Corruption Perceptions Index

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Map showing countries and territories according to the Corruption Perception Index, 2021, in ascending order.
  Score higher than 89
  Score equal to or between 80 and 89
  Score equal to or between 70 and 79
  Score equal to or between 60 and 69
  Score equal to or between 50 and 59
  Score equal to or between 40 and 49
  Score equal to or between 30 and 39
  Score equal to or between 20 and 29
  Score equal to or between 10 and 19
  Score less than 10
  Data unavailable

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index which ranks countries "by their perceived levels of public sector[1] corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys."[2] The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain".[3] The index is published annually by the non-governmental organisation Transparency International since 1995.[4]

The 2021 CPI, published in January 2022, currently ranks 180 countries "on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)" based on the situation between 1 May 2020 and 30 April 2021.[5] Denmark, New Zealand, and Finland, are perceived as the least corrupt nations in the world, ranking consistently high, while the most apparently corrupt are Syria, Somalia, and South Sudan ranking consistently low.[6]

Methods[edit]

Transparency International commissioned the University of Passau's Johann Graf Lambsdorff to produce the CPI.[7] The 2012 CPI takes into account 16 different surveys and assessments from 12 different institutions.[8] The 13 surveys/assessments are either business people opinion surveys or performance assessments from a group of analysts.[3] Early CPIs used public opinion surveys.[9] The institutions are:[10]

Countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.[9] The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption.[11]

Validity[edit]

A study published in 2002 found a "very strong significant correlation" between the Corruption Perceptions Index and two other proxies for corruption: black market activity and an overabundance of regulation.[12]

All three metrics also had a highly significant correlation with real gross domestic product per capita (RGDP/Cap); the Corruption Perceptions Index correlation with RGDP/Cap was the strongest, explaining over three quarters of the variance.[12] (Note that a lower rating on this scale reflects greater corruption, so that countries with higher RGDPs generally had less corruption.)

Alex Cobham of the Center for Global Development reported in 2013 that "many of the staff and chapters" at Transparency International, the publisher of the Corruption Perceptions Index, "protest internally" over concerns about the index. The original creator of the index, Johann Graf Lambsdorff, withdrew from work on the index in 2009, stating "In 1995 I invented the Corruption Perceptions Index and have orchestrated it ever since, putting TI on the spotlight of international attention. In August 2009 I have informed Cobus de Swardt, Managing Director of TI, that I am no longer available for doing the Corruption Perceptions Index."[13]

Economic implications[edit]

Research papers published in 2007 and 2008 examined the economic consequences of corruption perception, as defined by the CPI. The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher long-term economic growth,[14] as well as an increase in GDP growth of 1.7% for every unit increase in a country's CPI score.[15] Also shown was a power-law dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country.

Rankings[edit]

Legend:

Scores Perceived as less corrupt Perceived as more corrupt
99–90 89–80 79–70 69–60 59–50 49–40 39-30 29–20 19–10 9–0

2012–2021[edit]

Corruption Perceptions Index table:[16]

