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Dawoodi Bohra

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  • Dawoodi Bohra
  • بُهرة داؤوْدِية
Dawoodi Bohra family in their religious attire.
Dawoodi Bohra family in their religious attire.
Total population
1,000,000[1]–2,000,000[2]
2021
Regions with significant populations
 India
500,000–1,000,000[3][4]
Religions
Shi'a Islam
Scriptures
Quran
Languages
Related ethnic groups
Website
thedawoodibohras.com

The Dawoodi Bohras are a religious denomination within the Ismā'īlī branch of Shia Islam.[5][6] Their largest numbers reside in India, Pakistan, Yemen, East Africa, and the Middle East, with a smaller presence across Europe, North America, South East Asia, and Australia. Most estimates put the worldwide population to be one million.[7]

Like all Muslims, they pray five times a day, fast in the month of Ramadan, perform the Haj and Umrah and give Zakat.[8] The tight-knit Dawoodi Bohra community are known for commitment to their faith, being law-abiding citizens, education and equal rights, open engagement with other faiths, a responsibility towards environment and society, and embracing modernity while remaining rooted to their traditions and core beliefs. Mostly self-reliant, the Bohras are predominantly traders, business persons, and entrepreneurs.[9][10][11][12][13]

The word Bohra comes from the Gujarati word vohrvu or vyavahar, meaning "to trade".[14]

History

Dawoodi Bohras are a subset of Taiyebi, Musta'li, Isma'ili, Shia Islam.[15]:1–4[16] The Bohras trace their heritage to the Fatimid Caliphate, named after Fatimah, the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and so veneration of the Fatimid Imams and Muhammad's family is central to their faith.[17]

The Dawoodi Bohras and the Fatimid dynasty

The Fatimids, from the lineage of the Hashimites of Mecca, politically ruled over North Africa and Egypt, Hejaz, and Levant in 10th and 11th centuries, and established a religious movement, al-Da'wah al-Hadiyah (lit. 'the righteously-guided mission'), across the Islamic world. The Fatimids flourished during the Golden age of Islam, exerting significant political, economic, literary, artistic, and scientific influence. Al-Azhar University, the world's oldest surviving university, and other architecturally-notable buildings in Islamic Cairo, a city they founded, are an enduring legacy of that era.[17][18]

Prior to his death in 1130, Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, the 20th Fatimid Imam, directed his grand emissary, Arwa bint Ahmad, the Sulayhid queen of Yemen, to establish the office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq (lit. 'unrestricted missionary') to act as vicegerent of his son, the 21st Imam At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim while he was in occultation, and to lead al-Da'wah al-Hadiyah.[17][18] Al-Sulayhi appointed Zoeb bin Musa as the first Da'i al-Mutlaq.[19][20]

Succession to the office of al-Dai al-Mutlaq happens through nass, whereby each Da'i — inspired and guided by the Imam al-Zamaan — appoints a successor in his own lifetime, and this chain of succession continues uninterrupted to this day.[21] The present incumbent to the office of the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq, according to the Bohras, is Mufaddal Saifuddin.[22]

Faith and traditions

For an overview of the Mustaali Shi'a faith, see Mustaali.

Beliefs and practices

Walayah, which is devotion to Muhammad, his family, and his descendants, is the central of the seven pillars of the Dawoodi Bohra faith. The other six are tahaarat (purity in body and thought), salaat (daily ritual prayers), zakaat (offering a portion of one's income in the cause of Allah), sawm (fasting, particularly in the month of Ramadan), hajj (a ritual pilgrimage to Mecca), and jihad (striving in the way of Allah).[19][23] Dawoodi Bohras establish mosques wherever they live and congregate for prayers and for majalis (lit. 'religious congregation') for the remembrance of Allah and his prophets, imams, and da'is.[24]

Left: Burhanuddin, the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq of Dawoodi Bohras, held the office from c. 1965 for 49 years. Right: Saifuddin, Burhanuddin's son and successor.

