Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
The Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, also called the Council of Mar Isaac, met in AD 410 in Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sassanid Empire of Persia. The council extended official recognition to the Empire's Christian community, known as the Church of the East, and established the Bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon as its Catholicos, or leader. It marked a major milestone in the history of the Church of the East and of Christianity in Asia in general.
The council was called by Mar Isaac, bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, and who was then declared as the primate of the Sassanid church, confirming him as Catholicos and Archbishop of all the Orient. The decision was substantial, as Christians in the Sassanid Empire up to that point were fairly disorganized and persecuted, and Zoroastrianism was instead the primary religion of the Empire. In 409, permission was formally given by the Zoroastrian King Yazdegerd I to the Christians to even exist;[1] to worship openly, and to rebuild destroyed churches, though they were not allowed to proselytize.[2]
Uncertain early example of the Filioque
The synod also declared its adherence to the decisions of the First Council of Nicaea and adopted a form of the Nicene Creed.[3][a] The creed is found in two different recensions, both of them recorded in much later manuscripts. First recension is East Syriac and comes from the Church of the East sources. Second is West Syriac and comes from Syrian Orthodox sources. [5] The East Syriac recension contains: "And in the Holy Spirit"[6] while the West Syriac recension contains: "And we confess the living and Holy Spirit, the living Paraclete, who is from the Father and the Son".[7][6] There has been a long controversy among scholars over the relationship between these two texts. The development of a Persian creed is difficult to track since there were several recensions prior to 410.[4][a] First recension is textually closer to original Nicene Creed. On the other hand, some scholars are claiming that second recension represents the original. Further more, they claim that words "who is from the Father and the Son" in the second recension represent the earliest example of the Filioque clause.[8] Since wording "who is from the Father and the Son" does not contain any mention of the term "procession" or any of the other particular terms that would describe relations between Father, Son and the Holy Spirit, the previously mentioned claim for the "earliest example" of Filioque clause is not universally accepted by the scholars.
See also
Notes
- ^ a b In the same way that there were multiple versions of the Apostles Creed in the West, there were multiple versions of the Nicene Creed in Persia.[4]
Citations
- ^ Renard 2011, p. 57.
- ^ Wigram 2004, p. 89.
- ^ Wigram 2004, pp. 97–100; Williams 2013, p. 390.
- ^ a b Williams 2013, p. 388.
- ^ Brock 1985, p. 133; Panicker 2002, p. 58.
- ^ a b Brock 1985, p. 133, quoted in Panicker (2002, pp. 58–59)
- ^ Price & Gaddis 2005, p. 193: "We acknowledge the living and holy Spirit, the living Paraclete, who [is] from the Father and the Son."
- ^ Williams 2013, pp. 388, 390; Price & Gaddis 2005, p. 193.
References
- Brock, Sebastian (1999) [chapter first published in 1985]. "The Christology of the Church in the East in the synods of the fifth to early seventh centuries: preliminary considerations and materials". In Ferguson, Everett (ed.). Doctrinal diversity: varieties of early Christianity. Recent studies in early Christianity. Vol. 4. New York: Garland. pp. 126, 133 in 1985 original (pp. 282, 289 in 1999 faximile). ISBN 978-0-81533071-4.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Panicker, Mathunny John (2002). "Synod of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 410". The person of Jesus Christ in the writings of Juhanon Gregorius Abu'l Faraj commonly called Bar Ebraya. Studien zur orientalischen Kirchengeschichte. Vol. 4. Münster [u.a.]: LIT Verlag. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-3-82583390-9.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Price, Richard; Gaddis, Michael, eds. (2005). The acts of the Council of Chalcedon. Translated texts for historians. Vol. 45. Translated by the editors. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323039-7.
{{cite book}}:|translator=has generic name (help); Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Renard, John (2011). Islam and Christianity: theological themes in comparative perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52025508-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Wigram, William A. (2004) [1910]. An introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church, or, The Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire, 100–640 A.D. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 1-59333-103-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) – 1910 first edition at the Internet Archive - Williams, Daniel H. (2013). "The evolution of pro-Nicene theology in the Church of the East". In Tang, Li; Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.). From the Oxus River to the Chinese shores: studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia. 3rd International Conference on the Church of the East in China and Central Asia, June 4–9, 2009 in Salzburg, Austria. Orientalia—patristica—oecumenica. Vol. 5. Zürich; Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 387–395. ISBN 9783643903297.
{{cite conference}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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