# Nation or Territory 2021[6] 2020[17] 2019[18] 2018[19] 2017[20] 2016[21] 2015[22] 2014[23] 2013[24] 2012[25] 2012[25]
Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score  Δ  Score
1  Denmark
88
Steady
88
Increase 1
87
Decrease 1
88
Steady
88
Decrease 2
90
Decrease 1
91
Decrease 1
92
Increase 1
91
Increase 1
90
1  New Zealand
88
Steady
88
Increase 1
87
Steady
87
Decrease 2
89
Decrease 1
90
Decrease 1
91
Steady
91
Steady
91
Increase 1
90
1  Finland
88
Increase 3
85
Decrease 1
86
Increase 1
85
Steady
85
Decrease 4
89
Decrease 1
90
Increase 1
89
Steady
89
Decrease 1
90
4  Singapore
85
Steady
85
Steady
85
Steady
85
Increase 1
84
Steady
84
Decrease 1
85
Increase 1
84
Decrease 2
86
Decrease 1
87
4  Sweden
85
Steady
85
Steady
85
Steady
85
Increase 1
84
Decrease 4
88
Decrease 1
89
Increase 2
87
Decrease 2
89
Increase 1
88
4  Norway
85
Increase 1
84
Steady
84
Steady
84
Decrease 1
85
Steady
85
Decrease 2
87
Increase 1
86
Steady
86
Increase 1
85
7  Switzerland
84
Decrease 1
85
Steady
85
Steady
85
Steady
85
Decrease 1
86
Steady
86
Steady
86
Increase 1
85
Decrease 1
86
8  Netherlands
82
Steady
82
Steady
82
Steady
82
Steady
82
Decrease 1
83
Decrease 4
87
Increase 4
83
Steady
83
Decrease 1
84
10  Germany
80
Steady
80
Steady
80
Steady
80
Decrease 1
81
Steady
81
Steady
81
Increase 2
79
Increase 1
78
Decrease 1
79
9  Luxembourg
81
Increase 1
80
Steady
80
Decrease 1
81
Decrease 1
82
Increase 1
81
Steady
81
Decrease 1
82
Increase 2
80
Steady
80
18  Australia
73
Decrease 4
77
Steady
77
Steady
77
Steady
77
Decrease 2
79
Steady
79
Decrease 1
80
Decrease 1
81
Decrease 4
85
13  Canada
74
Decrease 3
77
Steady
77
Decrease 4
81
Decrease 1
82
Steady
82
Decrease 1
83
Increase 2
81
Steady
81
Decrease 3
84
12  Hong Kong
76
Decrease 1
77
Increase 1
76
Steady
76
Decrease 1
77
Steady
77
Increase 2
75
Increase 1
74
Decrease 1
75
Decrease 2
77
11  United Kingdom
78
Increase 1
77
Steady
77
Decrease 3
80
Decrease 2
82
Increase 1
81
Steady
81
Increase 3
78
Increase 2
76
Increase 2
74
13  Austria
74
Decrease 2
76
Decrease 1
77
Increase 1
76
Increase 1
75
Steady
75
Decrease 1
76
Increase 4
72
Increase 3
69
Steady
69
18  Belgium
73
Decrease 3
76
Increase 1
75
Steady
75
Steady
75
Decrease 2
77
Steady
77
Increase 1
76
Increase 1
75
Steady
75
13  Estonia
74
Decrease 1
75
Increase 1
74
Increase 1
73
Increase 2
71
Increase 1
70
Steady
70
Increase 1
69
Increase 1
68
Increase 4
64
13  Iceland
74
Decrease 1
75
Decrease 3
78
Increase 2
76
Decrease 1
77
Decrease 1
78
Decrease 1
79
Steady
79
Increase 1
78
Decrease 4
82
18  Japan
73
Decrease 1
74
Increase 1
73
Steady
73
Steady
73
Increase 1
72
Decrease 3
75
Decrease 1
76
Increase 2
74
Steady
74
13  Ireland
74
Increase 2
72
Decrease 2
74
Increase 1
73
Decrease 1
74
Increase 1
73
Decrease 2
75
Increase 1
74
Increase 2
72
Increase 3
69
24  United Arab Emirates
69
Decrease 2
71
Steady
71
Increase 1
70
Decrease 1
71
Increase 5
66
Decrease 4
70
Steady
70
Increase 1
69
Increase 1
68
18  Uruguay
73
Increase 2
71
Steady
71
Increase 1
70
Steady
70
Decrease 1
71
Decrease 3
74
Increase 1
73
Steady
73
Increase 1
72
22  France
71
Increase 2
69
Steady
69
Decrease 3
72
Increase 2
70
Increase 1
69
Decrease 1
70
Increase 1
69
Decrease 2
71
Steady
71
25  Bhutan
68
Steady
68
Steady
68
Steady
68
Increase 1
67
Increase 2
65
Steady
65
Steady
65
Increase 2
63
Steady
63
27  Chile
67
Steady
67
Steady
67
Steady
67
Steady
67
Increase 1
66
Decrease 4
70
Decrease 3
73
Increase 2
71
Decrease 1
72
27  United States
67
Steady
67
Decrease 2
69
Decrease 2
71
Decrease 4
75
Increase 1
74
Decrease 2
76
Increase 2
74
Increase 1
73
Steady
73
23  Seychelles
70
Increase 4
66
Steady
66
Steady
66
Increase 6
60
Increase 5 Steady
55
Steady
55
Increase 1
54
Increase 2
52
25  Taiwan
68
Increase 2
65
Steady
65
Increase 2
63
Steady
63
Increase 2
61
Decrease 1
62
Increase 1
61
Steady
61
Steady
61
29  Barbados
65
Increase 1
64
Increase 2
62
Decrease 6
68
Steady
68
Increase 7
61
Steady Steady
74
Decrease 1
75
Decrease 1
76
30  Bahamas
64
Increase 1
63
Decrease 1
64
Decrease 1
65
Steady
65
Decrease 1
66
Steady Steady
71
Steady
71
Steady
71
31  Qatar
63
Steady
63
Increase 1
62
Steady
62
Decrease 1
63
Increase 2
61
Decrease 10
71
Increase 2
69
Increase 1
68
Steady
68
32  South Korea
62
Increase 1
61
Increase 2
59
Increase 2
57
Increase 3
54
Increase 1
53
Decrease 3
56
Increase 1
55
Steady
55
Decrease 1
56
32  Portugal
62
Increase 1
61
Decrease 1
62
Decrease 2
64
Increase 1
63
Increase 1
62
Decrease 1
63
Steady
63
Increase 1
62
Decrease 1
63
34  Lithuania
61
Increase 1
60
Steady
60
Increase 1
59
Steady
59
Steady
59
Decrease 2
61
Increase 3
58
Increase 1
57
Increase 3
54
34  Spain
61
Decrease 1
62
Steady
62
Increase 4
58
Increase 1
57
Decrease 1
58
Steady
58
Decrease 2
60
Increase 1
59
Decrease 6
65
45  Botswana
55
Decrease 5
60
Decrease 1
61
Steady