Qardan Hasana

Islam prohibits riba (lit. 'usury') and interest, and so the Dawoodi Bohras follow the practice of Qardan Hasana (lit. 'good loan'),[25][26][27] which are essentially interest-free loans.[25][27] The term Qardan Hasana, in the Islamic context, has been mentioned six times in the Quran.[28] Based on the ideal of being advantageous to the borrower (as opposed to the lender), this model has played an important role in the economic growth within the community.[27][29]

The Bohras voluntarily contribute to an institutionally-maintained loan corpus on a regular basis. This corpus is managed by respective city-wise committees appointed by the office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq. The Bohras use these loans to buy houses, pay for education, and fund businesses.[30]

Mithaq

The central rite of initiation and adoption for the Bohras is the mithaq. This ceremony is a covenant between the believer and God, effected through God's representative on earth. The mithaq binds a believer to the duties owed to Allah, including an oath of allegiance: a vow to accept the spiritual guidance of the Da'i al-Mutlaq wholeheartedly and without reservation. This ceremony, akin to baptism in Christianity, is mandatory to enter the fold of the faith.

The mithaq is first taken at whatever age a child is deemed to have reached maturity: most commonly, thirteen years for girls, fourteen or fifteen for boys. These vows are renewed over a period of Bohra's adult life: In one such instance, on the eighteenth day of the Islamic month of Zil Hijjah, Bohras renew their mithaq vows together.[31]

Calendar

The Dawoodi Bohra follow Fatimid-era tabular calendar which matches exactly with the lunar cycle of 354 days and hence requires no adjustments.[19]:318 The odd-numbered months have 30 days and the even-numbered months have 29 days, except in a leap year when the final month, the 12th month Zil Hajj, has 30 days. This contrasts with other Muslim communities, which base the beginnings of specific Islamic months on sightings of the moon crescent.[32]

Major calendar events

During Ramadan, the 9th month of the Islamic calendar, the Dawoodi Bohras observe mandatory fast from dusk to dawn. The Bohras congregate in their local mosques for daily prayers, but particularly for the evening prayers, and break the day-long fast and have the iftaar (lit. 'fast breaking') meal together. Like in the rest of Islamic world, Ramadan is a month of heightened devotional activity for the Bohras, which ends with Eid al-Fitr.

In the month of Zil Hajj al-Haram, the Bohras undertake hajj and celebrate Eid al-Adha at its conclusion. In line with Shi'a traditions, on the 18th of Zil Hajj, the day Muhammad publicly anointed Ali ibn Abi Talib his successor, the Bohras celebrate Eid al-Ghadir, observe fast, and offer special prayers. Special prayers and congregations are also held during other major events such as the day Muhammad first began his Da'wah (lit. 'mission'), the night of Isra and Mi'raj, the birthday of Muhammad, the urs mubarak (lit. 'remembrance day') of prominent community leaders, and the birthday of the current Da'i al-Mutlaq.

Muharram

Main article: Mourning of Muharram
Saifuddin, the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq, presides over a Muharram gathering at Mohammedi Masjid, Houston, 2015.

For the Dawoodi Bohras, remembrance of the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and grandson of Muhammad, is among the most important events of the year. The commemoration known as ʿAshara Mubāraka (lit. 'the Blessed Ten') is a series of ten gatherings that take place in the month of Muharram al-Haram, at the start of the Islamic new year.[33]

Husayn ibn Ali was martyred along with his family and companions in the plains of Karbala while on a journey from Mecca, through the deserts of modern-day Iraq, to Kufa, the seat of the erstwhile Rashidun caliphate.[34] The Bohras believe that Husayn's sacrifice was foretold by Muhammad, and that he was destined to change the course of Islam as a result of his martyrdom.[35]

Like Shi'a Muslims, the Bohras commemorate the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, which is often compared to martyrdom of John the Baptist[36] and Jesus Christ,[37] with the belief that doing so is a source of blessings and a means to spiritual purification.[38][39] For them, Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom epitomizes the values of humanity, justice, and truth.[40] That Husayn ibn Ali's stand against tyranny, even at the cost of great personal sacrifice, offers lessons in bravery, loyalty, and compassion.[41] These values, they believe, inculcate in them a spirit of self-sacrifice, forbearance, and adherence to their faith.[38][41]

