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List of wireless network protocols

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A wide variety of different wireless data technologies exist, some in direct competition with one another, others designed for specific applications. Wireless technologies can be evaluated by a variety of different metrics of which some are described in this entry.

Standards can be grouped as follows in increasing range order:

Personal Area Network (PAN) systems are intended for short range communication between devices typically controlled by a single person. Some examples include wireless headsets for mobile phones or wireless heart rate sensors communicating with a wrist watch. Some of these technologies include standards such as ANT UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Wireless USB.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN / WSAN) are, generically, networks of low-power, low-cost devices that interconnect wirelessly to collect, exchange, and sometimes act-on data collected from their physical environments - "sensor networks". Nodes typically connect in a star or mesh topology. While most individual nodes in a WSAN are expected to have limited range (Bluetooth, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, etc.), particular nodes may be capable of more expansive communications (Wi-Fi, Cellular networks, etc.) and any individual WSAN can span a wide geographical range. An example of a WSAN would be a collection of sensors arranged throughout an agricultural facility to monitor soil moisture levels, report the data back to a computer in the main office for analysis and trend modeling, and maybe turn on automatic watering spigots if the level is too low.

For wider area communications, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is used. WLANs are often known by their commercial product name Wi-Fi. These systems are used to provide wireless access to other systems on the local network such as other computers, shared printers, and other such devices or even the internet. Typically a WLAN offers much better speeds and delays within the local network than an average consumer's Internet access. Older systems that provide WLAN functionality include DECT and HIPERLAN. These however are no longer in widespread use. One typical characteristic of WLANs is that they are mostly very local, without the capability of seamless movement from one network to another.

Cellular networks or WAN are designed for city-wide/national/global coverage areas and seamless mobility from one access point (often defined as a Base Station) to another allowing seamless coverage for very wide areas. Cellular network technologies are often split into 2nd generation 2G, 3G and 4G networks. Originally 2G networks were voice centric or even voice only digital cellular systems (as opposed to the analog 1G networks). Typical 2G standards include GSM and IS-95 with extensions via GPRS, EDGE and 1xRTT, providing Internet access to users of originally voice centric 2G networks. Both EDGE and 1xRTT are 3G standards, as defined by the ITU, but are usually marketed as 2.9G due to their comparatively low speeds and high delays when compared to true 3G technologies.

True 3G systems such as EV-DO, W-CDMA (including HSPA) provide combined circuit switched and packet switched data and voice services from the outset, usually at far better data rates than 2G networks with their extensions. All of these services can be used to provide combined mobile voice access and Internet access at remote locations.

4G networks provide even higher bitrates and many architectural improvements, which are not necessarily visible to the consumer. The current 4G systems that are deployed widely are HSPA+, WIMAX and LTE. The latter two are pure packet based networks without traditional voice circuit capabilities. These networks provide voice services via VoIP.

Some systems are designed for point-to-point line-of-sight communications, once two such nodes get too far apart they can no longer communicate. Other systems are designed to form a wireless mesh network using one of a variety of routing protocols. In a mesh network, when nodes get too far apart to communicate directly, they can still communicate indirectly through intermediate nodes.

Standards

The following standards are included in this comparison.

Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

  • Wi-Fi: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac standards.

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and most Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSAN)

Overview

Comparison of mobile Internet access methods
Common
name		 Family Primary use Radio tech Downstream
(Mbit/s)		 Upstream
(Mbit/s)		 Notes
HSPA+ 3GPP Mobile Internet CDMA/TDMA/FDD
MIMO		 21
42
84
672		 5.8
11.5
22
168		 HSPA+ is widely deployed. Revision 11 of the 3GPP states that HSPA+ is expected to have a throughput capacity of 672 Mbit/s.
LTE 3GPP Mobile Internet OFDMA/TDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA/for LTE-FDD/for LTE-TDD 100 Cat3
150 Cat4
300 Cat5
25065 Cat17
1658 Cat19
(in 20 MHz FDD) [1]
 50 Cat3/4
75 Cat5
2119 Cat17
13563 Cat19
(in 20 MHz FDD)[1]		 LTE-Advanced Pro offers rates in excess of 3 Gbit/s to mobile users.
WiMax rel 1 802.16 WirelessMAN MIMO-SOFDMA 37 (10 MHz TDD) 17 (10 MHz TDD) With 2x2 MIMO.[2]
WiMax rel 1.5 802.16-2009 WirelessMAN MIMO-SOFDMA 83 (20 MHz TDD)
141 (2x20 MHz FDD)		 46 (20 MHz TDD)
138 (2x20 MHz FDD)		 With 2x2 MIMO.Enhanced with 20 MHz channels in 802.16-2009[2]
WiMAX rel 2.0 802.16m WirelessMAN MIMO-SOFDMA 2x2 MIMO
110 (20 MHz TDD)
183 (2x20 MHz FDD)
4x4 MIMO
219 (20 MHz TDD)
365 (2x20 MHz FDD)		 2x2 MIMO
70 (20 MHz TDD)
188 (2x20 MHz FDD)
4x4 MIMO
140 (20 MHz TDD)
376 (2x20 MHz FDD)		 Also, low mobility users can aggregate multiple channels to get a download throughput of up to 1 Gbit/s[2]
Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM Mobile Internet
mobility up to 200 mph (350 km/h)		 Flash-OFDM 5.3
10.6
15.9		 1.8
3.6
5.4		 Mobile range 30 km (18 miles)
Extended range 55 km (34 miles)
HIPERMAN HIPERMAN Mobile Internet OFDM 56.9
Wi-Fi 802.11
(11ax)		 Wireless LAN OFDM/OFDMA/CSMA/MIMO/MU-MIMO/Half duplex 9600 Wi-Fi 6

Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310 km & 382 km)

iBurst 802.20 Mobile Internet HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO 95 36 Cell Radius: 3–12 km
Speed: 250 km/h
Spectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cell
Spectrum Reuse Factor: "1"
EDGE Evolution GSM Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD 1.6 0.5 3GPP Release 7
UMTS W-CDMA
HSPA (HSDPA+HSUPA) 		3GPP Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD

CDMA/FDD/MIMO		 0.384
14.4		 0.384
5.76		 HSDPA is widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 56 Mbit/s.
UMTS-TDD 3GPP Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA
EV-DO Rel. 0
EV-DO Rev.A
EV-DO Rev.B 		3GPP2 Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD 2.45
3.1
4.9xN		 0.15
1.8
1.8xN		 Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz carriers used. EV-DO is not designed for voice, and requires a fallback to 1xRTT when a voice call is placed or received.

Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available.

For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.


Peak bit rate and throughput

When discussing throughput, there is often a distinction between the peak data rate of the physical layer, the theoretical maximum data throughput and typical throughput.

The peak bit rate of the standard is the net bit rate provided by the physical layer in the fastest transmission mode (using the fastest modulation scheme and error code), excluding forward error correction coding and other physical layer overhead.

The theoretical maximum throughput for end user is clearly lower than the peak data rate due to higher layer overheads. Even this is never possible to achieve unless the test is done under perfect laboratory conditions.

The typical throughput is what users have experienced most of the time when well within the usable range to the base station. The typical throughput is hard to measure, and depends on many protocol issues such as transmission schemes (slower schemes are used at longer distance from the access point due to better redundancy), packet retransmissions and packet size. The typical throughput is often even lower because of other traffic sharing the same network or cell, interference or even the fixed line capacity from the base station onwards being limited.

Note that these figures cannot be used to predict the performance of any given standard in any given environment, but rather as benchmarks against which actual experience might be compared.

Bit rate (Mbit/s)
Standard Peak Downlink Peak Uplink Approximate Maximum Range in Meters Typical Downlink throughput
CDMA RTT 1x 0.3072 0.1536 29000 0.125
CDMA EV-DO Rev. 0 2.4580 0.1536 29000 1[citation needed]
CDMA EV-DO Rev. A 3.1 1.8 29000 2[citation needed]
CDMA EV-DO Rev. B 4.9 1.8 29000
GSM GPRS Class 10 0.0856 0.0428 26000 0.014[citation needed]
GSM EDGE type 2 0.4736 0.4736 26000 0.034[citation needed]
GSM EDGE Evolution 1.8944 0.9472 26000
UMTS W-CDMA R99 0.3840 0.3840 29000 0.195[citation needed]
UMTS W-CDMA HSDPA 14.4 0.3840 200000[3] 2[citation needed]
UMTS W-CDMA HSUPA 14.4 5.76 200000[3]
UMTS W-CDMA HSPA+ 168 22 200000[3]
UMTS-TDD 16[4] 16
LTE 326.4 86.4
iBurst: iBurst 24 8 12000 >2
Flash-OFDM: Flash-OFDM 5.3 1.8 29000 avg 2.5[citation needed]
WiMAX: 802.16e 70 70 6400 >10[citation needed]
WiFi: 802.11a 54 54 30 20
WiFi: 802.11b 11 11 30 5[citation needed]
WiFi: 802.11g 54 54 30 20[citation needed]
WiFi: 802.11n 600 600 50
WiFi: 802.11ac 1,300 1,300
  • Downlink is the throughput from the base station to the user handset or computer.
  • Uplink is the throughput from the user handset or computer to the base station.
  • Range is the maximum range possible to receive data at 25% of the typical rate.

Typical spectral use

Frequency

Allocated frequencies
Standard Frequencies Spectrum Type
UMTS FDD 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.0, 1.9/2.1, 2.1, and 1.7/2.1 GHz Licensed
UMTS-TDD 450, 850 MHz, 1.9, 2, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz[5]
2 GHz		 Licensed (Cellular, 3G TDD, BRS/IMT-ext, FWA)
Unlicensed (see note)
CDMA2000 (inc. EV-DO, 1xRTT) 450, 850, 900 MHz 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, and 2.1 GHz Licensed (Cellular/PCS/3G/AWS)
EDGE/GPRS 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1.8 GHz, and 1.9 GHz Licensed (Cellular/PCS/PCN)
iBurst 1.8, 1.9, and 2.1 GHz Licensed
Flash-OFDM 450 and 870 MHz Licensed
Bluetooth/BLE 2.4 GHz Unlicensed ISM
Low Rate WPAN (802.15.4) 868 MHz, 915 MHz, 2.4 GHz Unlicensed ISM
WiFi (802.11) 2.4, 3.6, 4.9, 5.0, 5.2, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9 and 60 GHz[6] Unlicensed ISM
WiMax (802.16e) 2.3, 2.5, 3.5, 3.7, and 5.8 GHz Licensed
Wireless USB, UWB 3.1 to 10.6 GHz Unlicensed Ultrawideband
VEmesh* 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 953 MHz Unlicensed ISM
EnOcean* 868.3 MHz Unlicensed ISM

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "LTE". 3GPP web site. 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c "WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16m Air Interface Standard" (PDF). WiMax Forum. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  3. ^ a b c "Ericsson, Telstra Achieve World's First 200km Cell Range Mobile Broadband Coverage". www.physorg.com.
  4. ^ IPWireless
  5. ^ UMTS-TDD developer's frequency notes
  6. ^ IEEE 802.11, List of WLAN channels
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