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Demographics of Russia

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Demographics of {{{place}}}
Population (in millions) 1950 – January 2012.[1]
Population143,200,000 (Official Estimate - August 2012)[2]
Growth rate0.15% (2011)
Birth rate12.6 births/1,000 population (2011)
Death rate13.5 deaths/1,000 population (2011)
Life expectancy70.3 years (2011)
 • male64.3 years
 • female76.1 years
Fertility rate1.61 children born/woman (2011)
Infant mortality rate7.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2011)
Net migration rate2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011)
Age structure
0–14 years14.9%
15–64 years71.8%
65 and over13.3% (2009)
Sex ratio
Total0.86 male(s)/female (2009)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Under 151.05 male(s)/female (male 10,806,895/female 10,285,532)
15–64 years0.92 male(s)/female (male 48,864,763/female 53,048,315)
65 and over0.46 male(s)/female (male 5,969,976/female 12,928,498)
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian
Major ethnicRussians
Language
SpokenRussian, others

The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation,[3] including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status and other aspects.

According to an official estimate for 1 August 2012, the population of Russia was 143,200,000.[2] The population hit a historic peak at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union, but then began a decade-long decline, falling at a rate of about 0.5% per year due to declining birth rates, rising death rates and emigration.[4] However, the decline began to slow considerably in recent years, and in 2009 Russia recorded a yearly population spike for the first time in 15 years, with a growth rate of 23,300.[5][6]

In 2011, the population of Russia grew by 191,000 people,[7] and reached a total of more than 143 million.

In the first seven months of 2012, Russia's population increased by 123,500 people.[2]

According to the 2010 census, ethnic Russians make up 81% of the total population,[8][9] while six other ethnicities have a population exceeding 1 million – Tatars (3.9%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Bashkir (1.1%), Chuvash (1%), Chechens (1%) and Armenians (0.9%). In total, 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within the Russian Federation's borders.

Almost six million people (about 4% of the overall population) did not declare any ethnic origin in the 2010 census, compared to about 1 million in the 2002 Census. This is due to the fact that those people were counted from administrative databases and not directly, and were therefore unable to state their ethnicity.[8][9][10] Therefore, the percentages mentioned above are taken from the total population that declared their ethnicity, given that the non-declared remainder is thought to have an ethnic composition similar to the declared segment.[11]

Russia's population density is 8.4 people per square kilometre (22 per square mile), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is most dense in the European part of the country, centering around Moscow and Saint Petersburg. 74% of the population is urban.

Natural population growth of Russia since 1950.[5][12][13]
  Birth rate
  Death rate
  Natural growth rate
Natural population growth rates (per 1,000 population) by region in 2009.

The population of Russia peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Low birth rates and abnormally high death rates caused Russia's population to decline at a 0.5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year from the mid 1990s to the mid 2000s. The UN warned in 2005 that Russia's then population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050, if trends did not improve.[14][15] However, the Russian state statistics service Rosstat had more optimistic forecasts in 2009, whose Medium variant predicted that Russia's population would only fall to 139 million by 2030[16] (Low: 127 million; High: 147 million). Furthermore, in 2008 one demographic analyst (correctly) predicted a resumption in population growth by 2010.[17]

The number of Russians living in poverty has decreased by 50% since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy had a positive impact on the country's low birth rate. The latter rose from its lowest point of 8.27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to 12.6 per 1000 in 2010. Likewise, the fertility rate rose from its lowest point of 1.16 in 1999 to 1.54 in 2009. 2007 marked the highest growth in birth rates that the country had seen in 25 years, and 2009 marked the highest total birth rate since 1991.[18] For comparison, the United States[19] birth rate in 2009 was 13.8 per 1000 . While the Russian birth rate is comparable to that of other developed countries, its death rate is much higher, especially among working-age males due to a comparatively high rate of fatalities caused by heart disease and other external causes such as accidents. The Russian death rate in 2010 was 14.3 per 1000 citizens. For comparison, the US[19] death rate in 2009 was 8.4 per 1000 .

The causes for this sharp increase in mortality are widely debated, with academic sources citing the drastic and widely negative changes in lifestyle caused by economic reforms that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union. According to a 2009 report by The Lancet,[20] a British medical journal, mass privatization, an element of the economic-reform package nicknamed shock therapy, clearly correlates with higher mortality rates. The report argues that advocates of economic reforms ignored the human cost of the policies they were promoting, such as unemployment and human suffering, leading to an early death. These conclusions were criticized by The Economist.[21] A WHO press-release in 2000, on the other hand, reported alcohol abuse being used as the most common explanation of higher men's mortality.[22] According to the Russian demographic publication Demoscope,[23] the rising male death rate was a long-term trend from 1960 to 2005. The only significant reversion of the trend was caused by Mikhail Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, but its effect was only temporary. According to the publication, the sharp rise of death rates in the early 1990s was caused by the exhaustion of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign, while the market reforms were only of secondary importance. The authors also claimed the Lancet's study is flawed because it used the 1985 death rate as the base, while that was in fact the very maximum of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign.[23] Other factors contributing to the collapse, along with the economic problems, include the dying off of a relatively large cohort of people born between 1925 and 1940 (between the Russian Civil War and World War II), when Russian birth rates were very high, along with, ironically enough, an "echo boom" in the 1980s that may have satisfied the demand of women for children, leading to a subsequent drop in birth rates.

Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address.[24] As a result, a national programme was developed with the goal to reverse the trend by 2020. Soon after, a study published in 2007 showed that the rate of population decrease had begun to slow: if the net decrease from January to August 2006 was 408,200 people, it was 196,600 in the same period in 2007. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006. At the same time period in 2007, there were just over one million births in Russia (981,600 in 2006), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.3 times, down from 1.5 in 2006. 18 of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development expressed hope that by 2020 the population would stabilize at 138–139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present day status of 143–145, also raising the life expectancy to 75 years.[25]

The natural population decline continued to slow through 2008—2010 due to sinking death rates and increasing births, and in 2009 the population saw yearly growth for the first time in 15 years.[5][6] In September 2009, the Ministry of Health and Social Development reported that Russia recorded natural population growth for the first time in 15 years, with 1,000 more births than deaths in August.[26] In April 2011 the Russian Prime Minister (Russian president as of 2012) Vladimir Putin pledged to spend the 1.5 trillion rubles (£32.5 billion or $54 billion) on various measures to boost Russia's declining birthrate by 30 per cent in the next four years.[27]

Population statistics

Population pyramid of Russia as of 1 January 2010. "Waves" are caused by huge losses in the WWII.

Population density

8.4 people per square kilometer (2010 Russian Census)[28]

Population distribution

74% urban, 26% rural (2010 Russian Census)

Population growth rate

0.15% (2011)[29]

Median age

total: 38.8 years
male: 36.1 years
female: 41.1 years (2009)[30]

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2009)[30]

Natural increase current

The number of births during the month of September 2012 was decrease 2183 and as increase than during August 2011 and 79862 for the period January–September 2012.

-Number of births during September 2011 = Increase 158,052

-Number of births during September 2012 = Decrease 155,869

-The birth rate for January–September 2012 was 13.2 births per 1,000 population versus 12.4 during the same period in 2011.

-Number of births from January–September 2011 = Decrease 1,329,018

-Number of births from January–September 2012 = Increase 1,408,880


The number of deaths during the same period decreased by 35137 and 9508 during this same month.

-Number of deaths during September 2011 = Decrease 153,898

-Number of deaths during September 2012 = Decrease 144,390

-The death rate for January–September 2012 was 13,2 per 1,000 population, versus 13,6 during the same period in 2011.

-Number of deaths from January–September 2011 = Decrease 1,453,718

-Number of deaths from January–September 2012 = Decrease 1,418,581

Total natural increase during January–September 2012 has halved during the same period from a decrease of -0.0 in 1000 against 1.4 in 1000 during the period January–September 2011.

