Christ University

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CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
Former names
Christ College,
Christ University
MottoExcellence and Service
TypePrivate, Deemed University
Established15 July 1969; 54 years ago (1969-07-15)
AffiliationCatholic[1]
ChancellorFr Varghese Vithayathil, CMI [1]
Vice-ChancellorDr. Fr. Joseph C C, CMI[2]
RegistrarDr Anil Joseph Pinto[2]
Academic staff
1100+[3]
Students23,821(2021)[4]
Undergraduates16,456(2021)[1]
Postgraduates5,589 (2021)[1]: 15 
Address
Hosur Rd, Bhavani Nagar, S.G. Palya, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029
,
Bangalore
,
Karnataka
,
India
CampusUrban
LanguageEnglish
ColoursBlue, White and Canary[5]
     
Websitechristuniversity.in
CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Main Campus Gate

CHRIST, also known as Christ College and Christ University, is a deemed-to-be-university located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India.[6] Founded in 1969 as Christ College, the University Grants Commission (UGC) conferred autonomy to the college in 2004. On 22 July 2008, it was declared as an institution deemed to be university under section 3 of UGC Act 1956 by the Ministry of Education.[7]

Christ is under the management of the priests of the Catholic religious order, Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI), part of Syro Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church. In 2016, the university was accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council with A+ Grade.[8]

History[edit]

Christ (Deemed to be University) was born out of the educational vision of St. Kuriakose Elias Chavara, an educationist and social reformer of the nineteenth century in South India.[9] Chavara founded the first indigenous Catholic congregation Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI) in 1831, which administers Christ (Deemed to be University).[9] Established in 1969 as Christ College, the University Grants Commission (UGC) of India conferred autonomy to Christ College in 2004[10] and identified it as an "institution with potential for excellence" in 2006.[11] In 2008 under section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956, the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India, declared the institution a "deemed to be university" in the name and style of Christ University. Later in 2018, upon the direction of Supreme Court of India, the word university was removed, thus making it Christ (Deemed to be University).[12] Christ was one of the first institutions in India to be accredited in 1998 by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), and subsequently in 2004, 2016 and 2022 had been awarded Grade 'A+' on 4-point scale.[13]

Campus[edit]

  • Bangalore Central Campus
CHRIST (Deemed to be University) during Christmas

The university's main campus is spread over 25 acres (10 ha) and is part of the 100-acre (40 ha) Dharmaram College Campus in the central part of Bangalore city. It is on the extension of Hosur Road (NH 7) opposite the Bangalore Dairy Circle Flyover. The city campus is close to residential localities such as BTM Layout, a residential and commercial area; Koramangala, another large neighbourhood; and Jayanagar, one of the largest residential neighbourhoods in Bangalore.

  • Bangalore Kengeri Campus

In 2009, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) opened its Kengeri campus, which is spread over 90 acres at Kengeri on the Bangalore-Mysore Expressway NH 275 and houses the School of Engineering and Technology; the PU Residential College; the School of Business and Management, which offers Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) programs; the School of Social Sciences offering Bachelor of Science in psychology with Honours; as well as the School of Architecture, which was started officially from 2017.[14]

  • Bangalore Bannerghatta Road Campus

CHRIST (Deemed to be University) also has a campus in Hulimavu on Bannerghatta Road, inaugurated in May 2016.[15]

  • Bangalore Yeshwanthpur Campus

CHRIST (Deemed to be University) opened its campus in Yeshwanthpur in July 2022, which started functioning from August 2022. The campus is 10 stories tall and spread over 1.6 million square feet of space.

  • Delhi NCR Campus

This is the off-campus of CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Located in Ghaziabad, Delhi NCR established in 2013.[16]

  • Pune Lavasa Campus
CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Pune Lavasa Campus

The Pune Lavasa Campus also known as the Analytical hub of CHRIST (Deemed to be University) is an off-Campus Institution of CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore, located within the Sahyadri mountain range in Lavasa, Pune which was established in 2014, the Campus is spread over 28 acres. [17] [18] [19]

Organisation and Administration[edit]

The university is managed by the CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Trust, which in turn is organised by the CMI congregation, under the Syro Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Church. The chancellor of the university is always the rector of the Dharmaram Pontifical Seminary.[20] The present vice-chancellor is Dr. Fr. Joseph C C.