61
Steady
61
Increase 1
60
Decrease 3
63
Steady
63
Increase 1
64
Decrease 1
65
35  Brunei Steady
60
Steady
60
Decrease 3
63
Increase 1
62
Increase 4
58
Steady Steady Steady
60
Increase 5
55
36  Israel
59
Decrease 1
60
Steady
60
Decrease 1
61
Decrease 1
62
Decrease 2
64
Increase 3
61
Increase 1
60
Decrease 1
61
Increase 1
60
41  Slovenia
57
Decrease 3
60
Steady
60
Steady
60
Decrease 1
61
Steady
61
Increase 1
60
Increase 2
58
Increase 1
57
Decrease 4
61
36  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
59
Steady
59
Steady
59
Increase 1
58
Steady
58
Decrease 2
60
Steady Steady
67
Increase 5
62
Steady
62
39  Cape Verde
58
Steady
58
Steady
58
Increase 1
57
Increase 2
55
Decrease 4
59
Increase 4
55
Decrease 2
57
Decrease 1
58
Decrease 2
60
39  Costa Rica
58
Increase 1
57
Increase 1
56
Steady
56
Decrease 3
59
Increase 1
58
Increase 3
55
Increase 1
54
Increase 1
53
Decrease 1
54
52  Cyprus
53
Decrease 4
57
Decrease 1
58
Decrease 1
59
Increase 2
57
Increase 2
55
Decrease 6
61
Decrease 2
63
Steady
63
Decrease 3
66
36  Latvia
59
Increase 2
57
Increase 1
56
Decrease 2
58
Steady
58
Increase 1
57
Increase 2
55
Steady
55
Increase 2
53
Increase 4
49
45  Georgia
55
Decrease 1
56
Steady
56
Decrease 2
58
Increase 2
56
Decrease 1
57
Increase 5
52
Steady
52
Increase 3
49
Decrease 3
52
42  Poland
56
Steady
56
Decrease 2
58
Decrease 2
60
Steady
60
Decrease 2
62
Steady
62
Increase 1
61
Increase 1
60
Increase 2
58
42  Saint Lucia
56
Steady
56
Increase 1
55
Steady
55
Steady
55
Decrease 5
60
Steady Steady Steady
71
Steady
71
45  Dominica
55
Steady
55
Steady
55
Decrease 2
57
Steady
57
Decrease 2
59
Steady Steady
58
Steady
58
Steady
58
49  Czech Republic
54
Steady
54
Decrease 2
56
Decrease 3
59
Increase 2
57
Increase 2
55
Decrease 1
56
Increase 5
51
Increase 3
48
Decrease 1
49
56  Oman
52
Decrease 2
54
Increase 2
52
Steady
52
Increase 8
44
Decrease 1
45
Steady
45
Steady
45
Decrease 2
47
Steady
47
52  Rwanda
53
Decrease 1
54
Increase 1
53
Decrease 3
56
Increase 1
55
Increase 1
54
Steady
54
Increase 5
49
Decrease 4
53
Steady
53
52  Grenada
53
Steady
53
Steady
53
Decrease 1
52
Steady
52
Decrease 4
56
Steady Steady Steady Steady
42  Italy
56
Increase 3
53
Steady
53
Increase 1
52
Increase 2
50
Increase 3
47
Increase 3
44
Increase 1
43
Steady
43
Increase 1
42
49  Malta
54
Increase 1
53
Decrease 1
54
Steady
54
Decrease 2
56
Increase 1
55
Decrease 1
56
Increase 1
55
Decrease 1
56
Decrease 1
57
49  Mauritius
54
Increase 1
53
Increase 1
52
Increase 1
51
Increase 1
50
Decrease 4
54
Increase 1
53
Decrease 1
54
Increase 2
52
Decrease 5
57
52  Saudi Arabia
53
Steady
53
Steady
53
Increase 4
49
Steady
49
Increase 3
46
Decrease 6
52
Increase 3
49
Increase 3
46
Increase 2
44
62  Malaysia
48
Decrease 3
51
Decrease 2
53
Increase 6
47
Steady
47
Decrease 2
49
Decrease 1
50
Decrease 2
52
Increase 2
50
Increase 1
49
58  Namibia
49
Decrease 2
51
Decrease 1
52
Decrease 1
53
Increase 2
51
Decrease 1
52
Decrease 1
53
Increase 4
49
Increase 1
48
Steady
48
58  Greece
49
Decrease 1
50
Increase 2
48
Increase 3
45
Decrease 3
48
Increase 4
44
Decrease 2
46
Increase 3
43
Increase 3
40
Increase 4
36
58  Armenia
49
Steady
49
Increase 7
42
Increase 7
35
Steady
35
Increase 2
33
Decrease 2
35
Decrease 2
37
Increase 1
36
Increase 2
34
58  Jordan
49
Steady
49
Increase 1
48
Decrease 1
49
Increase 1
48
Steady
48
Decrease 5
53
Increase 4
49
Increase 4
45
Decrease 3
48
56  Slovakia
52
Increase 2
49
Decrease 1
50
Steady
50
Steady
50
Decrease 1
51
Steady
51
Increase 1
50
Increase 3
47
Increase 1
46
82  Belarus
41
Decrease 6
47
Increase 2
45
Increase 1
44
Steady
44
Increase 4
40
Increase 8
32
Increase 1
31
Increase 2
29
Decrease 2
31
63  Croatia
47
Steady
47
Steady
47
Decrease 1
48
Decrease 1
49
Steady
49
Decrease 2
51
Increase 3
48
Steady
48
Increase 2
46
64  Cuba
46
Decrease 1
47
Decrease 1
48
Increase 1
47
Steady
47
Steady
47
Steady
47
Increase 1
46
Steady
46
Decrease 2
48
66  São Tomé and Príncipe
45
Decrease 2
47
Increase 1
46
Steady
46
Steady
46
Steady
46
Increase 4
42
Steady
42
Steady
42
Steady
42
64  Montenegro
46
Increase 1
45
Steady
45
Steady
45
Decrease 1
46
Increase 1
45
Increase 1
44
Increase 2
42
Decrease 2
44
Increase 3
41
73  Senegal
43
Decrease 2
45
Steady
45
Steady
45
Steady
45
Steady
45
Increase 1
44
Increase 1
43
Increase 2
41
Increase 5
36
78  Bulgaria
42
Decrease 2
44
Increase 1
43
Increase 1
42
Decrease 1
43
Increase 2
41
Steady
41
Decrease 2
43
Increase 2
41
Steady
41
73  Hungary
43
Decrease 1
44
Steady
44
Decrease 2
46
Increase 1
45
Decrease 3
48
Decrease 3
51
Decrease 3
54
Steady
54
Decrease 1
55
70  Jamaica
44
Steady
44
Increase 1
43
Decrease 1
44
Steady
44
Increase 5
39
Decrease 2
41
Increase 3
38
Steady
38
Steady
38
66  Romania
45
Increase 1
44
Steady
44
Decrease 3
47
Decrease 1
48
Steady
48
Increase 2
46
Increase 3
43
Steady
43