Natural increase between January–September 2011 = Decrease - 124,700

Natural increase between January–September 2012 = Decrease - 9701

Natural increase in September 2011 = Increase 4154

Natural increase in September 2012 = Increase 11,479

January–September 2012 Birth/2012 Birth/2011 Death/2012 Death/2011
The North Caucasus Federal District 17,2 Increase 16,8 Increase 8,3 Decrease 8,5 Decrease
Chechnya 26,2 Decrease 28,4 Decrease 5,4 Increase 5,2 Increase
Ingushetia 22,2 Decrease 25,6 Increase 3,6 Decrease 4,0 Increase
Daguesthan 18,6 Increase 17,4 Decrease 5,6 Steady 5,6 Decrease
Kabardino-Balkaria 15,9 Increase 14,7 Increase 9,0 Decrease 9,5 Increase
North Ossetia-Alania 14,9 Increase 14,3 Increase 10,7 Steady 10,8 Decrease
Karachay-Cherkessia 13,3 Increase 12,9 Increase 9,7 Decrease 9,9 Increase
Stavropol Krai 12,3 Increase 11,6 Decrease 12,1 Decrease 12,5 Decrease
The Ural Federal District 15,0 Increase 14,2 Decrease 12,6 Decrease 12,8 Decrease
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 17,6 Increase 16,4 Decrease 6,3 Decrease 6,6 Decrease
Tyumen 17,1 Increase 16,1 Decrease 8,4 Decrease 8,6 Decrease
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 16,3 Increase 15,5 Decrease 5,3 Decrease 5,4 Decrease
Chelyabinsk 14,3 Increase 13,5 Increase 14,3 Increase 14,3 Decrease
Sverdlosk 14,1 Increase 13,5 Increase 13,9 Decrease 14,3 Decrease
Kurgan 14,0 Increase 12,8 Decrease 15,9 Increase 15,9 Decrease
The Siberian Federal District 14,8 Increase 14,1 Decrease 13,6 Decrease 13,9 Decrease
Tuva 26,3 Decrease 27,0 Increase 10,9 Decrease 11,1 Decrease
Altai Republic color 22,5 Decrease 22,6 Increase 11,7 Decrease 12,2 Increase
Buriatia 17,2 Increase 16,9 Increase 12,5 Decrease 12,7 Increase
Transbaikal 16,0 Increase 15,4 Increase 13,1 Decrease 13,3 Decrease
Khakassia 16,0 Increase 15,1 Decrease 13,3 Decrease 13,5 Decrease
Irkutsk 15,9 Increase 15,3 Increase 13,8 Decrease 14,2 Decrease
Omsk 14,9 Increase 13,4 Decrease 13,7 Steady 13,7 Decrease
Krasnoyarsk 14,5 Increase 13,5 Increase 13,0 Decrease 13,3 Decrease
Novosibirsk Oblast 13,7 Increase 13,0 Increase 13,6 Decrease 13,8 Decrease
Kemorovo 13,6 Increase 12,8 Decrease 15,1 Decrease 15,8 Increase
Altai Krai 13,6 Increase 12,7 Increase 14,5 Decrease 14,8 Decrease
Tomsk Oblast 13,5 Increase 13,2 Decrease 11,8 Decrease 12,3 Decrease
Far East Federal District 13,7 Increase 13,1 Decrease 13,1 Decrease 13,5 Decrease
Sakha Republic 17,4 Increase 16,9 Decrease 9,4 Steady 9,4 Decrease
Amur 14,3 Increase 13,4 Decrease 15,0 Increase 14,9 Decrease
Jewish Autonomous Oblast 14,0 Increase 13,9 Increase 15,1 Increase 14,8 Decrease
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 13,9 Steady 13,9 Increase 11,5 Increase 11,2 Decrease
Khabarovsk Krai 13,4 Increase 12,9 Increase 13,5 Decrease 14,7 Increase
Kamchatka Krai 13,0 Increase 12,5 Decrease 11,6 Decrease 11,9 Decrease
Sakhalin Oblast 12,6 Increase 11,8 Decrease 13,6 Decrease 14,1 Decrease
Primosky Krai 12,4 Increase 11,9 Increase 13,7 Decrease 14,2 Decrease
Magadan 12,2 Increase 11,4 Decrease 12,8 Decrease 13,0 Decrease
Volga Federal District 13,1 Increase 12,3 Decrease 13,9 Decrease 14,5 Decrease
Udmurtia 15,2 Increase 14,3 Increase 12,7 Decrease 13,6 Decrease
Perm Krai 14,7 Increase 14,0 Decrease 14,1 Decrease 15,0 Decrease
Orenburg 14,7 Increase 13,7 Decrease 14,1 Decrease 14,4 Decrease
Bashkortostan 14,4 Increase 13,7 Increase 13,1 Decrease 13,6 Decrease
Tatarstan 14,4 Increase 13,1 Increase 12,1 Decrease 12,6 Decrease
Mari El 14,3 Increase 12,9 Decrease 13,5 Decrease 14,4 Decrease
Chuvashia Republic 13,9 Increase 12,8 Decrease 13,2 Decrease 13,8 Decrease
Kirov 12,7 Increase 11,8 Increase 15,3 Decrease 15,9 Decrease
Samara 12,0 Increase 11,3 Increase 13,8 Decrease 14,6 Decrease
Nizhny Novgorod 11,8 Increase 10,9 Increase 16,0 Decrease 16,7 Increase
Saratov 11,3 Increase 10,5 Decrease 14,3 Decrease 14,7 Decrease
Ulyanovsk 11,2 Increase 10,7 Decrease 14,1 Decrease 15,2 Increase
Penza 10,6 Increase 10,0 Increase 14,7 Decrease 15,3 Decrease
Mordovia 9,9 Increase 9,5 Decrease 14,3 Decrease 15,0 Decrease
Southern Federal District 12,4 Increase 11,6 Decrease 13,4 Decrease 13,9 Decrease
Kalmukia 15,0 Increase 14,4 Increase 10,0 Decrease 10,4 Decrease
Astrakhan Oblast 14,9 Increase 14,0 Decrease 12,5 Decrease 13,1 Decrease
Krasnodar Krai 12,8 Increase 11,9 Increase 13,2 Decrease 13,7 Decrease
Adygea 12,7 Increase 12,3 Decrease 13,4 Decrease 14,0 Increase
Volgograd 11,5 Increase 11,0 Increase 13,6 Decrease 14,0 Decrease
Rostov 11,5 Increase 10,8 Decrease 13,9 Decrease 14,4 Decrease
North-West Federal District 12,1 Increase 11,4 Decrease 13,7 Decrease 14,1 Decrease
Nenets Autonomous Okrug 17,3 Increase 15,4 Increase 10,2 Decrease 10,8 Increase
Komi Republic 13,9 Increase 13,0 Increase 12,1 Decrease 12,6 Decrease
Vologda Oblast 13,9 Increase 12,9 Decrease 15,0 Decrease 15,9 Decrease
Arkhangels Oblast 12,6 Increase 12,1 Increase 13,5 Decrease 14,0 Decrease
St-Petersburg 12,5 Increase 11,5 Decrease 12,4 Decrease 12,7 Decrease
Karelia 12,4 Increase 12,1 Decrease 15,2 Increase 14,9 Decrease
Kaliningrad 12,3 Increase 11,7 Decrease 13,1 Decrease 13,2 Decrease
Murmansk Oblast 11,6 Increase 11,3 Increase 11,2 Decrease 11,6 Decrease
Novgorod 11,5 Increase 11,1 Decrease 17,9 Decrease 18,6 Decrease
Pskov 11,0 Increase 10,5 Decrease 19,5 Decrease 19,6 Decrease
Leningrad 9,0 Increase 8,7 Increase 14,6 Decrease 15,0 Decrease
Central Federal District 11,3 Increase 10,6 Decrease 13,8 Decrease 14,0 Decrease
Kostroma 12,9 Increase 12,2 Increase 16,0 Decrease 16,8 Decrease
Kursk Oblast 11,9 Increase 11,5 Decrease 16,5 Decrease 17,0 Decrease
Yaroslavl 11,9 Increase 11,2 Increase 15,8 Decrease 16,1 Decrease
Moscow Oblast 11,9 Increase 11,0 Increase 14,2 Decrease 14,4 Increase
Kaluga Oblast 11,9 Increase 10,7 Decrease 15,7 Increase 15,6 Increase
Belgorod 11,6 Increase 10,9 Decrease 14,0 Decrease 14,1 Increase
Vladimir Oblast 11,6 Increase 10,9 Increase 16,5 Decrease 17,2 Increase
Tver 11,5 Increase 11,0 Decrease 18,2 Decrease 18,9 Decrease
Lipetsk 11,5 Increase 10,7 Decrease 15,2 Decrease 15,3 Decrease
Bryansk 11,3 Increase 10,8 Decrease 16,1 Steady 16,1 Decrease
City of Moscow 11,3 Increase 10,6 Decrease 9,8 Increase 9,7 Decrease
Oryol 11,1 Increase 10,4 Decrease 16,3 Decrease 16,4 Decrease
Ivanovo 11,0 Increase 10,4 Increase 16,7 Decrease 17,2 Decrease
Voronezh 10,8 Increase 10,1 Decrease 15,6 Decrease 16,0 Decrease
Ryazan 10,6 Increase 10,2 Decrease 16,4 Decrease 16,6 Increase
Smolensk 10,5 Steady 10,5 Increase 16,4 Decrease 16,8 Decrease
Tula 10,1 Increase 9,4 Decrease 17,7 Decrease 17,8 Decrease
Tambov 9,6 Increase 9,3 Increase 16,1 Decrease 16,4 Decrease