Controversies[edit]

Student Attempted Suicide after Sexual Harassment by Faculty Member at Christ University[edit]

In July 2013, an incident occurred at Christ University, Bangalore, where a 19-year-old second-year student reportedly attempted suicide on campus. This event was allegedly linked to interactions with a National Cadet Corps (NCC) officer at the university, identified as Captain Ajay Pavithran. The student purportedly consumed rat poison following a period of distress, which was claimed to be due to behaviour by the NCC officer that has been described by the student’s family as harassment.[21]

After the incident, the student's parents lodged a formal complaint, leading to the arrest of Captain Pavithran under Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code, which pertains to the assault or criminal force to a woman with intent to outrage her modesty. Reports suggest that the accusations against Pavithran included making inappropriate advances and public humiliation over a period of six months.[22]

Further inquiries surfaced claims from other students, indicating a pattern of behaviour that they found troubling, with allegations extending to sexual harassment and intimidation. These testimonies painted a picture of a fearful environment for some students, hesitant to voice concerns about the NCC officer.[21]

In response to the incident, Christ University officials, including the Pro Vice-Chancellor Fr. Abraham, commented on the situation. They acknowledged the seriousness of the allegations but also noted the absence of prior complaints against Pavithran. An internal investigation was mentioned, with a stance that any action against the officer would be predicated on the findings of this inquiry. Despite these assurances, there were claims from the student's family that the university sought to have the complaint withdrawn.[22]

Christ University's Pro Vice-Chancellor, Fr. Abraham also stated that Pavithran was known for his strictness but had not previously faced complaints during his years of service. He assured that the university would conduct an inquiry into the allegations, emphasising that no suspension would occur without a thorough investigation. Despite claims from the victim's mother that the university attempted to persuade the family to withdraw their complaint, the case had already been officially registered with the police. Fr Abraham Vettiyankal, Pro Vice-Chancellor, Christ University, however, claimed that the victim was making excuses. “The other fathers on the campus informed me that the girl took the step after she was asked to go to a camp to which she did not want to go. I do not think the accusations of sexual advances are true,” he said.[22]

Sexual Harassment During Online Examination Allegations[edit]

In June 2021, Christ (Deemed to be University) in Bengaluru faced controversy following allegations made by a female student regarding the inappropriate behaviour of a proctor during an online examination.[23][24] The student shared screenshots on social media platforms, where the proctor allegedly addressed her as "baby" when she inquired about submitting her answers in PDF format during an end-semester examination. The screenshots quickly went viral, leading to widespread criticism.

In response to the allegations, Dr. Abraham V M, the Vice-Chancellor of the institution, stated that the university had constituted a two-member committee of faculty members to investigate the matter. The university clarified that while they had not received any formal complaint from students, they had taken cognizance of the issue based on the social media posts regarding the proctor's behaviour.[24] The Karnataka unit of the National Students Union of India (NSUI) also got involved, with plans to approach the University Grants Commission with a detailed report on the incidents of alleged misconduct at the university.[24]

Student Protests Over University Regulations (2016)[edit]

In 2016, Christ University, Bengaluru, faced student protests due to its strict regulations, particularly an 85% attendance requirement and dress code enforcement. The unrest began after a blog post by a student, Sumedha Biswas, criticised the university’s decision not to declare a holiday during a bus strike, affecting many students' ability to meet attendance requirements.[25]

Further issues included the alleged dismissal of a professor who questioned the university's academic and administrative policies, and discontent over dress code rules perceived as stringent, particularly at the Bannerghatta campus.[26]

Key student grievances included the high attendance mandate, strict dress codes, lack of declared holidays during strikes, and concerns over lack of student representation in the university’s decision-making processes.[25]

In response, university officials stated that holidays are declared in line with government announcements and stressed that provisions exist for students to make up attendance, indicating that safety concerns during strikes were considered in attendance policies.[27]

Sexual Harassment Allegations[edit]

Allegations surfaced from an anonymous student's blog post, which accused senior faculty members of sexual harassment. The post detailed inappropriate comments and advances by professors towards female students. It mentioned a senior administrative faculty member known for making derogatory remarks about female students' appearances and a history of sexual harassment complaints. Another professor was accused of making unprofessional comments about female students' interactions with male peers.[28]The blog post emerged alongside student protests at the Bannerghatta campus, challenging what was perceived as a restrictive dress code. Reports indicated that a faculty member, sympathetic to the student protests, was compelled to resign. Disciplinary actions were allegedly taken against students for interacting with the opposite sex, and unannounced inspections were conducted in female hostels.[28]

