Criticism

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Criticism is the analysis and judgement of the merits and faults of a literary or artistic work.

Crítica, engraving by Julio Ruelas, ca. 1907

Types of criticism[edit]

Constructive criticism[edit]

Constructive criticism can be used as a tool to help an individual improve from their previous failures.[1] When criticism is constructive, it can make the individual aware of gaps in their understanding and it can provide distinct routes for improvement.[2] There is a substantial amount of research that supports the notion that using feedback and constructive criticism in the learning process is very influential.[3][4][5][6][7]

Constructive critics try to stand in the shoes of the person criticized, and consider what things would look like from their perspective.[8]

Hamburger method[edit]

One style of constructive criticism employs the "hamburger method",[9] or "criticism sandwich", in which each potentially harsh criticism (the "meat") is surrounded by compliments (the "buns"). The idea is to help the person being criticized feel more comfortable, and assure the person that the critic's perspective is not entirely negative. This is a specific application of the more general principle that criticism should be focused on maintaining healthy relationships, and be mindful of the positive as well as the negative.[10] However, Clifford Nass has argued that this strategy is ineffective, as positive comments are more likely to be retained in the memory if the negative criticism is delivered first.[11]

Related terms[edit]

  • The term brickbat can be used to mean "an unfavourable criticism, unkind remark or sharp put-down", used since at least the 17th century, derived from the 16th-century practice of throwing bricks as projectiles at a person who was disapproved of.[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Fong, Carlton J.; Schallert, Diane L.; Williams, Kyle M.; Williamson, Zachary H.; Warner, Jayce R.; Lin, Shengjie; Kim, Young Won (2018-12-01). "When feedback signals failure but offers hope for improvement: A process model of constructive criticism". Thinking Skills and Creativity. The Role of Failure in Promoting Thinking Skills and Creativity. 30: 42–53. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2018.02.014. ISSN 1871-1871.
  2. ^ Fong, Carlton J.; Warner, Jayce R.; Williams, Kyle M.; Schallert, Diane L.; Chen, Ling-Hui; Williamson, Zachary H.; Lin, Shengjie (July 2016). "Deconstructing constructive criticism: The nature of academic emotions associated with constructive, positive, and negative feedback". Learning and Individual Differences. 49: 393–399. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.019. ISSN 1041-6080.
  3. ^ Winstone, Naomi E.; Nash, Robert A.; Parker, Michael; Rowntree, James (2017-01-02). "Supporting Learners' Agentic Engagement With Feedback: A Systematic Review and a Taxonomy of Recipience Processes". Educational Psychologist. 52 (1): 17–37. doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1207538. ISSN 0046-1520.
  4. ^ Shute, Valerie J. (2008-03-01). "Focus on Formative Feedback". Review of Educational Research. 78: 153–189. doi:10.3102/0034654307313795. S2CID 145188268.
  5. ^ Kluger, Avraham N.; DeNisi, Angelo (March 1996). "The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory". Psychological Bulletin. 119 (2): 254–284. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.254. ISSN 1939-1455.
  6. ^ The Power of Feedback. 2014-06-27. doi:10.4324/9781315813875. ISBN 9781315813875.
  7. ^ Brown, Gavin T.L.; Harris, Lois R.; Harnett, Jennifer (October 2012). "Teacher beliefs about feedback within an assessment for learning environment: Endorsement of improved learning over student well-being". Teaching and Teacher Education. 28 (7): 968–978. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.05.003. ISSN 0742-051X.
  8. ^ Ross Bonander (2008-10-19). "AskMen How to: Give Constructive Criticism". Askmen.com. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
  9. ^ "The Hamburger Method of Constructive Criticism" (PDF). N8tip.com. 2007-09-05. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
  10. ^ "The 4-1-1 On Constructive Criticism". Inc.com. 2001-08-03. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
  11. ^ Tugend, Alina (March 23, 2012). "Praise Is Fleeting, but Brickbats We Recall". New York Times.
  12. ^ Tharoor, Shashi (7 February 2020). "Shashi Tharoor's Word Of The Week: Brickbat". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 April 2021.

External links[edit]

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