Net migration rate

2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011)[31]

Vital statistics

Before WWII

No exact vital statistics for Russia are available for the period before WWII. Andreev[32] made the following estimates:

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Fertility rates Life Expectancy (male) Life Expectancy (female)
1927 94,596,000 4,688,000 2,705,000 1,983,000 49.6 28.6 21.0 6.729 33.7 37.9
1928 96,654,000 4,723,000 2,589,000 2,134,000 48.9 26.8 22.1 6.556 35.9 40.4
1929 98,644,000 4,633,000 2,819,000 1,814,000 47.0 28.6 18.4 6.227 33.7 38.2
1930 100,419,000 4,413,000 2,738,000 1,675,000 43.9 27.3 16.7 5.834 34.6 38.7
1931 101,948,000 4,412,000 3,090,000 1,322,000 43.3 30.3 13.0 5.626 30.7 35.5
1932 103,136,000 4,058,000 3,077,000 981,000 39.3 29.8 9.5 5.093 30.5 35.7
1933 102,706,000 3,313,000 5,239,000 -1,926,000 32.3 51.0 -18.8 4.146 15.2 19.5
1934 102,922,000 2,923,000 2,659,000 264,000 28.7 26.1 2.6 3.566 30.5 35.7
1935 102,684,000 3,577,000 2,421,000 1,156,000 34.8 23.6 11.3 4.305 33.1 38.4
1936 103,904,000 3,899,000 2,719,000 1,180,000 37.5 26.2 11.4 4.535 30.4 35.7
1937 105,358,000 4,377,000 2,760,000 1,617,000 41.5 26.2 15.3 5.079 30.5 40.0
1938 107,044,000 4,379,000 2,739,000 1,640,000 40.9 25.6 15.3 4.989 31.7 42.5
1939 108,785,000 4,329,000 2,600,000 1,729,000 39.8 23.9 15.9 4.907 34.9 42.6
1940 110,333,000 3,814,000 2,561,000 1,253,000 34.6 23.2 11.4 4.260 35.7 41.9