Students, especially women, reportedly faced moral policing, with criticisms over their attire and behaviour, leading to public censure and alleged character assassination. The university's regulations and administrative measures were seen as efforts to suppress student unity and dissent.[29]

The accusations called attention to the need for a safer and more inclusive campus environment, highlighting broader concerns regarding gender norms and student autonomy in educational settings.[25]

Allegations of Sexist Dress Codes and Moral Policing[edit]

In August 2016 Christ University, Bengaluru, was criticised for enforcing dress codes that are perceived as sexist and for practices considered to be moral policing. Critics, including students and activists, argue that these policies foster gender bias and discrimination.[30][31][32]

As reported by The News Minute, the university enforces a stringent dress code, particularly affecting female students. Restrictions include a ban on leggings, requirements for kurtas to be longer than knee-length, and mandatory wearing of a dupatta. Lucknowi kurtas with translucent sleeves are also prohibited. Enforcement is conducted by security personnel, who assess students' compliance with the dress code at campus entry points.[31]

The University Grants Commission (UGC) of India stipulates that safety measures for female students should not justify discriminatory dress codes.[33] The UGC's guidelines advocate for campus safety without excessive surveillance or restriction of movement for women. However, these directives mainly target central and UGC-funded state universities, leaving private institutions like Christ University with more autonomy in setting dress codes.[30]

Tenure Duration[edit]

In February 2023, Christ University faced controversy regarding the tenure duration of its Vice-Chancellor, Fr Abraham V. M. Appointed on 1 March 2019, for a three-year term, he received a one-year extension in 2022, ending his tenure in February 2023, which raised concerns over compliance with the University Grants Commission (UGC) norms prescribing a five-year term for Vice-Chancellors.[34]

Deemed University Status[edit]

In 2008, Christ College, now a deemed university, faced controversy over the legitimacy of its deemed status. The issue centred around the "No-Objection Certificates" (NoC) required by Bangalore University for institutions seeking deemed university status, a mandate established by the University Grants Commission (UGC). Despite the State government's decision against recommending institutions for deemed status, a letter sent by Bangalore University's Registrar to the UGC was interpreted as an NoC for Christ College. This action led to allegations of procedural violations and sparked debate within the Bangalore University Syndicate. The registrar defended the communication, stating it was in line with approvals from higher authorities.[35][36][37][38][39]

Higher cut-off for female students[edit]

In May 2019 reports emerged that Christ University had set a higher cut-off for female students applying to pre-university courses. The Vice-Chancellor of the university justified this decision by stating that girls are generally smarter, and without a higher cut-off, the college would predominantly have female students. This decision was seen by many as a way to penalise female students for their academic achievements.[40]

Academics[edit]

The university has over 30,000 students and more than 1200 faculty members across all campuses.[41][42][43] It has a foreign student community of about 700 from 58 nationalities.[44] The university offers nationally and internationally recognised undergraduate, postgraduate and research programmes.

Academic programmes[edit]

Undergraduate programmes[edit]

BGR Campus Front view

The university offers over 50 undergraduate programmes in humanities, social sciences, science, commerce and management, education, law and engineering. Undergraduate programmes are of three-year duration except in the case of Bachelor of Education (BEd, two years), Bachelor of Hotel Management (BHM, four years), Bachelor of Laws (LLB, five years), Bachelor of Technology (BTech, four years) and an integrated BTech/MTech or MBA (five years). Except for Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Bachelor of Commerce (BCom), Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science (BSc) programmes follow a Triple Major system.[43]

Wikipedia in the undergraduate programme
Wikipedia workshop for second language students

The institution entered into a memorandum of understanding with the Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore to make article writing on Wikipedia a core exercise for the continuous internal assessment of its 1600 undergraduate students in Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Sanskrit and Urdu.[45] The Hindi and Kannada articles may be found at collection of Hindi articles and collection of Kannada articles.

Post-graduate programmes[edit]

The university offers 47 master's, 17 Master of Philosophy and 21 PhD degree programmes in Humanities, Social Sciences, Science, Law, Education, commerce and management, and Engineering. Masters programmes are of two years duration, except for Master of Computer Science and Master of Law which are three years and one-year duration, respectively.

Publications[edit]

The university has published over 220 books in Kannada, through Kannada Sangha, a non-profit organisation of the university promoting Kannada.

