Döme Sztójay

Döme Sztójay
File:SztojayDome.jpg
Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary
In office 22 March 1944 – 29 August 1944
Preceded by	Miklós Kállay
Succeeded by	Géza Lakatos
Personal details
Born	(1883-01-05)5 January 1883 Versec (Serbian: Vršac), Temes County, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (today Serbia)
Died	22 August 1946(1946-08-22) (aged 63) Budapest, Hungary
Nationality	Hungarian
Political party	Party of National Unity
Spouse	Jozefa Landgráf
Profession	politician, diplomat

The native form of this personal name is Sztójay Döme. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Döme Sztójay born Demeter Sztojakovich (Serbian: Dimitrije Stojaković, Serbian Cyrillic: Димитрије Стојаковић, 5 January 1883 – 22 August 1946) was a Hungarian soldier and diplomat of Serb origin, who served as Prime Minister of Hungary during World War II.

Biography

File:HitlerHungarianDelegation.jpg

Hitler and the Hungarian delegation in 1939, Berlin: Prime Minister Count Pál Teleki, Minister of Foreign Affairs István Csáky and Hungarian Ambassador to Germany Döme Sztójay

Born in Versec (Serbian: Vršac) in a Serb family, Sztójay joined the Austro-Hungarian Army as a young man and served as a colonel during World War I. After the war, Sztójay served in Admiral Miklós Horthy’s counter-revolutionary army, specializing in counter-espionage. After Horthy became Regent of Hungary, Sztójay was promoted to general and served as a military attaché in Berlin from 1925 to 1933. He Magyarized his name from Sztojakovich to Sztójay in 1927. From 1933 to 1935, Sztójay served in the Ministry of Defence.

In 1935, Prime Minister Gyula Gömbös named Sztójay as Hungarian ambassador to Germany, a position he would hold until 1944. As ambassador, Sztójay formed strong ties with the Third Reich and often voiced support for German policies to his superiors in Hungary. In March 1944, the German Army occupied Hungary and forced Horthy to remove Prime Minister Miklós Kállay from office. Kállay, like Horthy, knew that Germany was losing the war, and had put out numerous feelers to the West, a course which didn't sit well with Berlin. The Germans then gave Horthy a choice between choosing a new prime minister who would cooperate with the Germans or undisguised occupation. Knowing that the latter would likely mean a gauleiter who would treat Hungary in the same manner as the other Nazi-occupied countries, Horthy chose the former. The German Plenipotentiary for Hungary, Edmund Veesenmayer, proposed that Béla Imrédy (who had, ironically, a Jewish great-grandfather) be made prime minister. However, Horthy balked at appointing the strongly pro-German Imrédy and suggested Sztójay instead. Horthy believed that even though Sztójay had been ambassador to Berlin for a decade and was known to be pro-German, he was a soldier first and would not totally give in to German demands. The Germans readily approved of Horthy’s choice, and on 23 March 1944, Sztójay was appointed Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

File:Sztojaytrial.jpg

Sztójay on trial before the People's Tribunal in 1945

As prime minister, Sztójay legalized Ferenc Szálasi’s Arrow Cross Party, increased Hungarian troop levels on the Eastern Front, dissolved the nation’s labor unions, jailed political opponents, and cracked down on left wing politicians and activists. He also significantly ramped up the pace of forced deportations of Hungarian Jews, but at the same time tried to reduce the consequences. On 9 April, Prime Minister Döme Sztójay and the Germans obligated Hungary to place at the disposal of the Reich 300,000 Jewish laborers. Horthy quickly became appalled by Sztójay’s actions and demanded his removal as prime minister, but Veesenmayer, backed by Adolf Hitler, sternly refused to implement any such course of action. Horthy refused to give in entirely, however, and used his influence to stop the deportations of Hungary’s Jews and to force Imrédy out of Sztójay’s cabinet. The Germans finally submitted to Horthy’s pressure in August 1944 and Sztójay resigned as prime minister in favour of Géza Lakatos.

When Horthy was removed from power by the Germans in October 1944, Sztójay was not reappointed prime minister due to poor heath. Sztójay subsequently fled Hungary when the Germans were driven out of the country by the Red Army in April 1945. Sztójay was later captured by American troops and extradited to Hungary in October 1945, after which time he was tried by a Communist People’s Tribunal in Budapest. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against the Hungarian people, sentenced to death, and executed by a firing squad in Budapest in 1946.

References

• Thomas Sakmyster: A Hungarian Diplomat in Nazi Berlin: Sztójay Döme. In: Hungarian history – world history, szerkesztette Ránki György. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1984.
• A magyar Quisling-kormány: Sztójay Döme és társai a népbíróság elõtt / [szerk. Simándi Irén]; [bevezető tanulmányt írta, sajtó alá rend. és a mutatókat készítették: Karsai László, Molnár Judit] Budapest: 1956-os KHT, 2004.