During the ʿAshara Mubāraka, the Bohra communities all over the world host a series of majālis (lit. 'congregations') twice a day, one each in the morning and in the evening, recounting Husayn ibn Ali's sacrifice, which forms the central theme of the discourse amidst regular prayers.[40] The majālis led by the Da'i al-Mutlaq on occasion attract hundreds of thousands of followers.[42][43][44][45][46]

In 2020, in accordance with government regulations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the community observed ʿAshara Mubāraka remotely from their homes. Audio and video recording of sermons delivered in the preceding years by Taher Saifuddin, Mohammed Burhanuddin, and Mufaddal Saifuddin were broadcast to the community worldwide. While volunteers of community kitchens, Faiz al-Mawaid al-Burhaniyah, prepared and distributed cooked meals to every home; members of local Jami'ats, especially the young, ensured senior members had access to sermons and prayers broadcast online.[40][47][48]

Office and administration

The office of the Da'i al-Mutlaq, known as Alvazartus Saifiyah, oversees Dawat-e-Hadiyah, which in turn governs secular and religious affairs of the close-knit Dawoodi Bohras through a distributed network of Jamaat committees.[49][50] Dawat-e-Hadiyah head office is at Badri Mahal in Fort, Mumbai.[51]

Several sub-committees and Trusts administering different aspects of a local Bohra community operate under the purview of respective Jamiat. A Jamaat - or Anjuman - is setup anywhere in the world whereever Bohras live and work. Bohra communities have populations ranging from around one hundred to tens of thousands. The resident Aamil, appointed by Dawat–e-Hadiyah with permission from the Da'i al Mutlaq, is the de-facto president of a local Jamiat.[49][50] The Amil administers and manages socio-religious affairs of the jamaat. At a local mosque or markaz under his jurisdiction, the Amil leads daily prayers, and presides over sermons and discourses on various religious occasions.[49]

The Dawoodi Bohras, being Ismailis and thus Jafaris, are signatories of the Amman Message.[52]

Demographics and culture

As of 2021, there are an estimated two to five million Dawoodi Bohras that reside in over 100 countries.[2] The majority reside in the Indian state of Gujarat and in the Pakistani city of Karachi. A sizeable diaspora is spread across Europe, North America, the Middle East, and East Africa.[53]

The Bohras are primarily traders and businesspersons,[54] while some are industrialists and skilled professionals.[55]

Name and etymology

The word Bohra takes root in the Gujarati word vohrvu, in reference to their traditional occupation as traders.[56][57] The prefix Dawoodi is in reference to Dawood Bin Qutubshah, the 27th Da'i al-Mutlaq,[20][58] who was the leader of the majority following a schism in 1592.[20]

Language

Dawoodi Bohras are a blend of Yemeni, Egyptian, African, Pakistani, and Indian cultures.[59] Their common tongue, Lisan al-Dawat, written in Perso-Arabic script, derives from Arabic, Urdu, Persian, Sanskrit, and Gujarati.[50][60][61][62][63]

Dress

The Dawoodi Bohras wear a distinct form of attire. The men traditionally dress in a predominantly white, three-piece outfit: kurta, a form of tunic; saaya, an overcoat of equal length; and izaar, loose-fit trousers; with topi, a white cap usually laced in a golden arabesque design.[64][65] Men, adhering to the customs of Muhammad, are expected to grow a full beard.[66]

The women wear a two piece dress called rida distinct from hijab, purdah, and chador. The bright colors, decorative patterns and lace, and the fact that it does not cover a woman's face are its distinguishing features.[58][67] The rida is of any colour except black. A flap called pardi is folded to one side to allow a woman's face to be visible but it can be worn over the face when desired.[68][58]

Cuisine

Bohras seated around a thaal about to commence their meal with a taste of salt.

