# Cluster state

In quantum information and quantum computing, a cluster state[1] is a type of highly entangled state of multiple qubits. Cluster states are generated in lattices of qubits with Ising type interactions. A cluster C is a connected subset of a d-dimensional lattice, and a cluster state is a pure state of the qubits located on C. They are different from other types of entangled states such as GHZ states or W states in that it is more difficult to eliminate quantum entanglement (via projective measurements) in the case of cluster states. Another way of thinking of cluster states is as a particular instance of graph states, where the underlying graph is a connected subset of a d-dimensional lattice. Cluster states are especially useful in the context of the one-way quantum computer. For a comprehensible introduction to the topic see.[2]

Formally, cluster states ${\displaystyle |\phi _{\{\kappa \}}\rangle _{C}}$ are states which obey the set eigenvalue equations:

${\displaystyle K^{(a)}{\left|\phi _{\{\kappa \}}\right\rangle _{C}}=(-1)^{\kappa _{a}}{\left|\phi _{\{\kappa \}}\right\rangle _{C}}}$

where ${\displaystyle K^{(a)}}$ are the correlation operators

${\displaystyle K^{(a)}=\sigma _{x}^{(a)}\bigotimes _{b\in \mathrm {N} (a)}\sigma _{z}^{(b)}}$

with ${\displaystyle \sigma _{x}}$ and ${\displaystyle \sigma _{z}}$ being Pauli matrices, ${\displaystyle N(a)}$ denoting the neighbourhood of ${\displaystyle a}$ and ${\displaystyle \{\kappa _{a}\in \{0,1\}|a\in C\}}$ being a set of binary parameters specifying the particular instance of a cluster state.

## Examples for 2, 3 and 4 qubits

Here are some examples of one-dimensional cluster states (d=1), for ${\displaystyle n=2,3,4}$, where ${\displaystyle n}$ is the number of qubits. We take ${\displaystyle \kappa _{a}=0}$ for all ${\displaystyle a}$, which means the cluster state is the unique simultaneous eigenstate that has corresponding eigenvalue 1 under all correlation operators. In each example the set of correlation operators ${\displaystyle \{K^{(a)}\}_{a}}$and the corresponding cluster state is listed.

• ${\displaystyle n=2}$
${\displaystyle \{\sigma _{x}\sigma _{z},\ \sigma _{z}\sigma _{x}\}}$
${\displaystyle |\phi \rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|0-\rangle +|1+\rangle )}$
This is an EPR-pair (up to local transformations).
• ${\displaystyle n=3}$
${\displaystyle \{\sigma _{x}\sigma _{z}I,\ \sigma _{z}\sigma _{x}\sigma _{z},\ I\sigma _{z}\sigma _{x}\}}$
${\displaystyle |\phi \rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|+0+\rangle +|-1-\rangle )}$
This is the GHZ-state (up to local transformations).
• ${\displaystyle n=4}$
${\displaystyle \{\sigma _{x}\sigma _{z}II,\ \sigma _{z}\sigma _{x}\sigma _{z}I,\ I\sigma _{z}\sigma _{x}\sigma _{z},\ II\sigma _{z}\sigma _{x}\}}$
${\displaystyle |\phi \rangle ={\frac {1}{2}}(|+0+0\rangle +|+0-1\rangle +|-1-0\rangle +|-1+1\rangle )}$.
This is not a GHZ-state and can not be converted to a GHZ-state with local operations.

In all examples ${\displaystyle I}$ is the identity operator, and tensor products are omitted. The states above can be obtained from the all zero state ${\displaystyle |0\ldots 0\rangle }$ by first applying a Hadamard gate to every qubit, and then a controlled-Z gate between all qubits that are adjacent to each other.