Membership[edit]

The university is a member of the Association of Indian Universities,[46] International Federation of Catholic Universities (IFCU)[47] and Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business(AACSB)[48]

Notable alumni[edit]

Name Field of notability Notes
Anjana Menon Malayalam film actress
Ankur Betageri poet, fiction writer, art activist
Annu Antony Malayalam film actress Debuted in Aanandam
Apurva Kasaravalli Kannada Film Director
Arvind Venugopal Playback singer in Malayalam Film Industry
Chandy Oommen M.L.A, Kerala Chairman of the National Outreach Cell, Indian Youth Congress
Francis George former Member of Parliament represented the Idukki Constituency, Chairman of Janadhipathya Kerala Congress
Gautham Karthik Tamil film actor [49]
Gokul Suresh Malayalam Film Actor [50]
Gouri G. Kishan Malayalam film actress
Jahnavi Kamath film actress
K M Chaitanya Kannada film maker, theatre director
Krishna Byre Gowda M.L.A. Karnataka President, Karnataka Youth Congress
Leona Lishoy Indian film actress and model
M. N. Reddi senior officer in the Indian Police Service
Madhukeshwar Desai CEO, Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA) National Vice-President of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
Madonna Sebastian Malayalam film actress debut in the Malayalam film Premam
Meghana Raj South Indian actress
Nanditha Shwetha Kannada actress and South Indian model
Nicole Faria Miss Earth 2010
Nidhhi Agerwal Bollywood and Telugu actress, Yamaha Fascino Miss Diva 2014 finalist
Pearle Maaney actress and model D 4 dance anchor [51]
Pradeep Hegde Wildlife Filmmaker [52]
Prateik Jain Model
Priya Vadlamani Model and Telugu Film Actress
Raja Krishna Menon film writer, director and producer[53]
Rajeev Ravindranathan Actor and Comedian
Reba Monica John South Indian actress debuted in the movie Jacobinte Swargarajyam [54]
Rima Kallingal Malayalam film actress [55]
Roysten Abel Indian theatre director and playwright
Sabbah Haji Director of Haji Public School[56]
Sabu Varkey Indian Hockey Team Member
Samyukta Hornad Kannada film actress [57]
Shilpi Neha Tirkey Youngest MLA from Jharkhand
Shwetha Srivatsav Kannada Film Actress
Sruthi Hariharan South Indian Actress Debuted in the movie Cinema Company [58]
Vijay Suriya actor [59]
Vineeth Vincent Beatboxer [60]

World records[edit]

