38]

Also on 22 October, President Donald Trump said the U.S. would begin curtailing tens of millions of dollars in aid to three Central American nations, because they did not stop the caravan.[39][40] President Trump also threatened to send the U.S. military to close the border and stop the caravan.[41]

On 26 October, when the caravan was in the Arriaga Municipality of the state of Chiapas, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto unveiled his program entitled "Estás en tu casa" ("You are at home").[42] This initiative allows caravan migrants meeting certain criteria to receive benefits and begin to normalize their immigration status in Mexico. Migrants who follow Mexican laws and are granted refugee status will, according to the plan, be entitled to temporary work permits and IDs, medical attention, housing in local establishments and schooling for children.[43] In order to qualify, however, migrants must agree to settle in the states of Chiapas or Oaxaca and not continue to move north.[43]

As the second caravan entered Mexico on 30 October, the main body of some 4,000 migrants, at Santiago Niltepec, demanded "safe and dignified" transportation to Mexico City. Migrants still crossing into Mexico over the Suchiate river were dissuaded by Mexican helicopters and police.[44]

"The fact that the first of these caravans was able to move from Honduras into Guatemala and then into Mexico is inspiring other migrants to travel in large groups, reversing the long-established logic of Central American migration to the United States: Rather than trying to travel undetected, some migrants are trading invisibility for safety in numbers."
- Kirk Semple and Elisabeth Malkin for the New York Times, 31 October 2018[45]

"...at least 100 were "kidnapped" (exhausted walkers were lured into vehicles) in the state of Puebla and allegedly handed over to the Zetas gang..."[46]

Table[edit]

Late 2018 Central American migrant caravans
Date Place State Total Distance Population source
12 October San Pedro Sula Honduras 0 km (0 mi) 160
13 October Santa Rosa de Copán Honduras 171 km (106 mi) 1,000 [47]
14 October Ocotepeque Honduras 265 km (165 mi) 1,700 [48]
15 October Aguas Calientes Honduras 287 km (178 mi) 1,600 [49]
16 October Chiquimula Guatemala 353 km (219 mi) 2,000 [50]
18 October Ciudad de Guatemala Guatemala 408 km (254 mi) 3,000 [51]
19 October Ciudad Tecun Uman Guatemala 653 km (406 mi) 3,000 [52]
21 October Tapachula Chiapas, Mexico 687 km (427 mi) 7,000 [53]
24 October Huixtla Chiapas, Mexico 728 km (452 mi) 4,500–7,200 [54]
25 October Mapastepec Chiapas, Mexico 791 km (492 mi) 4,000–5,000 [55][56]
26 October Tonala Chiapas, Mexico 914 km (568 mi) 3,600–5,500 [57]
27 October Arriaga Chiapas, Mexico 938 km (583 mi) 3,500 [58]
28 October Tapanatepec Oaxaca, Mexico 980 km (610 mi) 4,000 [59]
30 October Santiago Niltepec Oaxaca, Mexico 1,080 km (670 mi) 4,000 [44]
31 October Juchitán de Zaragoza Oaxaca, Mexico 1,165 km (724 mi)[60] 4,000–6,000 [61][62]
2 November Matías Romero Oaxaca, Mexico 1,219 km (757 mi)[63] 4,000 [64]
3 November Isla, Veracruz Veracruz, Mexico 1,400 km (870 mi)[65] 4,000 [66][67][68]
5 November Mexico City Greater Mexico City, Mexico 1,885 km (1,171 mi)[69] 4,500–6,000 [70][71][72][73]

Political reaction in the U.S.[edit]

In the United States the caravan was a major issue for President Donald Trump and other Republicans and conservatives in the 2018 mid-term elections. Conservative commentators on Fox News have described the caravan as an "invading horde" (Laura Ingraham), an "invasion" (Steve Doocy), "a full-scale invasion by a hostile force" (Michelle Malkin),[74] "a criminal involvement on the part of these leftist mobs. ... a highly organized, very elaborate sophisticated operation", (Chris Farrell).[75] According to closed captioning transcripts, the word "invasion" was used in relation to the caravan more than 60 times on Fox news in October 2018 and more than 75 times on Fox Business.[76]

Trump told supporters that there were "criminals and unknown middle easterners" in the caravan despite the lack of any evidence for this charge.[77] Likewise, Vice President Pence in an interview with Fox News stated that,

"What the president of Honduras told me is that the caravan was organized by leftist organizations, political activists within Honduras, and he said it was being funded by outside groups, and even from Venezuela … So the American people, I think, see through this—they understand this is not a spontaneous caravan of vulnerable people."[78]

The Twitter account of the Department of Homeland Security's "confirmed" that within the caravan there were people who are "gang members or have significant criminal histories," but did not offer any evidence of ties.[77] The National Rifle Association's NRATV alleged that "a bevy of left-wing groups" were working with George Soros and the Venezuelan government "to try to influence the 2018 midterms by sending Honduran migrants north in the thousands".[77]

After the shooting at a Pittsburgh Jewish synagogue following the shooter's online posting claiming that the (Jewish) Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) was bringing the "invaders" to "kill our people ... I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered",[79][76] a Fox News spokesperson announced that Chris Farrell would no longer be booked on Fox News.[75]

A week before the 2018 midterm elections, the US Government sent 5,200 active-duty soldiers to the US-Mexico border to "harden" it with the 2,100 National Guard troops already present.[80]

On November 2nd, five days before the election, the Department of Homeland Security website issued a press release, "Myth vs. Fact: Caravan", stating that "over 270 individuals along the caravan route have criminal histories, including known gang membership" and citing the Mexican Ambassador to the US and Mexican Interior Minister Navarrete Prida to back their claim that the caravan contains criminal groups.[81] (although some have asked why the criminals were not arrested if they were identified).[82]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

via: São Paulo, crossing the Darién Gap on foot, across the Rio Suchiate to Tapachula, and to Tijuana.
at: Coronado, Gary (23 December 2016). "Traversing the Rio Suchiate: Between Africa and the U.S., an illicit river crossing in Latin America". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
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