## Experimental creation of cluster states

Cluster states have been realized experimentally. They have been obtained in photonic experiments using parametric downconversion.[3] [4] In such systems, the horizontal and vertical polarizations of the photons code the qubit. Cluster states have been created also in optical lattices of cold atoms.[5]

## Entanglement criteria and Bell inequalities for cluster states

After a cluster state was created in an experiment, it is important to verify that indeed, an entangled quantum state has been created and obtain the fidelity with respect to an ideal cluster state. There are efficient conditions to detect entanglement close to cluster states, that need only the minimal two local measurement settings.[6] Similar conditions can also be used to estimate the fidelity with respect to an ideal cluster state.[7] Bell inequalities have also been developed for cluster states.[8] [9] [10] All these entanglement conditions and Bell inequalities are based on the stabilizer formalism.[11]

## References

1. ^ H. J. Briegel; R. Raussendorf (2001). "Persistent Entanglement in arrays of Interacting Particles". Physical Review Letters. 86 (5): 910–3. arXiv:quant-ph/0004051. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86..910B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.910. PMID 11177971. S2CID 21762622.
2. ^ Briegel, Hans J. "Cluster States". In Greenberger, Daniel; Hentschel, Klaus & Weinert, Friedel (eds.). Compendium of Quantum Physics - Concepts, Experiments, History and Philosophy. Springer. pp. 96–105. ISBN 978-3-540-70622-9.
3. ^ P. Walther, K. J. Resch, T. Rudolph, E. Schenck, H. Weinfurter, V. Vedral, M. Aspelmeyer and A. Zeilinger (2005). "Experimental one-way quantum computing". Nature. 434 (7030): 169–76. arXiv:quant-ph/0503126. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..169W. doi:10.1038/nature03347. PMID 15758991. S2CID 119329998.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. ^ N. Kiesel; C. Schmid; U. Weber; G. Tóth; O. Gühne; R. Ursin; H. Weinfurter (2005). "Experimental Analysis of a 4-Qubit Cluster State". Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (21): 210502. arXiv:quant-ph/0508128. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95u0502K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.210502. PMID 16384122. S2CID 5322108.
5. ^ O. Mandel; M. Greiner; A. Widera; T. Rom; T. W. Hänsch; I. Bloch (2003). "Controlled collisions for multi-particle entanglement of optically trapped atoms". Nature. 425 (6961): 937–940. arXiv:quant-ph/0308080. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..937M. doi:10.1038/nature02008. PMID 14586463. S2CID 4408587.
6. ^ Tóth, Géza; Gühne, Otfried (17 February 2005). "Detecting Genuine Multipartite Entanglement with Two Local Measurements". Physical Review Letters. 94 (6): 060501. arXiv:quant-ph/0405165. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.060501. S2CID 13371901.
7. ^ Tóth, Géza; Gühne, Otfried (29 August 2005). "Entanglement detection in the stabilizer formalism". Physical Review A. 72 (2): 022340. arXiv:quant-ph/0501020. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.72.022340. S2CID 56269409.
8. ^ Scarani, Valerio; Acín, Antonio; Schenck, Emmanuel; Aspelmeyer, Markus (18 April 2005). "Nonlocality of cluster states of qubits". Physical Review A. 71 (4). doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.71.042325. S2CID 4805039.
9. ^ Gühne, Otfried; Tóth, Géza; Hyllus, Philipp; Briegel, Hans J. (14 September 2005). "Bell Inequalities for Graph States". Physical Review Letters. 95 (12): 120405. arXiv:quant-ph/0410059. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.120405. PMID 16197057. S2CID 5973814.
10. ^ Tóth, Géza; Gühne, Otfried; Briegel, Hans J. (2 February 2006). "Two-setting Bell inequalities for graph states". Physical Review A. 73 (2): 022303. arXiv:quant-ph/0510007. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.73.022303. S2CID 108291031.
11. ^ Gottesman, Daniel (1 September 1996). "Class of quantum error-correcting codes saturating the quantum Hamming bound". Physical Review A. 54 (3): 1862–1868. arXiv:quant-ph/9604038. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.54.1862. PMID 9913672. S2CID 16407184.