The Bohras dine with eight or nine people seated on the floor around a thaal, a large metal dish,[69][70][71] which is supported on a kundali or tarakti made of wood or metal, placed upon a safra, a large cloth that covers the floor. Each course of meal is served one after the other for those at the thaal to share.[69][71][72]

The meal begins and ends with a taste of salt, which per their tradition, cleanses the palette and prevents diseases.[69][72] Bohras usually cover their heads during the meal with a topi, a cap; and eat with their hands.[71][68] A common etiquette is for the host to offer to clean their guests' hands using a chilamchi lota (basin and jug).[71][73] At community feasts, the Bohras first eat mithaas (sweet dish), followed by kharaas (savoury dish), and then the main course.[71][72][74] Leftovers are a cultural faux pas, those seated around a thaal are encouraged to take smaller portions and expected to finish those.[75]

The Bohra cuisine, influenced by Gujarati,[76] Persian, Yemeni, and Egyptian cuisine,[77][78] is known for its unique taste and dishes such as bohra-style biryani[79] and dal chaawal palidu (rice, lentils, and curry), kheema samosa, dabba gosht, masala bateta.[73][78][80][81]

Community kitchens

In 2012, Mohammed Burhanuddin II, the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq, established Faiz al-Mawaid al-Burhaniyah (FMB) community kitchens in Mumbai to deliver at least one meal per day to all Bohra families in the city, and to ensure no one goes to bed hungry. FMB proved beneficial to women in particular as household work reduced, freeing up time to pursue other productive activities.[79][82] As of 2021, FMB community kitchens are operational in every Bohra community throughout the world.[50]

Whilst FMB has substantially increased food security within the Bohra community,[83] in times of wider crisis (such as the flooding in Texas or the COVID-19 pandemic), it has also supplied meals and provisions to the wider society.[84][85][86][87] Bohras consider Niyaz, feeding their brethren and those less fortunate, an obligation.[50]

Community centres

Masjid

While a Dawoodi Bohra mosque is primarily a place of worship and congregation, it forms an important socio-cultural hub for the community. Besides sermons and discourses, the mosques are also a center for education and special religious lessons, keeping in line with Fatimid traditions. A mosque complex usually houses several administrative offices along with ceremonial halls.[88] The mosques are built in a distinct Neo-Fatimid style,[88][89][90][91][92][93] with the names of Allah and verses from the Quran engraved on its walls.[88][94] The Masjid-e-Moazzam complex in Surat is among the largest in the community.[95][96]

Masjid-e-Moazzam, a Bohra cultural and educational hub (Surat), renovated by Mohammed Burhanuddin c. 1997, is a striking example of Neo-Fatimid architecture.[95]

The first Dawoodi Bohra mosque in the Middle East was inaugurated in Dubai, UAE in 1983,[89][90] by Mohammed Burhanuddin.[90] Later, mosques in Sharjah, Dubai, and Ajman were opened in 2003, 2004, and 2006 respectively.[90][91][97] Middle East is home to an estimated 60,000 Bohras who first migrated there in the 1860s.[98]

In 1988, Burhanuddin inaugurated Burhani Masjid in Farmington Hills, Michigan, the first Dawoodi Bohra mosque in North America,[99] and a year later, in 1990, the first Canadian mosque in Toronto.[100]

The Bohras first moved to London in the 1960s from East Africa and settled around Ealing. A community center was later setup at Fulham. Decades after, in 1996, Burhanuddin presided over the opening of the first Bohra mosque in Europe in Northolt.[101] Burhanuddin's wife, Amatullah Aaisaheba, is buried within its premises.[102] On 8 July 2007, the first Bohra mosque in France in Paris was inaugurated.[103]

The Bohras migrated to the erstwhile British colony of Ceylon from Gujarat c. 1830. An estimated 2,500 Bohras live in Sri Lanka and the capital city of Colombo is their largest settlement.[104] In 2000, Burhanuddin inaugurated Masjid al-Hussaini at Glen Aber Place, Colombo, the first and largest Dawoodi Bohra mosque in Sri Lanka,[105] which was the venue of Ashara Mubaraka in 2008, 2009,[104] and 2019.[106]

