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Cruller

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Cruller
Alternative namesTwister
TypePastry/Doughnut

A traditional cruller (or twister) is a fried pastry often made from a rectangle of dough, with a cut made in the middle that allows it to be pulled over and through itself producing twists in the sides of the pastry. Crullers have been described as resembling "a small, braided torpedo"[1] and having been "a staple of the New England diet since the Pilgrims' day".[1] Some other cruller styles are made of a denser dough somewhat like that of a cake doughnut formed in a small loaf or stick shape, but not always twisted.[2] Crullers may be topped with plain powdered sugar; powdered sugar mixed with cinnamon; or icing. However, a "French cruller" is a fluted, ring-shaped doughnut made from choux pastry with a light airy texture. The French cruller in German is called a Spritzkuchen.[3]

History and origin

A traditional cruller shape: rectangular with two twisted sides is shown in this hand-made type of cruller (called "klejner" in Denmark)

The name comes from early 19th century Dutch kruller, from krullen "to curl". In Northern Germany they are known as "Hirschhörner" (elk horns) based on one of the leavening agents baker's ammonia which is called "Hirschhornsalz". (The other leavening agent is carbonate of potash.) They are traditionally baked on New Year's Eve as a family project with the kids doing the labor intensive shaping and the grown ups handling the deep frying.[citation needed] In Danish they are known as "Klejner" and in Swedish as "Klenäter", both names deriving from Low German. In Scandinavia crullers are common at Christmas. In the US various shapes of pastries are known as Crullers. Some forms of those Crullers are what is traditionally eaten in Germany and some other European countries on Shrove Tuesday, to use up fat before Lent. Crullers are believed to have been introduced to the New World by Sebastian Croll.

They were referenced in The Wizard of Oz when Aunt Em offered them to Hunk, Hickory, and Zeke after scolding them for being "three shiftless farmhands". The twisted shape of the crullers might have been a metaphor for tornadoes as the same scene references other metaphors which influenced Dorothy's subsequent dream.

Availability

Crullers are most commonly found in Canada, New England and the Mid-Atlantic and North Central states of the United States, but are also common in California. The German origin is probably why traditional crullers can be found more easily in the Midwest, where many German immigrants settled. Some family-owned bakeries still call them "krullers." In other parts of the U.S., crullers may be called "dunking sticks" or simply "sticks."

A round "French cruller" may be made with a patented extruding nozzle

In 2003, the Dunkin' Donuts chain of doughnut shops stopped carrying traditional crullers, claiming that the hand-shaped rectangular treats were too labor-intensive, and couldn't be simulated with new machines for mixing doughnut batter. The company still sells "French Crullers"[1] which can be formed by a kind of extruding nozzle.[4]

Tim Hortons,[5] and Honey Dew Donuts[6] still sell the Cruller doughnut. Krispy Kreme[7] sell something that they call a cruller, but in reality it is just a molded/formed cake (or Old Fashioned) doughnut. In place of the traditional cruller, Dunkin' Donuts now sells several variations of a substitute product it calls a "cake stick" which is a simplified, machine-made version of the more elaborately twisted, hand-made variety.[8] In the southeastern U.S., French crullers are a fresh-baked everyday bakery item at Publix grocery stores.

In 1973, the French cruller became available in Mister Donut stores in Japan.[9]

The term "Chinese cruller" is occasionally applied to the youtiao (Chinese: 油条), a similar-looking fried dough food eaten in East and Southeast Asia.[2][10] The term cruller is also associated with the mahua (Chinese: 麻花).[11] Mahua is a type of twisted fried dough much denser and sweeter than youtiao.

The "Aberdeen Crulla" is a traditional Scottish pastry made in the same way as the rectangular, plaited cruller of New England.[12] One derivation of the name is from the Scots "Crule", a small cake or bannock, which may in turn derive from the Danish or Norwegian for "curl" or the Norwegian for "hump".[13] Distinct from this, the "yum-yum" is a commonly available treat in Scotland, which resembles a straightened French cruller coated in thin glace icing.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Joseph P. Kahn, "With Progress, a Cruel Twist", Boston Globe, 25 October 2003.
  2. ^ a b "Midwestern Crullers".
  3. ^ Smith, Patti (2010). Just Kids. New York, New York: Ecco. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-06-621131-2.
  4. ^ http://www.google.com/patents/US3396677.
  5. ^ Tim Hortons Snacks & Baked Goods
  6. ^ http://www.honeydewdonuts.com/food/products.html#
  7. ^ "Krispy Kreme - Krispy Kreme Doughnuts - Types of Doughnuts". krispykreme.com. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  8. ^ Dunkin' Donuts Product List
  9. ^ "History of Mister Donut". misterdonut.jp. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  10. ^ "Chinese Breakfast" at About.com. Accessed 1 May 2008.
  11. ^ "crullers". Youdao dictionary. Accessed August 1, 2013.
  12. ^ F. Marian McNiell, "The Scots Kitchen",
  13. ^ [1], Accessed 3 July 2012.
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