On 10 January 2011, Christ Junior College, Bangalore, under ensemble director Vineeth Vincent, in an event titled 'Can You Say Beat Box?' created the largest human beatbox ensemble in the Limca Book of Records with 2136 participants.[61][62][63][64] According to the Guinness World Records, the previous record for the largest human beatbox ensemble involved 1,246 participants and was achieved by Vineeth Vincent and Christ University (India) in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, on 5 February 2011.[65] This record was broken by Shlomo on 14 November 2011 with 2,081 participants.[66] The record was broken by Booking.com on 10 December 2013 with 4695 participants.[67]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "Self Assessment Report for NAAC" (PDF). Christ University. p. 15. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  2. ^ a b "About Us - Administration". Christ University Official Website. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  3. ^ "Self Assessment Report for NAAC" (PDF). Christ University. p. 26. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  4. ^ "Self Assessment Report for NAAC" (PDF). Christ University. p. 25. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  5. ^ "Colours of Hope". christuniversity.in. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  6. ^ "Pulled up by UGC, Christ Deemed to be University changes name". The Hindu. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  7. ^ "Deemed Universities in Karnataka". Ugc.ac.in. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ a b "CHRIST UNIVERSITY". christuniversity.in. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  10. ^ "CHRIST (Deemed to be University)". christuniversity.in. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  11. ^ "CHRIST UNIVERSITY". christuniversity.in. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  12. ^ "Name Change notification by Ministry of Human Resource Development" (PDF). Ministry of Human Resource Development. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  13. ^ "NAAC certificates - Internal Quality Assurance Cell" (PDF). christuniversity.in. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  14. ^ "Kengeri Campus". Christ University. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  15. ^ "CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Opens a New Campus on Banneghatta Road". The Hindu. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  16. ^ "Delhi NCR Campus". NCR, Christ University. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  17. ^ "Christ Pune Lavasa campus". ShikshaChrist University Lavasa. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  18. ^ "Christ University Pune Lavasa Campus". Christ University Lavasa. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  19. ^ "NAAC Self-study Report - Location, Area, and Activity of the Campus" (PDF). NAAC. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  20. ^ "CHRIST (Deemed to be University)". christuniversity.in. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  21. ^ a b Service, Express News (16 July 2013). "Girl drinks poison, teacher blamed". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  22. ^ a b c DHNS. "Girl attempts suicide; alleges harassment". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  23. ^ "Bengaluru online exam row: Institution to probe proctor's 'misconduct'". The Indian Express. 25 June 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  24. ^ a b c "Bengaluru: Student alleges invigilator addressed her as 'baby', sparks row". The Indian Express. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  25. ^ a b c Dharmadhikari, Sanyukta (12 July 2020). "Bengaluru Christ University students protest decision to hold online examinations". The News Minute. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  26. ^ "The student protest at Christ University explained". The Times of India. 2 August 2016. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  27. ^ DHNS. "Christ University students protest 'curbs' on campus". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  28. ^ a b "Christ University in the dock, ex-student's blog reveals sexual harassment". India Today. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  29. ^ TNM (1 August 2016). "Bengaluru's Christ University has stifled those who stood up to sexual harassment, a student writes". The News Minute. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  30. ^ a b "End Sexism At Christ, Bangalore!". act.jhatkaa.org. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  31. ^ a b Staff, T. N. M. (1 August 2016). "Ten really ridiculous rules Bengaluru's Christ University imposes on students". The News Minute. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  32. ^ Sexist rules and moral policing: Reality of many Indian colleges| Dhanya Rajendran, retrieved 20 September 2023
  33. ^ "UGC GUIDELINES ON SAFETY OF STUDENTS ON AND OFF CAMPUSES OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS" (PDF).
  34. ^ "Bengaluru: Move to curtail Christ University's VC term comes under the cloud". The Indian Express. 1 March 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  35. ^ "Centre to derecognise 44 deemed universities". ndtv.com. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  36. ^ "UGC asks 34 blacklisted deemed universities to start functioning". Careerindia. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  37. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. ^ "Pulled up by UGC, Christ University changes name". The Hindu. 30 November 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  39. ^ "After UGC's directive, Christ University becomes Christ". The Economic Times. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  40. ^ "Some colleges set higher cutoff for girls". The Times of India. 16 May 2019. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  41. ^ "Swearing by Student Satisfaction". Newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  42. ^ Aleem, Ayesha (14 June 2013). "Different Keystrokes". Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  43. ^ a b Aleem, Ayesha (24 June 2013). "Different Keystrokes". India Today. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  44. ^ "International Office" (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  45. ^ Muzammiluddin, Syed. "Wikipedia at Forefront in CHRIST (Deemed to be University)". Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  46. ^ "Members, Association of Indian Universities". Aiuweb.org. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  47. ^ "Members, International Federation of Catholic Universities". fiuc.org/. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  48. ^ "members,AACSB". aacsb.edu. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  49. ^ "Never knew my dad was a big deal in Tamil cinema then: Gautham Karthik". Cinema Express. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  50. ^ "'I just want to be a good actor'". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  51. ^ "Big Boss Malayalam contestant - Pearle Maaney". IB Times. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  52. ^ "Short film on frogs set for online". Times of India. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  53. ^ "Airlift's Kerala connection". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  54. ^ "Malayalam actress is Rishi's leading lady". Times of India. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  55. ^ "BBA course at Christ University helps students develop their entrepreneurial instincts". India Today. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  56. ^ "Sabbah Haji". Haji Public School. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  57. ^ "Dudette doodles in aid: Artistic side of Samyukta Hornad". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  58. ^ "Sruthi Hariharan". Filmi Beat. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  59. ^ "The chocolate boy who became a star!". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  60. ^ "Just beat it, beat it…". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  61. ^ "This world record will be a mouthful". Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  62. ^ "Christ College Sets National Beatboxing Record". Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  63. ^ "CHRIST (Deemed to be University) students attempt record in beatboxing". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 11 January 2011. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  64. ^ "Christ Junior College beatboxers aim to set a new record". Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  65. ^ "This world record will be a mouthful". archive.mid-day.com. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  66. ^ "Largest human beatbox ensemble". Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  67. ^ "Largest human beatbox ensemble". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 26 July 2017.

External links[edit]

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