After WWII[33][34]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Fertility rates Urban fertility Rural fertility Life Expectancy (male) Life Expectancy (female) Life Expectancy (total) Abortions reported
1946 98,028,000 2,546,000 1,210,000 1,336,000 26.0 12.3 13.6 2.806 46.6 55.3
1947 98,834,000 2,715,000 1,680,000 1,035,000 27.5 17.0 10.5 2.938 39.9 49.8
1948 99,706,000 2,516,000 1,310,000 1,206,000 25.2 13.1 12.1 2.604 47.0 56.0
1949 101,160,000 3,089,000 1,187,000 1,902,000 30.5 11.7 18.8 3.205 51.0 59.8
1950 102,833,000 2,859,000 1,180,000 1,679,000 27.8 11.5 16.7 2.889 52.3 61.0
1951 104,439,000 2,938,000 1,210,000 1,728,000 28.1 11.6 17.0 2.918 52.3 60.6
1952 106,164,000 2,928,000 1,138,000 1,790,000 27.6 10.7 17.0 2.871 54.6 62.9
1953 107,828,000 2,822,000 1,118,000 1,704,000 26.2 10.4 15.7 2.733 55.5 63.9
1954 109,643,000 3,048,000 1,133,000 1,915,000 27.8 10.3 17.6 2.970 55.9 64.1
1955 111,572,000 2,942,000 1,037,000 1,905,000 26.4 9.3 17.2 2.818 58.3 66.6
1956 113,327,000 2,827,000 956,000 1,871,000 24.9 8.4 16.8 2.731 60.1 68.8
1957 115,035,000 2,880,000 1,017,000 1,863,000 25.0 8.8 16.7 2.750 59.7 68.4 3 407 398
1958 116,749,000 2,861,000 931,000 1,930,000 24.5 8.0 17.0 2.689 61.8 70.4 3 939 362
1959 118,307,000 2,796,228 920,225 1,876,003 23.6 7.8 15.9 2.58 2,03 3,34 62.84 71.14 67.65 4 174 111
1960 119,906,000 2,782,353 886,090 1,896,263 23.2 7.4 15.8 2.56 2,06 3,26 63.67 72.31 68.67 4 373 042
1961 121,586,000 2,662,135 901,637 1,760,498 21.9 7.4 14.5 2.47 2,04 3,08 63.91 72.63 68.92 4 759 040
1962 123,128,000 2,482,539 949,648 1,532,891 20.2 7.7 12.4 2.36 1,98 2,92 63.67 72.27 68.58 4 925 124
1963 124,514,000 2,331,505 932,055 1,399,450 18.7 7.5 11.2 2.31 1,93 2,87 64.12 72.78 69.05 5 134 100
1964 125,744,000 2,121,994 901,751 1,220,243 16.9 7.2 9.7 2.19 1,88 2,66 64.89 73.58 69.85 5 376 200
1965 126,749,000 1,990,520 958,789 1,031,731 15.7 7.6 8.1 2.14 1,82 2,58 64.37 73.33 69.44 5 463 300
1966 127,608,000 1,957,763 974,299 983,464 15.3 7.6 7.7 2.13 1,85 2,58 64.29 73.55 69.51 5 322 500
1967 128,361,000 1,851,041 1,017,034 834,007 14.4 7.9 6.5 2.03 1,79 2,46 64.02 73.43 69.30 5 005 000
1968 129,037,000 1,816,509 1,040,096 776,413 14.1 8.1 6.0 1.98 1,75 2,44 63.73 73.56 69.26 4 872 900
1969 129,660,000 1,847,592 1,106,640 740,952 14.2 8.5 5.7 1.99 1,78 2,44 63.07 73.29 68.74 4 751 100
1970 130,252,000 1,903,713 1,131,183 772,530 14.6 8.7 5.9 2.00 1,77 2,52 63.07 73.44 68.86 4 837 700
1971 130,934,000 1,974,637 1,143,359 831,278 15.1 8.7 6.3 2.02 1,80 2,60 63.24 73.77 69.12 4 838 749
1972 131,687,000 2,014,638 1,181,802 832,836 15.3 9.0 6.3 2.03 1,81 2,59 63.24 73.62 69.02 4 765 900
1973 132,434,000 1,994,621 1,214,204 780,417 15.1 9.2 5.9 1.96 1,75 2,55 63.28 73.56 69.00 4 747 037
1974 133,217,000 2,079,812 1,222,495 857,317 15.6 9.2 6.4 2.00 1,78 2,63 63.12 73.77 68.99 4 674 050
1975 134,092,000 2,106,147 1,309,710 796,437 15.7 9.8 5.9 1.97 1,76 2,64 62.48 73.23 68.35 4 670 700
1976 135,026,000 2,146,711 1,352,950 793,761 15.9 10.0 5.9 1.96 1,74 2,62 62.19 73.04 68.10 4 757 055
1977 135,979,000 2,156,724 1,387,986 768,738 15.9 10.2 5.7 1.92 1,72 2,58 61.82 73.19 67.97 4 686 063
1978 136,922,000 2,179,030 1,417,377 761,653 15.9 10.4 5.6 1.90 1,70 2,55 61.83 73.23 68.01 4 656 057
1979 137,758,000 2,178,542 1,490,057 688,485 15.8 10.8 5.0 1.87 1,67 2,54 61.49 73.02 67.73 4 544 040
