# Conductance (graph)

For other uses, see Conductance.

In graph theory the conductance of a graph G=(V,E) measures how "well-knit" the graph is: it controls how fast a random walk on G converges to a uniform distribution. The conductance of a graph is often called the Cheeger constant of a graph as the analog of its counterpart in spectral geometry.[citation needed] Since electrical networks are intimately related to random walks with a long history in the usage of the term "conductance", this alternative name helps avoid possible confusion.

The conductance of a cut $(S, \bar S)$ in a graph is defined as:

$\varphi(S) = \frac{\sum_{i \in S, j \in \bar S}a_{ij}}{\min(a(S),a(\bar S))}$

where the $a_{ij}$ are the entries of the adjacency matrix for G, so that

$a(S) = \sum_{i \in S} \sum_{j \in V} a_{ij}$

is the total number (or weight) of the edges incident with S.

The conductance of the whole graph is the minimum conductance over all the possible cuts:

$\phi(G) = \min_{S \subseteq V}\varphi(S).$

Equivalently, conductance of a graph is defined as follows:

$\phi(G) := \min_{S \subseteq V; 0\leq a(S)\leq a(V)/2}\frac{\sum_{i \in S, j \in \bar S}a_{ij}}{a(S)}.\,$

For a d-regular graph, the conductance is equal to the isoperimetric number divided by d.

## Generalizations and applications

In practical applications, one often considers the conductance only over a cut. A common generalization of conductance is to handle the case of weights assigned to the edges: then the weights are added; if the weight is in the form of a resistance, then the reciprocal weights are added.

The notion of conductance underpins the study of percolation in physics and other applied areas; thus, for example, the permeability of petroleum through porous rock can be modeled in terms of the conductance of a graph, with weights given by pore sizes.

## Markov chains

For an ergodic reversible Markov chain with an underlying graph G, the conductance is a way to measure how hard it is to leave a small set of nodes. Formally, the conductance of a graph is defined as the minimum over all sets $S$ of the capacity of $S$ divided by the ergodic flow out of $S$. Alistair Sinclair showed that conductance is closely tied to mixing time in ergodic reversible Markov chains. We can also view conductance in a more probabilistic way, as the minimal probability of leaving a small set of nodes given that we started in that set to begin with. Writing $\Phi_S$ for the conditional probability of leaving a set of nodes S given that we were in that set to begin with, the conductance is the minimal $\Phi_S$ over sets $S$ that have a total stationary probability of at most 1/2.

Conductance is related to Markov chain mixing time in the reversible setting.