Burhanuddin commemorated the 2001 Ashara in Houston, where the Bohras have been since the 1950s. Burhanuddin's son, Mufaddal Saifuddin inaugurated Mohammedi Masjid, the largest mosque complex in North America, at Katy Area, Houston during the 2015 Ashara,[107] which was, at the time, the largest Bohra community event held in the West.[33] The same year, in March 2015, Saifuddin inaugurated four mosques in California in Los Angeles, San Jose, Bakersfield, and Orange County.[108]

In 2014, as his first official act as the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq, Mufaddal Saifuddin inaugurated Masjid Mansoor al-Yemen in Haraaz region of Sanaa governorate. Burhanuddin had built the masjid in memory of Amatullah, his wife.[109]

Markaz

Mohammedi Park Complex (Northolt, London), the largest Bohra community center in Europe.

A bohra community (or jamaat) is centered around a markaz when there is no existing mosque nearby.[citation needed]

Jamaat Khaana

Communal meals are served in dining halls called the jamaat khaana, which are generally part of the mosque complex.[88]

Mausoleums

Raudat Tahera, mausoleum of Taher Sayf al-Din and Mohammed Burhanuddin II.

It is customary among the Bohras to visit mausoleums, mosques, and other places of religious importance in Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, Iraq, and India. In most places, a community-administered complex (mazaar) provides accommodation, business centers, dining, and various recreational activities to the traveling Bohras.[citation needed]

A Bohra mausoleum typically has white exteriors with a golden finial at the apex of the dome. The interior is usually lit up in incandescent light and Quranic verses are inscribed on its walls. These mausoleums embody several meanings in the form of its structure and build.[citation needed] As an example, Raudat Tahera, an austere structure, has a range of intricacies deliberated into its design. The inner height of Raudat Tahera is 80 feet above the plinth: the number signifies the age of Taher Saifuddin, who is buried there. The sanctum of the mausoleum is 51 × 51 feet, which symbolises Saifuddin's position as the 51st Dai al-Mutlaq. On its walls, the entire Quran is inscribed in gold whilst Bismillah is engraved 113 times in precious stones, and four doors, one on each side of the wall, are made of silver.[110]

Education

In line with Islamic traditions,[111][112] the Bohras seek both religious and secular education.[112][113] Women education is actively encouraged.[114][115] In the modern day, higher education is commonplace in the community.[30]

Community-run Madrasah Saifiyah Burhaniyah (MSB) chain of international co-ed schools teach sciences, humanities, and arts, in addition to theological subjects. In 1984, Mohammad Burhanuddin established the first MSB in Nairobi and Mumbai.[113] As of 2021, 24 MSB schools in Asia and Africa operate affiliated to IGCSE and ICSE boards.[116]

Al Jamea tus Saifiyah (Jamea) is community's primary educational and cultural institute. Select students go through rigorous Islamic and Arabic studies for up to 11 years,[117] and are trained to subsequently lead various institutions run by Dawat-e-Hadiyah.[118] Jamea precedes Dars-e-Saifee, a Islamic theology school established by the 43rd Da'i al-Mutlaq Abdeali Saifuddin, in 1814 in Surat, Gujarat. A century later, the 51st Da'i al-Mutlaq Taher Saifuddin renovated and institutionalized it as a University.[119] His son and successor, Mohammed Burhanuddin, further expanded its reach and scope, opening up campuses in three more cities and establishing a dedicated center for Qur'anic sciences, Mahad al-Zahra.[120] The second campus was founded in 1983 in Karachi, Pakistan. A third campus was established in Nairobi, Kenya in 2011, with a fourth in 2013 in Mumbai, India.[121] The libraries of Jamea preserve some of the oldest known Arabic manuscripts.[120] Other departments of Jamea specialize in the art of Quran recitation, Arabic calligraphy, and Arabesque design.[citation needed]