Decrease 1
44
70  South Africa
44
Steady
44
Steady
44
Increase 1
43
Steady
43
Decrease 2
45
Increase 1
44
Steady
44
Increase 2
42
Decrease 1
43
70  Tunisia
44
Steady
44
Increase 1
43
Steady
43
Increase 1
42
Increase 1
41
Increase 3
38
Decrease 2
40
Decrease 1
41
Steady
41
73  Ghana
43
Steady
43
Increase 2
41
Steady
41
Increase 1
40
Decrease 3
43
Decrease 4
47
Decrease 1
48
Increase 2
46
Increase 1
45
85  Maldives
40
Decrease 3
43
Increase 14
29
Decrease 2
31
Decrease 2
33
Decrease 3
36
Steady Steady Steady Steady
66  Vanuatu
45
Increase 2
43
Increase 3
46
Steady
46
Decrease 3
43
Steady Steady Steady Steady Steady
96  Argentina
38
Decrease 4
42
Decrease 3
45
Increase 5
40
Increase 1
39
Increase 3
36
Increase 4
32
Decrease 2
34
Steady
34
Decrease 1
35
78  Bahrain
42
Steady
42
Steady
42
Increase 6
36
Steady
36
Decrease 7
43
Decrease 8
51
Increase 2
49
Increase 1
48
Decrease 3
51
66  China
45
Increase 3
42
Increase 1
41
Increase 2
39
Decrease 2
41
Increase 1
40
Increase 3
37
Increase 1
36
Decrease 4
40
Increase 1
39
73  Kuwait
43
Increase 1
42
Increase 2
40
Decrease 1
41
Increase 2
39
Decrease 2
41
Decrease 8
49
Increase 5
44
Increase 1
43
Decrease 1
44
73  Solomon Islands
43
Increase 1
42
Steady
42
Decrease 2
44
Increase 5
39
Decrease 3
42
Steady Steady Steady Steady
78  Benin
42
Increase 1
41
Steady
41
Increase 1
40
Increase 1
39
Increase 3
36
Decrease 1
37
Decrease 2
39
Increase 3
36
Steady
36
87  Guyana
39
Decrease 2
41
Increase 1
40
Increase 3
37
Decrease 1
38
Increase 4
34
Increase 5
29
Decrease 1
30
Increase 3
27
Decrease 1
28
96  Lesotho
38
Decrease 3
41
Increase 1
40
Decrease 1
41
Decrease 1
42
Increase 3
39
Decrease 5
44
Decrease 5
49
Steady
49
Increase 4
45
78  Burkina Faso
42
Increase 2
40
Steady
40
Decrease 1
41
Decrease 1
42
Steady
42
Increase 4
38
Steady
38
Steady
38
Steady
38
85  India
40
Steady
40
Decrease 1
41
Steady
41
Increase 1
40
Steady
40
Increase 2
38
Steady
38
Increase 2
36
Steady
36
87  Morocco
39
Decrease 1
40
Decrease 1
41
Decrease 2
43
Increase 3
40
Increase 3
37
Increase 1
36
Decrease 3
39
Increase 2
37
Steady
37
82  Timor-Leste
41
Increase 1
40
Increase 2
38
Increase 3
35
Decrease 3
38
Increase 3
35
Increase 7
28
Steady
28
Decrease 2
30
Decrease 3
33
82  Trinidad and Tobago
41
Increase 1
40
Steady
40
Decrease 1
41
Steady
41
Increase 6
35
Decrease 4
39
Increase 1
38
Steady
38
Decrease 1
39
96  Turkey
38
Decrease 2
40
Increase 1
39
Decrease 2
41
Increase 1
40
Decrease 1
41
Decrease 1
42
Decrease 3
45
Decrease 5
50
Increase 1
49
87  Colombia
39
Steady
39
Increase 2
37
Increase 1
36
Decrease 1
37
Steady
37
Steady
37
Steady
37
Increase 1
36
Steady
36
105  Ecuador
36
Decrease 3
39
Increase 1
38
Increase 4
34
Increase 2
32
Increase 1
31
Decrease 1
32
Decrease 1
33
Decrease 2
35
Increase 3
32
96  Brazil
38
Steady
38
Increase 3
35
Steady
35
Decrease 2
37
Decrease 3
40
Increase 2
38
Decrease 5
43
Increase 1
42
Decrease 1
43
87  Ethiopia
39
Increase 1
38
Increase 1
37
Increase 3
34
Decrease 1
35
Increase 1
34
Increase 1
33
Steady
33
Steady
33
Steady
33
102  Kazakhstan
37
Decrease 1
38
Increase 4
34
Increase 3
31
Steady
31
Increase 2
29
Increase 1
28
Decrease 1
29
Increase 3
26
Decrease 2
28
105  Peru
36
Decrease 2
38
Increase 2
36
Increase 1
35
Decrease 2
37
Increase 2
35
Decrease 1
36
Decrease 2
38
Steady
38
Steady
38
96  Serbia
38
Steady
38
Decrease 1
39
Steady
39
Decrease 2
41
Decrease 1
42
Increase 2
40
Decrease 1
41
Decrease 1
42
Increase 3
39
102  Sri Lanka
37
Decrease 1
38
Steady
38
Steady
38
Steady
38
Increase 2
36
Decrease 1
37
Decrease 1
38
Increase 1
37
Decrease 3
40
87  Suriname
39
Increase 1
38
Decrease 6
44
Increase 1
43
Increase 2
41
Decrease 4
45
Increase 9
36
Steady
36
Steady
36
Decrease 1
37
87  Tanzania
39
Increase 1
38
Increase 1
37
Increase 1
36
Steady
36
Increase 4
32
Increase 2
30
Decrease 1
31
Decrease 2
33
Decrease 2
35
102  Gambia
37
Steady
37
Steady
37
Steady
37
Increase 7
30
Increase 4
26
Decrease 2
28
Decrease 1
29
Increase 1
28
Decrease 6
34
96  Indonesia
38
Increase 1
37
Decrease 3
40
Increase 2
38
Increase 1
37
Steady
37
Increase 1
36
Increase 2
34
Increase 2
32
Steady
32
110  Albania
35
Decrease 1
36
Increase 1
35
Decrease 1
36
Decrease 2
38
Decrease 1
39
Increase 3
36
Increase 3
33
Increase 2
31
Decrease 2
33
117  Algeria
33
Decrease 3
36
Increase 1
35
Steady
35
Increase 2
33
Decrease 1
34
Decrease 2
36
Steady
36
Steady
36
Increase 2
34
105  Ivory Coast
36
Steady
36
Increase 1
35
Steady
35
Decrease 1
36
Increase 2
34
Increase 2
32
Steady
32
Increase 5
27
Decrease 2
29
115  El Salvador
34
Decrease 2
36
Increase 2
34
Decrease 1
35
Increase 2
33
Decrease 3
36
Decrease 3
39
Steady
39
Increase 1
38
Steady
38
87  Kosovo
39
Increase 3
36
Steady
36
Decrease 1
37
Decrease 2
39
Increase 3
36
Increase 3
33
Steady
33
Steady
33
Decrease 1
34
110  Thailand
35
