Close back rounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Close back rounded vowel
u
IPA number 308
Encoding
Entity (decimal) u
Unicode (hex) U+0075
X-SAMPA u
Kirshenbaum u
Sound

The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

Close back protruded vowel[edit]

In most languages, close back rounded vowels are pronounced with protruded lips.

Features[edit]

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•aɶ
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
IPA help • IPA key • chart • Loudspeaker.svg chart with audio • view
  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that they're in fact near-back.
  • Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence[edit]

Note: Because back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe дунaй [dunaj] 'world'
Arabic Standard[1] جنوب [d͡ʒæˈnuːb] 'south' See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[2] դուռ [dur] 'door'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic guda [guːda] 'wall'
Bengali তুমি [tumi] 'you' See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3] suc [s̺uk] 'juice' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese 菇/gu1 [kuː] 'mushroom' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin 哭 kū About this sound [kʰu˥] (help·info) 'to cry' See Mandarin phonology
Czech u About this sound [u] (help·info) 'at' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[4] du [d̥u] 'you' See Danish phonology
Dutch Belgian[5] voet [vu̟t] 'foot' More front in Belgium. See Dutch phonology
Netherlandic[6] About this sound [vut] (help·info)
English Canadian boot [bu̟ːt] 'boot' Typically more front than cardinal [u]; it may be [ʉː ~ yː] instead in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and RP. See English phonology
Cultivated Australian
Cultivated New Zealand
Cultivated South African[7]
General American[8]
Geordie[9]
Received Pronunciation[10]
Welsh[11]
Singaporean [but]
Pakistani[12] [buːʈ]
Faroese ur [uːɹ] '(wrist-)watch'
Finnish[13] kukka [ˈkukːɑ] 'flower' See Finnish phonology
French[14] où About this sound [u̹] (help·info) 'where' See French phonology
Georgian[15] გუდა [ɡudɑ] 'leather bag'
German Standard[16] Fuß About this sound [fuːs] (help·info) 'foot' See German phonology
Greek ουρανός uranόs [ˌuraˈno̞s̠] 'sky' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew תמונה [tmuna] 'image' Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani اردو / उर्दू [ˈʊrd̪u] 'Urdu' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian[17] unalmas [ˈunɒlmɒʃ] 'boring' See Hungarian phonology
Irish gasúr [ˈɡasˠuːɾˠ] 'boy' See Irish phonology
Italian[18] tutta [ˈt̪ut̪t̪ä] 'all' (pl. fem.) See Italian phonology
Kabardian дуней [dunej] 'world'
Luxembourgish[19] Luucht [luːχt] 'light'
Macedonian уста [ˈus̪t̪ä] 'mouth' See Macedonian phonology
Malay bulan [bulan] 'moon'
Mongolian[20] үүр [uːɾɘ̆] 'nest'
North Frisian bru [bru] 'bridge'
Polish[21] buk About this sound [buk] (help·info) 'beech tree' Also represented by ⟨ó⟩. See Polish phonology
Portuguese European[22] urso [ˈuɾsu] 'bear' See Portuguese phonology
Brazilian[23] [ˈuʁsʊ]
Punjabi ਊਠ [uːʈʰ] 'camel'
Romanian unu [ˈun̪u] 'one' See Romanian phonology
Russian[24] узкий About this sound [ˈus̪kʲɪj] (help·info) 'narrow' See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic gu [ɡu] 'to' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian жут / žut [ʒut̪] 'yellow' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak ruka [ˈruka] 'arm'
Spanish[25] curable [kuˈɾäβ̞le̞̞] 'curable' See Spanish phonology
Thai[26] สุด [sut˨˩] 'rearmost'
Turkish uçak [ut͡ʃak] 'airplane' See Turkish phonology
Udmurt[27] ? [urete] 'to divide'
Ukrainian Умань [ˈumɐnʲ] 'Uman' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese tu [tu] 'to practice asceticism' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian sûch [suːχ] 'sow'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[28] gdu [ɡ͡du] 'all'

Close back compressed vowel[edit]

Close back compressed vowel
u͍
ɯᵝ

Some languages, such as Japanese About this sound listen (help·info) and Swedish, are found with a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.[29] No language is known to contrast this with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel.

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β⟩ as ⟨ɯ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɯ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɯᵝ⟩ ([ɯ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨u͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol.

Features[edit]

  • Its vowel height is close, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips approach one another, so that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Japanese 空気 kūki About this sound [kɯːᵝki] (help·info) 'air' See Japanese phonology
Swedish (dialectical) oro About this sound [ɯ̀β̞rɯβ̞] (help·info) 'unease' Contrasts with a close central and close front compressed vowels in some Swea dialects
Norwegian mot [mɯːᵝt] 'courage' See Norwegian phonology

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990:38)
  2. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  3. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  4. ^ Grønnum (1998)
  5. ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
  6. ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
  7. ^ Lass (2002:116)
  8. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  9. ^ Watt & Allen (2003:268)
  10. ^ Roach (2004:242)
  11. ^ Coupland (1990:93-95 and 135)
  12. ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004:1007)
  13. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
  14. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  15. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  16. ^ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
  17. ^ Szende (1994:92)
  18. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  19. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  20. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
  21. ^ Jassem (2003:105)
  22. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  23. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
  24. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:67)
  25. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
  26. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
  27. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:64, 68)
  28. ^ Merrill (2008:109)
  29. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:295)

Bibliography[edit]

  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), Brazilian Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756 
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 
  • Coupland, Nikolas (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, ISBN 1-85359-032-0 
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223 
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company 
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), French, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874 
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), Luxembourgish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), Danish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290 
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X 
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X 
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press 
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19814-8 
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052 
  • Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H. (2004), "Pakistani English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W., A handbook of varieties of English 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1003–1015 
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667 
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009a), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University 
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), Tilquiapan Zapotec, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 
  • Roach, Peter (2004), British English: Received Pronunciation, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768 
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), Standard Georgian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 
  • Szende, Tamás (1994), Hungarian, Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090 
  • Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), Arabic, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–39, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266 
  • Tingsabadh, M. R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), Thai, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (1): 24–28, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746 
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173 
  • Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), Tyneside English, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397 
 
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Close_back_rounded_vowel&oldid=629138295"