Type II iodothyronine deiodinase (iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase, iodothyronine 5'-monodeiodinase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DIO2gene.[5][6][7]
Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the iodothyronine deiodinase family. It activates thyroid hormone by converting the prohormonethyroxine (T4) by outer ring deiodination (ORD) to bioactive 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3). It is highly expressed in the thyroid, and may contribute significantly to the relative increase in thyroidal T3 production in patients with Graves' disease and thyroid adenomas. This protein contains selenocysteine (Sec) residues encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTR of Sec-containing genes have a common stem-loop structure, the Sec insertion sequence (SECIS), which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[7]
^Araki O, Murakami M, Morimura T, Kamiya Y, Hosoi Y, Kato Y, Mori M (Jun 1999). "Assignment of type II iodothyronine deiodinase gene (DIO2) to human chromosome band 14q24.2→q24.3 by in situ hybridization". Cytogenet Cell Genet. 84 (1–2): 73–74. doi:10.1159/000015218. PMID10343107.
Buettner C, Harney JW, Larsen PR (1999). "The 3'-untranslated region of human type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase mRNA contains a functional selenocysteine insertion sequence element". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (50): 33374–33378. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.50.33374. PMID9837913.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Bartha T; Kim SW; Salvatore D; et al. (2000). "Characterization of the 5'-flanking and 5'-untranslated regions of the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-responsive human type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase gene". Endocrinology. 141 (1): 229–237. doi:10.1210/en.141.1.229. PMID10614643. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
Baqui MM; Gereben B; Harney JW; et al. (2000). "Distinct subcellular localization of transiently expressed types 1 and 2 iodothyronine deiodinases as determined by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy". Endocrinology. 141 (11): 4309–4312. doi:10.1210/en.141.11.4309. PMID11089566. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
Ohba K, Yoshioka T, Muraki T (2001). "Identification of two novel splicing variants of human type II iodothyronine deiodinase mRNA". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 172 (1–2): 169–175. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00368-3. PMID11165050.
Imai Y; Toyoda N; Maeda A; et al. (2002). "Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase expression is upregulated by the protein kinase A-dependent pathway and is downregulated by the protein kinase C-dependent pathway in cultured human thyroid cells". Thyroid. 11 (10): 899–907. doi:10.1089/105072501753210957. PMID11716036. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
Molnár I, Balázs C, Szegedi G, Sipka S (2002). "Inhibition of type 2,5'-deiodinase by tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interferon gamma in human thyroid tissue". Immunol. Lett. 80 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1016/S0165-2478(01)00301-7. PMID11716958.
Kuiper GG, Klootwijk W, Visser TJ (2002). "Substitution of cysteine for a conserved alanine residue in the catalytic center of type II iodothyronine deiodinase alters interaction with reducing cofactor". Endocrinology. 143 (4): 1190–1198. doi:10.1210/en.143.4.1190. PMID11897672.
Gereben B, Kollár A, Harney JW, Larsen PR (2003). "The mRNA structure has potent regulatory effects on type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase expression". Mol. Endocrinol. 16 (7): 1667–1679. doi:10.1210/me.16.7.1667. PMID12089359.
Baur A, Buchfelder M, Köhrle J (2002). "Expression of 5'-deiodinase enzymes in normal pituitaries and in various human pituitary adenomas". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 147 (2): 263–268. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1470263. PMID12153750.
Botero D; Gereben B; Goncalves C; et al. (2003). "Ubc6p and ubc7p are required for normal and substrate-induced endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the human selenoprotein type 2 iodothyronine monodeiodinase". Mol. Endocrinol. 16 (9): 1999–2007. doi:10.1210/me.2002-0135. PMID12198238. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
Curcio-Morelli C; Gereben B; Zavacki AM; et al. (2003). "In vivo dimerization of types 1, 2, and 3 iodothyronine selenodeiodinases". Endocrinology. 144 (3): 937–946. doi:10.1210/en.2002-220960. PMID12586771. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
Ambroziak M; Pachucki J; Chojnowski K; et al. (2003). "Pax-8 expression correlates with type II 5' deiodinase expression in thyroids from patients with Graves' disease". Thyroid. 13 (2): 141–148. doi:10.1089/105072503321319440. PMID12699588. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
Dentice M; Morisco C; Vitale M; et al. (2004). "The different cardiac expression of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase gene between human and rat is related to the differential response of the Dio2 genes to Nkx-2.5 and GATA-4 transcription factors". Mol. Endocrinol. 17 (8): 1508–1521. doi:10.1210/me.2002-0348. PMID12775767. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