Decrease 1
36
Steady
36
Steady
36
Decrease 1
37
Increase 2
35
Decrease 3
38
Steady
38
Increase 3
35
Decrease 2
37
87  Vietnam
39
Increase 3
36
Decrease 1
37
Increase 4
33
Decrease 2
35
Increase 2
33
Increase 2
31
Steady
31
Steady
31
Steady
31
110  Bosnia and Herzegovina
35
Steady
35
Decrease 1
36
Decrease 2
38
Steady
38
Decrease 1
39
Increase 1
38
Decrease 1
39
Decrease 3
42
Steady
42
110  Mongolia
35
Steady
35
Steady
35
Decrease 2
37
Increase 1
36
Decrease 2
38
Decrease 1
39
Steady
39
Increase 1
38
Increase 2
36
87  North Macedonia
39
Increase 4
35
Steady
35
Decrease 2
37
Increase 2
35
Decrease 2
37
Decrease 5
42
Decrease 3
45
Increase 1
44
Increase 1
43
105  Panama
36
Increase 1
35
Decrease 1
36
Decrease 1
37
Steady
37
Decrease 1
38
Decrease 1
39
Increase 2
37
Increase 2
35
Decrease 3
38
105  Moldova
36
Increase 2
34
Increase 2
32
Decrease 1
33
Increase 2
31
Increase 1
30
Decrease 3
33
Decrease 2
35
Steady
35
Decrease 1
36
117  Philippines
33
Decrease 1
34
Steady
34
Decrease 2
36
Increase 2
34
Decrease 1
35
Steady
35
Decrease 3
38
Increase 2
36
Increase 2
34
117  Egypt
33
Steady
33
Decrease 2
35
Steady
35
Increase 3
32
Decrease 2
34
Decrease 2
36
Decrease 1
37
Increase 5
32
Steady
32
122  Eswatini
32
Decrease 1
33
Decrease 1
34
Decrease 4
38
Decrease 1
39
Decrease 4 Steady Steady
43
Increase 4
39
Increase 2
37
117    Nepal
33
Steady
33
Decrease 1
34
Increase 3
31
Steady
31
Increase 2
29
Increase 2
27
Decrease 2
29
Decrease 2
31
Increase 4
27
115  Sierra Leone
34
Increase 1
33
Steady
33
Increase 3
30
Steady
30
Steady
30
Increase 1
29
Decrease 2
31
Increase 1
30
Decrease 1
31
122  Ukraine
32
Decrease 1
33
Increase 3
30
Decrease 2
32
Increase 2
30
Increase 1
29
Increase 2
27
Increase 1
26
Increase 1
25
Decrease 1
26
117  Zambia
33
Steady
33
Decrease 1
34
Decrease 1
35
Decrease 2
37
Decrease 1
38
Steady
38
Steady
38
Steady
38
Increase 1
37
124  Niger
31
Decrease 1
32
Steady
32
Decrease 2
34
Increase 1
33
Decrease 2
35
Increase 1
34
Decrease 1
35
Increase 1
34
Increase 1
33
128  Bolivia
30
Decrease 1
31
Steady
31
Increase 2
29
Decrease 4
33
Steady
33
Decrease 1
34
Decrease 1
35
Increase 1
34
Steady
34
128  Kenya
30
Decrease 1
31
Increase 3
28
Increase 1
27
Decrease 1
28
Increase 2
26
Increase 1
25
Steady
25
Decrease 2
27
Steady
27
144  Kyrgyzstan
27
Decrease 4
31
Increase 1
30
Increase 1
29
Steady
29
Increase 1
28
Steady
28
Increase 1
27
Increase 3
24
Steady
24
124  Mexico
31
Steady
31
Increase 2
29
Increase 1
28
Decrease 1
29
Decrease 1
30
Decrease 5
35
Steady
35
Increase 1
34
Steady
34
140  Pakistan
28
Decrease 3
31
Decrease 1
32
Decrease 1
33
Increase 1
32
Steady
32
Increase 2
30
Increase 1
29
Increase 1
28
Increase 1
27
128  Azerbaijan
30
Steady
30
Steady
30
Increase 5
25
Decrease 6
31
Increase 1
30
Increase 1
29
Steady
29
Increase 1
28
Increase 1
27
124  Gabon
31
Increase 1
30
Decrease 1
31
Steady
31
Decrease 1
32
Decrease 3
35
Increase 1
34
Decrease 3
37
Increase 3
34
Decrease 1
35
110  Malawi
35
Increase 5
30
Decrease 1
31
Decrease 1
32
Increase 1
31
Steady
31
Steady
31
Decrease 2
33
Decrease 4
37
Steady
37
136  Mali
29
Decrease 1
30
Increase 1
29
Decrease 3
32
Increase 1
31
Decrease 1
32
Decrease 3
35
Increase 3
32
Increase 4
28
Decrease 6
34
136  Russia
29
Decrease 1
30
Increase 2
28
Steady
28
Decrease 1
29
Steady
29
Steady
29
Increase 2
27
Decrease 1
28
Steady
28
128  Laos
30
Increase 1
29
Steady
29
Steady
29
Steady
29
Decrease 1
30
Increase 5
25
Steady
25
Decrease 1
26
Increase 5
21
140  Mauritania
28
Decrease 1
29
Increase 1
28
Increase 1
27
Decrease 1
28
Increase 1
27
Decrease 4
31
Increase 1
30
Steady
30
Decrease 1
31
128  Togo
30
Increase 1
29
Steady
29
Decrease 1
30
Decrease 2
32
Steady
32
Steady
32
Increase 3
29
Steady
29
Decrease 1
30
128  Dominican Republic
30
Increase 2
28
Steady
28
Decrease 2
30
Increase 1
29
Decrease 2
31
Decrease 2
33
Increase 1
32
Increase 3
29
Decrease 3
32
136  Liberia
29
Increase 1
28
Steady
28
Decrease 4
32
Increase 1
31
Decrease 6
37
Steady
37
Steady
37
Decrease 1
38
Decrease 3
41
140  Myanmar
28
Steady
28
Decrease 1
29
Steady
29
Decrease 1
30
Increase 2
28
Increase 6
22
Increase 1
21
Steady
21
Increase 6
15
128  Paraguay
30
Increase 2
28
Steady
28
Decrease 1
29
Steady
29
Decrease 1
30
Increase 3
27
Increase 3
24
Steady
24
Decrease 1
25
136  Angola
29
Increase 2
27
Increase 1
26
Increase 7
19
Steady
19
Increase 1
18
Increase 3
15
Decrease 4
19
Decrease 4
23
Increase 1
22
128  Djibouti
30
Increase 3
27
Decrease 3
30
Decrease 1
31
Steady
31
Increase 1
30
Decrease 4
34
Steady
34
Decrease 2
36
Steady
36
124  Papua New Guinea
31
Increase 4
27
Decrease 1
28
Steady
28
Decrease 1
29
Increase 1
28
Increase 3
25
Steady
25
Steady
25
Steady
25
140  Uzbekistan
28
Increase 2
26
Increase 1
25
Increase 2
23
Increase 1
22
Increase 1
21
Increase 2
19
Increase 1
18
Increase 1