A significant volume of treatises, discourses, and sermons of the Dua't Mutlaqeen are part of the Jamea curriculum.[122] Per tradition, the current Da'i al-Mutlaq presides over annual examinations (al-Imtihan al-Sanawi) every year. Senior Jamea students additionally undergo a public viva voce examination (Shafahi Imtihan) where they are questioned by rectors of the institute and occasionally by the Da'i al-Mutlaq, as well.[123]

Social work

The Bohras are politically neutral.[124][125] The community's stance has been to be loyal to one's country of residence.[126][127][128][129] A migratory race, they participate in the culture and society they live in,[75] but stay conservative enough to preserve their own identity.[130] True fulfillment, according to their beliefs, is in resourcefulness and philanthropy.[131]

Environmental activism

The Bohras actively participate in environmental activism and consider it their religious duty.[132] Since Nazafat (lit. 'cleanliness') is an integral component of Islamic faith, the Bohras engage in clean-up drives, tree planting, and other such initiatives wherever they reside.[133]

The Burhani Foundation

In 1992, Mohammed Burhanuddin established Burhani Foundation, a charitable trust for preservation of the environment. The foundation is involved in reforestation, river preservation, sustainable development, raising public awareness, and funding relevant research.[134][135] In 2017, Mufaddal Saifuddin, Burhanuddin's successor, initiated a worldwide program to plant 200,000 saplings.[135] In 2018, the Bohras, together with Champions of the Earth, launched Turning the Tide, a campaign to remove plastic from oceans, rivers, and beaches in India.[136][137][138][139]

Zero food waste

Under the aegis of FMB, Dana Committee (lit. 'food grain committee') is charted to eliminate food wastage. As of 2021, the committee has 6000 volunteers across 40 countries. After congregations, these volunteers collect leftovers and distribute it to the deprived.[140][141] To prevent wastage of food due to over-cooking or poor turnout, the committee uses custom web and mobile RSVP apps. Before a meal commences, volunteers are on-hand to remind attendees of their responsibility as muslims[a] in ensuring no food goes waste.[144] The Bohras also participate in the United Nations annual World Food Day campaigns.[86][145][146]

In September 2019 over 24,000 who gathered in Colombo to commemorate Ashara Mubaraka with Mufaddal Saifuddin, the 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq, followed "a zero food waste policy". The Dana Committee volunteers helped with portion control and distributed leftover food to the disadvantaged.[147] This policy was first adopted at the 2018 Ashara in Indore attended by over 200,000 people.[148]

Social upliftment

In June 2018, the Bohra community launched Project Rise, a philanthropy focused on the marginalized and the poor.[149] Their first initiative, undertaken in collaboration with Action Against Hunger, sought to address malnutrition among those living in Palghar and Govandi districts.[150][151] During the 2019 floods, volunteers sent aid to the Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Gujarat;[152] while during the 2020 lockdown in India, volunteers distributed food packets among the poor.[153][154][155] Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India, acknowledged community's charity and service.[156] The same year,[146] just like a year before in 2019,[157] volunteers in North America marked United Nations World Food Day by donating to local food banks.[146]

Since then, based on Islamic traditions of philanthropy,[b] Project Rise has widened its scope with "upliftment" programs that focus on healthcare, nutrition, sanitation and hygiene, and environmental conservation.[149][158][159] Annually, as part of these "upliftment" drives, volunteers attempt to raise the standard of living of the disadvantaged through revamped housing, access to food, and improved physical and spiritual well-being.[160][161][162]

Interfaith engagement

Burhanuddin in conversation with Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury, in London (2010).

It is an article of faith for the Bohras that universal truths and true knowledge are found in all societies and religions. That all of creation share the same purpose and the same ancestry and the same purpose. It is a teaching of Mohammed that all mankind, indeed creation, are a single family of Allah, and that the one dearest to Allah is the one who benefits Allah's family most. Thus Bohras are required to be good neighbours and good citizens, and strive for that which is beneficial to all.

