# Choquet integral

A Choquet integral is a subadditive or superadditive integral created by the French mathematician Gustave Choquet in 1953.[1] It was initially used in statistical mechanics and potential theory,[2] but found its way into decision theory in the 1980s,[3] where it is used as a way of measuring the expected utility of an uncertain event. It is applied specifically to membership functions and capacities. In imprecise probability theory, the Choquet integral is also used to calculate the lower expectation induced by a 2-monotone lower probability, or the upper expectation induced by a 2-alternating upper probability.

Using the Choquet integral to denote the expected utility of belief functions measured with capacities is a way to reconcile the Ellsberg paradox and the Allais paradox.[4][5]

## Definition

The following notation is used:

• ${\displaystyle S}$ - a set.
• ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}$ - a collection of subsets of ${\displaystyle S}$.
• ${\displaystyle f:S\to \mathbb {R} }$ - a function.
• ${\displaystyle \nu :{\mathcal {F}}\to \mathbb {R} ^{+}}$ - a monotone set function.

Assume that ${\displaystyle f}$ is measurable with respect to ${\displaystyle \nu }$, that is

${\displaystyle \forall x\in \mathbb {R} \colon \{s|f(s)\geq x\}\in {\mathcal {F}}}$

Then the Choquet integral of ${\displaystyle f}$ with respect to ${\displaystyle \nu }$ is defined by:

${\displaystyle (C)\int fd\nu :=\int _{-\infty }^{0}(\nu (\{s|f(s)\geq x\})-\nu (S))\,dx+\int _{0}^{\infty }\nu (\{s|f(s)\geq x\})\,dx}$

where the integrals on the right-hand side are the usual Riemann integral (the integrands are integrable because they are monotone in ${\displaystyle x}$).

## Properties

In general the Choquet integral does not satisfy additivity. More specifically, if ${\displaystyle \nu }$ is not a probability measure, it may hold that

${\displaystyle \int f\,d\nu +\int g\,d\nu \neq \int (f+g)\,d\nu .}$

for some functions ${\displaystyle f}$ and ${\displaystyle g}$.

The Choquet integral does satisfy the following properties.

### Monotonicity

If ${\displaystyle f\leq g}$ then

${\displaystyle (C)\int f\,d\nu \leq (C)\int g\,d\nu }$

### Positive homogeneity

For all ${\displaystyle \lambda \geq 0}$ it holds that

${\displaystyle (C)\int \lambda f\,d\nu =\lambda (C)\int f\,d\nu ,}$

If ${\displaystyle f,g:S\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }$ are comonotone functions, that is, if for all ${\displaystyle s,s'\in S}$ it holds that

${\displaystyle (f(s)-f(s'))(g(s)-g(s'))\geq 0}$.

then

${\displaystyle (C)\int \,fd\nu +(C)\int g\,d\nu =(C)\int (f+g)\,d\nu .}$

If ${\displaystyle \nu }$ is 2-alternating,[clarification needed] then

${\displaystyle (C)\int \,fd\nu +(C)\int g\,d\nu \geq (C)\int (f+g)\,d\nu .}$

If ${\displaystyle \nu }$ is 2-monotone,[clarification needed] then

${\displaystyle (C)\int \,fd\nu +(C)\int g\,d\nu \leq (C)\int (f+g)\,d\nu .}$

## Alternative representation

Let ${\displaystyle G}$ denote a cumulative distribution function such that ${\displaystyle G^{-1}}$ is ${\displaystyle dH}$ integrable. Then this following formula is often referred to as Choquet Integral:

${\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }G^{-1}(\alpha )dH(\alpha )=-\int _{-\infty }^{a}H(G(x))dx+\int _{a}^{\infty }{\hat {H}}(1-G(x))dx,}$

where ${\displaystyle {\hat {H}}(x)=H(1)-H(1-x)}$.

• choose ${\displaystyle H(x):=x}$ to get ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}G^{-1}(x)dx=E[X]}$,
• choose ${\displaystyle H(x):=1_{[\alpha ,x]}}$ to get ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}G^{-1}(x)dH(x)=G^{-1}(\alpha )}$

## Applications

The Choquet integral was applied in image processing, video processing and computer vision.