17
Steady
17
144  Uganda
27
Steady
27
Decrease 1
28
Increase 2
26
Steady
26
Increase 1
25
Steady
25
Decrease 1
26
Steady
26
Decrease3
29
144  Cameroon
27
Increase 2
25
Steady
25
Steady
25
Steady
25
Decrease 1
26
Decrease 1
27
Steady
27
Increase 2
25
Decrease 1
26
147  Bangladesh
26
Steady
26
Steady
26
Steady
26
Decrease 2
28
Increase 2
26
Increase 1
25
Steady
25
Decrease 2
27
Increase 1
26
147  Madagascar
26
Increase 1
25
Increase 1
24
Decrease 1
25
Increase 1
24
Decrease 2
26
Decrease 2
28
Steady
28
Steady
28
Decrease 4
32
147  Mozambique
26
Increase 1
25
Decrease 1
26
Increase 3
23
Decrease 2
25
Decrease 2
27
Decrease 4
31
Steady
31
Increase 1
30
Decrease 1
31
150  Guinea
25
Decrease 3
28
Decrease 1
29
Increase 1
28
Increase 1
27
Steady
27
Increase 2
25
Steady
25
Increase 1
24
Steady
24
150  Guatemala
25
Steady
25
Decrease 1
26
Decrease 1
27
Decrease 1
28
Steady
28
Steady
28
Decrease 4
32
Increase 3
29
Decrease 4
33
150  Iran
25
Steady
25
Decrease 1
26
Decrease 2
28
Decrease 2
30
Increase 1
29
Increase 2
27
Steady
27
Increase 2
25
Decrease 3
28
150  Tajikistan
25
Steady
25
Steady
25
Steady
25
Increase 4
21
Decrease 4
25
Decrease 1
26
Increase 3
23
Increase 1
22
Steady
22
154  Central African Republic
24
Decrease 2
26
Increase 1
25
Decrease 1
26
Increase 3
23
Increase 3
20
Decrease 4
24
Steady
24
Decrease 1
25
Decrease 1
26
154  Lebanon
24
Decrease 1
25
Decrease 3
28
Steady
28
Steady
28
Steady
28
Steady
28
Increase 1
27
Decrease 1
28
Decrease 2
30
154  Nigeria
24
Decrease 1
25
Decrease 1
26
Decrease 1
27
Steady
27
Decrease 1
28
Increase 2
26
Decrease 1
27
Increase 2
25
Decrease 2
27
157  Honduras
23
Decrease 1
24
Decrease 2
26
Decrease 3
29
Steady
29
Decrease 1
30
Decrease 1
31
Increase 2
29
Increase 3
26
Decrease 2
28
157  Iraq
23
Increase 2
21
Increase 1
20
Increase 2
18
Steady
18
Increase 1
17
Increase 1
16
Steady
16
Steady
16
Decrease 2
18
157  Cambodia
23
Increase 2
21
Increase 1
20
Steady
20
Decrease 1
21
Steady
21
Steady
21
Steady
21
Increase 1
20
Decrease 2
22
157  Zimbabwe
23
Decrease 1
24
Steady
24
Increase 2
22
Steady
22
Steady
22
Increase 1
21
Steady
21
Steady
21
Increase 1
20
161  Eritrea
22
Increase 1
21
Decrease 2
23
Decrease 1
24
Increase 4
20
Increase 2
18
Steady
18
Steady
18
Decrease 2
20
Decrease 5
25
162  Republic of the Congo
21
Increase 2
19
Steady
19
Steady
19
Decrease 2
21
Increase 1
20
Decrease 3
23
Steady
23
Increase 1
22
Decrease 4
26
162  Guinea-Bissau
21
Increase 2
19
Increase 1
18
Decrease 9
28
Increase 1
27
Increase 11
16
Decrease 1
17
Decrease 2
19
Steady
19
Decrease 6
25
164  Comoros
20
Decrease 1
21
Decrease 4
25
Decrease 2
27
Steady
27
Increase 3
24
Decrease 2
26
Steady
26
Decrease 2
28
Steady
28
164  Haiti
20
Increase 2
18
Steady
18
Decrease 2
20
Decrease 2
22
Increase 2
20
Increase 3
17
Decrease 2
19
Steady
19
Steady
19
164  Nicaragua
20
Decrease 2
22
Steady
22
Decrease 3
25
Decrease 1
26
Steady
26
Decrease 1
27
Decrease 1
28
Steady
28
Decrease 1
29
164  Sudan
20
Increase 2
16
Steady
16
Steady
16
Steady
16
Increase 2
14
Increase 2
12
Increase 1
11
Steady
11
Decrease 2
13
164  Chad
20
Decrease 1
21
Increase 1
20
Increase 1
19
Decrease 1
20
Steady
20
Decrease 2
22
Steady
22
Increase 3
19
Steady
19
165  Burundi
19
Steady
19
Steady
19
Increase 2
17
Decrease 5
22
Increase 2
20
Decrease 1
21
Increase 1
20
Decrease 1
21
Increase 2
19
162  Democratic Republic of the Congo
21
Increase 3
18
Steady
18
Decrease 1
19
Decrease 2
21
Steady
21
Decrease 1
22
Steady
22
Steady
22
Increase 1
21
169  Turkmenistan
19
Steady
19
Steady
19
Decrease 1
20
Increase 1
19
Decrease 3
22
Increase 4
18
Increase 1
17
Steady
17
Steady
17
172  Equatorial Guinea
17
Increase 1
16
Steady
16
Steady
16
Decrease 1
17
Decrease 2 Steady Steady Steady
19
Decrease 1
20
172  Libya
17
Steady
17
Decrease 1
18
Increase 1
17
Steady
17
Increase 3
14
Decrease 2
16
Decrease 2
18
Increase 3
15
Decrease 6
21
174  Afghanistan
16
Decrease 3
19
Increase 3
16
Steady
16
Increase 1
15
Steady
15
Increase 4
11
Decrease 1
12
Increase 4
8
Steady
8
174  North Korea
16
Decrease 2
18
Increase 1
17
Increase 3
14
Decrease 3
17
Increase 9
8
Steady
8
Steady
8
Steady
8
Steady
8
174  Yemen
16
Increase 1
15
Steady
15
Increase 1
14
Decrease 2
16
Increase 2
14
Decrease 4
18
Decrease 1
19
Increase 1
18
Decrease 5
23
177  Venezuela
14
Decrease 1
15
Decrease 1
16
Decrease 2
18
Steady
18
Increase 1
17
Steady
17
Decrease 2
19
Decrease 1
20
Increase 1
19
178  Somalia
13
Increase 1
12
Increase 3
9
Decrease 1
10
Increase 1
9
Decrease 1
10
Increase 2
8
Steady
8
Steady
8
Steady
8
178  Syria
13
Decrease 1
14
Increase 1
13
Steady
13
Decrease 1
14
Increase 1
13
Decrease 5
18
Decrease 2
20
Increase 3
17
Decrease 9
26
180  South Sudan
11
Decrease 1
12
Steady
12
Decrease 1
13
Increase 1
12
Increase 1
11
Decrease 4
15
Steady
15
Increase 1
14
Steady