Cluster development project

Main article: Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust

Planning on the Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust (SBUT) began in 2009 and was envisioned by late Dr Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin to transform the unhealthy locality into a planned and sustainable neighbourhood. The project comprising 16.5 acres of land has approximately 250 existing buildings, 1250 shops and 3200 families; all of which all of which are incorporated into a state-of-the-art holistic development with 13 new buildings, wide roads, modern infrastructure, more open spaces and highly visible commercial areas. Once completed all residential and commercial tenants will become owners to their premises.[163][164][165][166]

Currently the first two towers of phase I - Al Saadah - are completed and over 600 residents and 128 shop owners have come back to their new premises.[167][168]

Healthcare

Bohras place great emphasis on healthcare and personal hygiene.  Around the globe, there are thousands of Bohra men and women working in medical professions. The Bohra community runs over 25 hospitals and clinics in India, as well as a number of facilities in Pakistan and across the world.[169]

Saifee Hospital

Main article: Saifee Hospital
[R]eligion is not merely prayer and fasting. [Religion] in truth, [is] to foster both this world and the next. It is the noble fortune of this hospital that the name of my late, revered, and holy father Dr Taher Saifuddin is associated with it. That its benefits and virtue spreads out to all [of humanity] is my wish. I pray that this hospital blossoms, flourishes, develops, and ascends the loftiest of heights.

Mohammed Burhanuddin, speaking at the inauguration of the hospital in 2005.[170]

Saifee Hospital is a flagship project of the Dawoodi Bohra community. It was established in Mumbai, India in 1948 with the aim of providing safe, ethical and affordable medical assistance to people of all faiths and socio-economic backgrounds. In 2005, the hospital was rebuilt on the existing site.  The then prime minister, Manmohan Singh, joined Mohammed Burhanuddin, in a grand opening ceremony.   The Saifee Hospital specializes in bariatric surgeries, cardiology, critical care medicine, dentistry, dermatology, gynecology, hepatology, oncology, neurology, nephrology, ophthalmology, neonatology, high dose radioactive therapy units, and Pressurized Intra Peritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC). The hospital features a highly advanced Robotic Surgical System to facilitate the surgeon in performing complex but minimally invasive surgery. The hospital has won many awards in quality and is now one of the highly sought after hospital in the country, for both local and tourist medical interventions.[171]

A new Bohra hospital of the same name is currently being built in Dahod, India.[citation needed]

Recognition

 US: 2011: The Burhani Foundation under its campaign "Save Our Sparrows" (SOS), received the Guinness World Records award for the largest distribution of bird feeders.[172][173]

 India: 2018: the Dawoodi Bohra community received an award for organizing the largest zero waste religious event during the Ashara Mubaraka sermons in Indore, by the Golden Book of World Records.[174][175]

 India: 2018: the Dawoodi Bohra community of Indore received the "Swachh City Award" for being the "best citizen led initiative" under the Swachh Bharat Mission on 9 March 2019.[176]

V K Singh praised the role of the Dawoodi Bohra community in help with Operation Rahat[c] carried out by the Indian Navy to evacuate civilians during the Yemeni Civil War of 2015.[178]

Status of women

Overview

The status of women in the Bohra community underwent a major change in the latter half of the 20th century. According to Jonah Blank, women of the Bohra faith are among the best-educated women in the Indian subcontinent.[179] Female Bohra in the U.S. and Europe have become business owners, lawyers, doctors, teachers and leaders in a range of professions.[180] At an interfaith celebration of Eid al-Fitr hosted by the Dawoodi Bohra community of Detroit, Michigan, United States on 7 June 2019, U.S. Congresswoman Brenda Lawrence (Democrat, Michigan's 14th congressional district) praised the Bohras for having "used their voices to make progress on countless issues including gender equality and the environment."[181]