1980 138,483,000 2,202,779 1,525,755 677,024 15.9 11.0 4.9 1.87 1,68 2,51 61.38 72.96 67.70 4 506 249
1981 139,221,000 2,236,608 1,524,286 712,322 16.1 10.9 5.1 1.88 1,69 2,55 61.61 73.18 67.92 4 400 676
1982 140,067,000 2,328,044 1,504,200 823,844 16.6 10.7 5.9 1.96 1,76 2,63 62.24 73.64 68.38 4 462 825
1983 141,056,000 2,478,322 1,563,995 914,327 17.6 11.1 6.5 2.11 1,89 2,76 62.15 73.41 68.15 4 317 729
1984 142,061,000 2,409,614 1,650,866 758,748 17.0 11.6 5.3 2.06 1,86 2,69 61.71 72.96 67.67 4 361 959
1985 143,033,000 2,375,147 1,625,266 749,881 16.6 11.4 5.2 2.05 1,87 2,68 62.72 73.23 68.33 4 552 443
1986 144,156,000 2,485,915 1,497,975 987,940 17.2 10.4 6.9 2.18 1,98 2,83 64.77 74.22 69.95 4 579 400
1987 145,386,000 2,499,974 1,531,585 968,389 17.2 10.5 6.7 2.23 2,04 2,88 64.83 74.26 69.96 4 385 627
1988 146,505,000 2,348,494 1,569,112 779,382 16.0 10.7 5.3 2.14 1,96 2,80 64.61 74.25 69.81 4 608 953
1989 147,342,000 2,160,559 1,583,743 576,816 14.7 10.7 3.9 2.02 1,83 2,75 64.20 74.50 69.73 4 427 713
1990 147,969,000 1,988,858 1,655,993 332,865 13.4 11.2 2.3 1.89 1.70 2.60 63.76 74.32 69.36 4 103 425
1991 148,394,000 1,794,626 1,690,657 103,969 12.1 11.4 0.7 1.73 1.53 2.45 63.41 74.23 69.11 3 608 421
1992 148,538,000 1,587,644 1,807,441 -219,797 10.7 12.2 -1.5 1.55 1.35 2.22 61.96 73.71 67.98 4 436 695
1993 148,459,000 1,378,983 2,129,339 -750,356 9.3 14.3 -5.1 1.37 1.20 1.95 58.80 71.85 65.24 3 243 957
1994 148,408,000 1,408,159 2,301,366 -893,207 9.5 15.5 -6.0 1.39 1.24 1.92 57.38 71.07 63.93 3 060 237
1995 148,376,000 1,363,806 2,203,811 -840,005 9.2 14.9 -5.7 1.34 1.19 1.82 58.11 71.60 64.62 2 766 362
1996 148,160,000 1,304,638 2,082,249 -777,611 8.8 14.1 -5.2 1.27 1.14 1.71 59.61 72.41 65.89 2 652 038
1997 147,915,000 1,259,943 2,015,779 -755,836 8.5 13.6 -5.1 1.22 1.10 1.62 60.84 72.85 66.79 2 498 716
1998 147,671,000 1,283,292 1,988,744 -705,452 8.7 13.5 -4.8 1.23 1.11 1.64 61.19 73.12 67.14 2 346 138
1999 147,215,000 1,214,689 2,144,316 -929,627 8.3 14.6 -6.3 1.16 1.04 1.53 59.86 72.42 65.99 2 181 153
2000 146,597,000 1,266,800 2,225,332 -958,532 8.6 15.2 -6.5 1.20 1.09 1.55 58.99 72.25 65.38 2 138 800
2001 145,976,000 1,311,604 2,254,856 -943,252 9.0 15.4 -6.5 1.22 1.12 1.56 58.88 72.16 65.30 2 114 700
2002 145,306,000 1,396,967 2,332,272 -935,305 9.6 16.1 -6.4 1.29 1.19 1.63 58.63 71.89 65.02 1 944 481
2003 144,566,000 1,477,301 2,365,826 -888,525 10.2 16.4 -6.1 1.32 1.22 1.67 58.50 71.84 64.92 1 864 647
2004 143,821,000 1,502,477 2,295,402 -792,925 10.4 16.0 -5.5 1.34 1.25 1.66 58.85 72.31 65.30 1 797 567
2005 143,114,000 1,457,376 2,303,935 -846,559 10.2 16.1 -5.9 1.29 1.20 1.59 58.85 72.41 65.33 1 675 693
2006 142,487,000 1,479,637 2,166,703 -687,066 10.4 15.2 -4.8 1.30 1.20 1.61 60.33 73.24 66.65 1 582 398
2007 142,115,000 1,610,122 2,080,445 -470,323 11.3 14.6 -3.3 1.41 1.28 1.80 61.33 73.90 67.59 1 479 010
2008 141,956,000 1,713,947 2,075,954 -362,007 12.1 14.6 -2.6 1.49 1.37 1.89 61.78 74.18 67.98 1 385 600
2009 141,909,000 1,761,687 2,010,543 -248,856 12.4 14.2 -1.8 1.54 1.42 1.90 62.73 74.70 68.79 1 292 389
2010 142,938,285 1,789,623 2,030,963 -241,340 12.5 14.2 -1.7 1.59 62.95 74.79 68.93 1 186 108
2011 142,960,908 1,796,629 1,925,720 -129,091 12,6 13,5 -0.9 1.61 64.3 76.1 70.3 989 375
2012 143,200,000