2011[edit]

The 20 top countries or regions that were ranked as having the lowest perceived levels of corruption were (note scale of 10 to 1):

# Country Score # Country/Region Score
1  New Zealand 9.5 11  Luxembourg 8.5
2  Denmark 9.4 12  Hong Kong 8.4
 Finland 13  Iceland 8.3
4  Sweden 9.3 14  Germany 8.0
5  Singapore 9.2  Japan
6  Norway 9.0 16  Austria 7.8
7  Netherlands 8.9  Spain
8  Australia 8.8  United Kingdom
 Switzerland 19  Belgium 7.5
10  Canada 8.7  Ireland
Source:[26]

The 20 bottom countries that were ranked as having the highest perceived levels of corruption were:

# Country Score # Country Score
182  Somalia 1.0 172  Equatorial Guinea 1.9
 North Korea  Burundi
180  Myanmar 1.5 168  Libya 2.0
Afghanistan Afghanistan Democratic Republic of the Congo DR Congo
177  Uzbekistan 1.6  Chad
 Turkmenistan  Angola
 Sudan 164  Yemen 2.1
175  Iraq 1.8  Kyrgyzstan
 Haiti  Guinea
172  Venezuela 1.9  Cambodia
Source:[26]

2010[edit]

The 20 top countries or regions that were ranked as having the lowest perceived levels of corruption were (note scale of 10 down to 1):

# Country Score # Country/Region Score
1  Denmark 9.3 11  Iceland 8.5
 New Zealand  Luxembourg
 Singapore 13  Hong Kong 8.4
4  Finland 9.2 14  Ireland 8.0
 Sweden 15  Austria 7.9
6  Canada 8.9  Germany
7  Netherlands 8.8 17  Spain 7.8
8  Australia 8.7  Japan
 Switzerland 19  Qatar 7.7
10  Norway 8.6 20  United Kingdom 7.6
Source:[27]

The 20 bottom countries that were ranked as having the highest perceived levels of corruption were:

# Country Score # Country Score
178  Somalia 1.1 168  Angola 1.9
176  Myanmar 1.4 164  Venezuela 2.0
 Afghanistan  Kyrgyzstan
175  Iraq 1.5  Guinea
172  Uzbekistan 1.6 Democratic Republic of the Congo DR Congo
 Turkmenistan 159  Tajikistan 2.1
 Sudan  Russia
171  Chad 1.7  Papua New Guinea
170  Burundi 1.8  Laos
168  Equatorial Guinea 1.9  Kenya
Source:[27]

Assessments[edit]

The Index was methodologically criticized in the past,[28] i.e. questioned based on its methodology.