Female genital mutilation

Further information: Female genital mutilation in India

The Dawoodi Bohra practice what they call khatna,[182] khafd,[183] or khafz,[184] a practice critics consider female genital mutilation (FGM). The procedure is for the most part performed without anaesthesia by a traditional circumciser when girls reach their seventh year.[185] Non-Bohra women who seek to marry into the community are also required to undergo it.[186] There are no authoritative studies on the extent of the practice among the Bohra.[183][187] A 1911 Bombay census of unknown reliability noted that they were performing clitorectomy.[188] According to a 1991 article in Manushi, the Bohra remove either the clitoral hood or the tip of the clitoris.[189][190] Supporters of the practice say that the Bohra remove only the clitoral hood or perform symbolic nicking, and that it should be referred to as "female circumcision", not FGM.[184]

A qualitative study in 2018 carried out by WeSpeakOut, a group opposed to FGM,[191] concluded that most Bohra girls experience Type I FGM, removal of the clitoral hood or clitoral glans.[192][193] A gynaecologist who took part in the study examined 20 Bohra women and found that both the clitoris and clitoral hood had been cut in most cases.[d] According to the Dawoodi Bohra Women's Association for Religious Freedom, the study's conclusions did not reflect the views of most Bohra women.[193] In Australia in 2018, the convictions of three members of the Bohra community, related to performing FGM on two girls, were overturned when the appeal court accepted that the tip of each girl's clitoris was still visible and had not been "mutilated"; the defence position was that only "symbolic khatna" had been performed.[195] The High Court of Australia overturned that decision in October 2019, ruling that the phrase "otherwise mutilates" in Australian law does encompass cutting or nicking the clitoris. As a result, the convictions were upheld, and the defendants received custodial sentences of at least 11 months.[196]

Gallery

  • graves of Fatima & others in Medina.

  • Mousoleum Imam Abadullah, Salamia, Syria, (1st- Daur-us-Satr) 07 to 10th Imam, 765 AD - 881/909 AD

  • Fatimid Imam era, Cairo, Egypt, 11 to 21st Imam, 881/909 AD-1138 AD

  • Syedna Hatim Rauza, Yemen era 2nd Daur us Satr start with 1st Dai Zoeb, 1138 AD

  • Syedna Idris Court

  • Syedna Idris Rauza

  • Syedna Ali Rauza

  • Mausoleum Syedna Yusuf Najmuddin bin Suleman, Tayba, Yemen era end with 24th Dai, 1567AD

  • Ujjain, 39 & 40th Dai era, 1738-1780 AD

  • Mausoleum Dawoodi Bohra Duwat, Burhanpur,41st dai era 1780-1787 AD

  • Rauzas of seven Dai al Mutlaq at Surat, Gujarat era 1787-1915

  • Grave 51st Dai Taher Saifuddin, Mumbai, era 1915-1965 AD- contd.

  • Mausoleum of 1 st Wali–ul–Hind:Moulai Abadullah, Khambat, Gujarat,(10-11th Century AD)

  • Mausoleum of Moulai Fakhruddin Shaheed, Galiakot, Rajasthan, India(10-11th Century AD)

  • Dargah of Maula Qazi, Halvad.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The Quran and the Hadiths inform Muslims to not be wasteful with food.[142][143]
  2. ^ Project Rise charter to help eradicate poverty and hunger, improve health and education, empower women, avoid waste, and preserve the environment – align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Bohras claim to follow this tradition of charity and activism for centuries.[157]
  3. ^ India today evacuated 1052 of its nationals from Yemen, taking the total number of Indians rescued from the strife-torn country to nearly 3,300 as the government was looking at wrapping up the massive evacuation operation 'Rahat' in a couple of days.[177]
  4. ^ Sujaat Vali (The Clitoral Hood: A Contested Site, 2018): "Given that most girls are cut at age seven, without anesthesia, by traditional cutters, and the procedure happens in a minute or two, the operator cannot get enough separation between the clitoris and the skin surrounding the clitoris. So, usually they end up cutting the clitoris along with the skin covering the clitoris."[194]

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Further reading

External links

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