Note: The population size during 2003-2011 was not yet adjusted to the results of the 2010 census.

Total fertility rates

Changes in the TFR since 1990.

In 1990, just prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia's total fertility rate (TFR) stood at 1.89. Fertility rates had already begun to decline in the late 80s due to the natural progression of Russia's demographic structure, but the rapid and widely negative changes in society following the collapse greatly influenced the rate of decline.[35] The TFR hit an historic low of 1.16 in 1999 and has since begun to rise again, reaching 1.59 in 2010 (growth of 37%).[36] The only federal subject of Russia to see a decline in fertility since 1999 is Ingushetia, where the TFR has fallen by 20% from 2.44 to 1.97 as of 2009.[37]

In 2009, 8 of Russia's federal subjects had a TFR above 2.1 children per woman (the approximate minimum required to ensure population replacement). These federal subjects are Chechnya (3.38), Tyva (2.81), Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug (2.73), Agin-Buryat Okrug (2.63), Komi-Permyak (2.16), Evenk Okrug (2.58), Altai Republic (2.36), Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.1). Of these federal subjects, four have an ethnic Russian majority (Altai, Evenk, Ust-Orda and Nenets).[37][38]

Until 2010, the Russian republic of Chechenya was the region having highest birth rate in the former USSR (excluding Central Asia). However in 2011, the Armenian province of Qashatagh overtook it (28.9 vs 29.3 per 1,000).[39]

In 2010, The average number of children born to women has decreased from 1513 to 1000 women from 2002 to 1469 in 2010 in urban areas the figure was 1328 children (2002 - 1350), and in the village - 1876 (in 2002. - 1993 ).

File:Odin horošo dva lučše.jpg
A poster in Cheboksary, Chuvashia encouraging families to have more children. Text reads "Один ребёнок - хорошо, два лучше!" One child is good, two are better!.

In recent years the percentage of children per woman 16 years or more were:

Year : 2002-2010

1 child : 30.5%-31.2%

2 children : 33.7%-34.4%

3 children : 8.9%-8.7%

4 or more children : 5.2%-4.2%

no children : 21.7%-21.5%

Note that despite a decrease in women who have not had children, the number of three-child and large families has declined between 2002 and 2010.

In every region in Russia rural areas reported higher TFR compared to urban areas. In most of the federal subjects in Siberia and the Russian Far East, the total fertility rates were high, but not high enough to ensure population replacement. For example, Zabaykalsky Krai had a TFR of 1.82, which is higher than the national average, but less than the 2.1 needed for population replacement.[37]

Compared to other G8 countries, in 2011, Russian TFR of 1.61 children/ woman[40] was lower than that of  France (2.01), the  USA (1.93), the  UK (1.92). Yet it approximately equals to the TFR of  Canada (1.57), and is higher than in other G8 countries:  Germany (1.36),  Japan (1.39), and  Italy (1.40).

Compared to other most populous nations, Russia has a lower TFR than  Nigeria (5.7),  Pakistan (3.5),  India (2.6),  Indonesia (2.3), the USA (1.9),  Brazil (1.9), and higher TFR than  China (1.5).

Compared to its neighbors, in 2011 Russia has a lower TFR than  Kazakhstan (2,67),  Mongolia (2,22),  Azerbaijan (2,03),  Norway (1,95), North Korea (1,94),  Finland (1,87). Russian TFR is close to the Chinese one, and is higher than in  Estonia (1,55),  Lithuania (1,54),  Belarus (1,49),  Georgia (1,46),[41]  Ukraine (1,44),  Poland (1,38) and  Latvia (1,17).

See also: List of countries by fertility rate

Health

Main article: Health in Russia

Life expectancy

Russian male and female life expectancy since 1950.[42][43]

total population: 70.3 years[29]
male: 64.3 years
female: 76.1 years (2011)[44]

The difference (women live in Russia 9–12 years longer than men) is one of the biggest in the world. The average difference in the world is 5 years. Alcoholism among men is believed to explain much of the large difference in Russia.[45] As of 2011, the average life expectancy in Russia was 64.3 years for males and 76.1 years for females.[44] In the late 1950s, the USSR claimed a higher life expectancy than the United States,[46] but the Soviet Union has lagged behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s. The life expectancy was about 70 in 1986,[47] prior to the transition-induced disruption of the healthcare system. The turmoil in the early 1990s caused life expectancy in Russia to steadily decrease while it was steadily increasing in the rest of the world. Recently however, Russian life expectancy has again begun to rise. Between 2006—2011 the male life expectancy in Russia rose by almost four years, increasing the overall life expectancy by nearly 4 years to 70.3.[44]