According to political scientist Dan Hough, three flaws in the Index include:[29]

  • Corruption is too complex a concept to be captured by a single score. For instance, the nature of corruption in rural Kansas will be different from that in the city administration of New York, yet the Index measures them in the same way.
  • By measuring perceptions of corruption, as opposed to corruption itself, the Index may simply be reinforcing existing stereotypes and cliches.
  • The Index only measures public sector corruption, ignoring the private sector. This, for instance, means the well-publicized Libor scandal or the VW emissions scandal are not counted as corrupt actions.

Media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance, without clarifying what the numbers mean. The local Transparency International chapter in Bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the country's scores to increase; media reported it as an "improvement".[30]

In a 2013 article in Foreign Policy, Alex Cobham suggested that CPI should be dropped for the good of Transparency International. It argues that the CPI embeds a powerful and misleading elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption, potentially contributing to a vicious cycle and at the same time incentivizing inappropriate policy responses. Cobham writes, "the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that it's hard to see a justification for its continuing publication."[31]

Recent econometric analyses that have exploited the existence of natural experiments on the level of corruption and compared the CPI with other subjective indicators have found that, while not perfect, the CPI is argued to be broadly consistent with one-dimensional measures of corruption.[32]

In the United States, many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the CPI when attempting to measure the risk of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations in different nations. This practice has been criticized by the Minnesota Journal of International Law, which wrote that since the CPI may be subject to perceptual biases it therefore should not be considered by lawyers to be a measure of actual national corruption risk.[33]

Transparency International also publishes the Global Corruption Barometer, which ranks countries by corruption levels using direct surveys instead of perceived expert opinions, which has been under criticism for substantial bias from the powerful elite.[31]

Transparency International has warned that a country with a clean CPI score may still be linked to corruption internationally. For example, while Sweden had the 3rd best CPI score in 2015, one of its state-owned companies, TeliaSonera, was facing allegations of bribery in Uzbekistan.[34]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Corruption Perception Index". transparency.org. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  2. ^ Transparency International (2011). "Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  3. ^ a b CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 2
  4. ^ "1995 - CPI". Transparency.org. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  5. ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2021". Transparency International.
  6. ^ a b "CPI 2021". Transparency International. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  7. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005)". Retrieved 22 November 2005.
  8. ^ CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 1
  9. ^ a b CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 7
  10. ^ Transparency International (2010). Corruption Perceptions Index 2010: Sources of information (PDF) (Report). Transparency International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  11. ^ Transparency International (2010). "Frequently asked questions (FAQs)". Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  12. ^ a b Wilhelm, Paul G. (2002). "International Validation of the Corruption Perceptions Index: Implications for Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship Education". Journal of Business Ethics. Springer Netherlands. 35 (3): 177–189. doi:10.1023/A:1013882225402. S2CID 151245049.
  13. ^ Cobham, Alex (23 July 2013). "Corrupting Perceptions: Why Transparency International's Flagship Corruption Index Falls Short". www.cgdev.org.
  14. ^ Shao, J.; Ivanov, P. C.; Podobnik, B.; Stanley, H. E. (2007). "Quantitative relations between corruption and economic factors". The European Physical Journal B. 56 (2): 157. arXiv:0705.0161. Bibcode:2007EPJB...56..157S. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2007-00098-2. S2CID 2357298.
  15. ^ Podobnik, B.; Shao, J.; Njavro, D.; Ivanov, P. C.; Stanley, H. E. (2008). "Influence of corruption on economic growth rate and foreign investment". The European Physical Journal B. 63 (4): 547. arXiv:0710.1995. Bibcode:2008EPJB...63..547P. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2008-00210-2. S2CID 3038265.
  16. ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index (latest)". Transparency International. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  17. ^ "CPI 2020". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  18. ^ "CPI 2019". Transparency International. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  19. ^ "CPI 2018". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  20. ^ "CPI 2017". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  21. ^ "CPI 2016". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  22. ^ "CPI 2015". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  23. ^ "CPI 2014". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  24. ^ "CPI 2013". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  25. ^ a b "CPI 2012". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  26. ^ a b Corruption Perceptions Index 2011. Full table and rankings Archived 10 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 December 2013.
  27. ^ a b Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Full table and rankings Archived 22 January 2014 at archive.today. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 December 2013.
  28. ^ "Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index: Whose Perceptions Are They Anyway?" (PDF). 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2020.
  29. ^ Hough, Dan (27 January 2016). "Here's this year's (flawed) Corruption Perception Index. Those flaws are useful". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  30. ^ Werve, Jonathan (23 September 2008). "TI's Index: Local Chapter Not Having It". Global Integrity. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013.
  31. ^ a b Cobham, Alex (22 July 2013). "Corrupting Perceptions". Foreign Policy.
  32. ^ Hamilton, Alexander (2017). "Can We Measure the Power of the Grabbing Hand? A Comparative Analysis of Different Indicators of Corruption" (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series.
  33. ^ Campbell, Stuart Vincent. "Perception is Not Reality: The FCPA, Brazil, and the Mismeasurement of Corruption" 22 Minnesota Journal of International Law 1, p. 247 (2013).
  34. ^ CPI index 2015. Accessed 3 February 2016.

External links[edit]