Mortality

In 2010, 1,140,368, or 56% of all deaths in Russia were caused by cardiovascular disease. The second leading cause of death was cancer which claimed 292,310 lives (14.3%). External causes of death such as suicide (1.7%), road accidents (1.4%), murders (0.9%), accidental alcohol poisoning (0.7%), and accidental drowning (0.5%), claimed 206,336 lives in total (10.2%). Other major causes of death were diseases of the digestive system (4.5%), respiratory disease (3.6%), infectious and parasitic diseases (1.6%), and tuberculosis (1.1%).[48] The infant mortality rate in 2010 was 7.5 deaths per 1,000 (down from 8.2 in 2009 and 16.9 in 1999).[49][50]

Under-five mortality rate

13 deaths/1,000 live births (2008)[51]

Abortions and Family Planning

Main article: Abortion in Russia

In the 1980s only 8–10% of married Russian women of reproductive age used hormonal and intrauterine contraception methods, compared to 20–40% in developed countries. This led to much higher abortion rates in Russia compared to developed countries: in the 1980s Russia had a figure of 120 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age compared with only 20 per 1,000 in Western countries. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union many changes took place, such as the demonopolization of the market for contraceptive drugs and media liberalization, which led to a rapid conversion to more efficient pregnancy control practices. Abortion rates fell in the first half of the 1990s for the first time in Russia's history, even despite declining fertility rates. From the early 1990s to 2006, the number of expected abortions per women during her lifetime fell by nearly 2.5 times, from 3.4 to 1.2. As of 2004, the share of women of reproductive age using hormonal or intrauterine birth control methods was about 46% (29% intrauterine, 17% hormonal).[52]

Despite clear progress in family planning, the target of desired children at the desired time for a large portion of Russian families has not yet been achieved. According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired". The share of unexpected pregnancies remains much lower in countries with developed family planning culture, such as the Netherlands, whose percentage of unwanted pregnancies 20 years ago was half of that in Russia today.[52]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic Russians as a percentage of the population by region (2010)
Main article: Ethnic groups in Russia
Further information: List of indigenous peoples of Russia

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2010 census, 80.9% of the population that disclosed their ethnicity (111,016,896 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):[8][9]

It is important to note that in the 2010 Census, almost 6 million people (about 4% of the overall population.) did not declare any ethnic origin, compared to about 1 million in the 2002 Census. This is due to the fact that those people were counted from administrative databases and not directly, and were therefore unable to state their ethnicity.[8][10] Therefore, the percentages mentioned above are taken from the total population that declared their ethnicity, given that the non-declared remainder is thought to have an ethnic composition similar to the declared segment.[11]

Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group. The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicities resolved by the 2010 census, grouped by language:[8]

Census of 2010
Census of 2002
Decrease in the European population of Russia between 2002 and 2010. Especially noticeable in the region around Moscow, Leningrad, Khabarovsk, HMAO, and Samara.

Historical perspective[53]

International migration to and from Russia since 1998.
  Arrivals
  Departures
  Net migration growth

The ethno-demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. During the past century the most striking change is the fast increase of the peoples from the Caucasus. In 1926, these peoples composed 2% of the Russian population, compared to 6.5% in 2010. Though low in absolute numbers, the Siberian peoples also increased during the past century, but their growth was mainly realized after WW II (from 0.7% in 1959 to 1.2% in 2010) and not applicable to most of the small peoples (less than 10,000 people).

Peoples of European Russia

The relative proportion of the peoples of European Russia gradually decreased during the past century, but still compose 91% of the total population of Russia in 2010. The absolute numbers of most of these peoples reached its highest level in the beginning of the 1990s. Since 1992, natural growth in Russia has been negative and the numbers of all peoples of European Russia were lower in 2010 than in 2002, the only exceptions being the Roma (high fertility rates) and the Gagauz. Several peoples saw a much larger decrease than can be explained by the low fertility rates and high mortality rates in Russia during the past two decades. Emigration and assimilation contributed to the decrease in numbers of many peoples. Emigration was the most important factor for Germans, Jews and Baltic peoples (Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians). The number of Germans halved between 1959 and 2010. Their main country of destination is Germany. The number of Jews decreased by more than 80% between 1959 and 2010. In 1970, the Soviet Union had the third largest population of Jews in the world, (2,183,000 of whom 808,000 with residence in Russia), following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2010, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 158,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. The main destinations of emigrants from Russia are the USA (Jews, Belarussians, Chechens, Meskhetian Turks, Ukrainians and others), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Poland (Poles), Canada (Finns and Ukrainians), Finland (Finns), France (Jews and Armenians) and the United Kingdom (mainly rich Russians).[citation needed]

Assimilation (i.e., marrying Russians and having children of such unions counted as Russians) explains the decrease in numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians and most of the Uralic peoples. The assimilation is reflected in the high median age of these peoples (see the table below), as assimilation is stronger among young people than among old people. The process of assimilation of the Uralic peoples of Russia is probably going on for centuries and is most prominent among the Mordvins (1.4% of the Russian population in 1926 and 0.5% in 2010), the Karelians, Veps and Izhorians. Assimilation on the other hand slowed down the decrease of the number of ethnic Russians. Besides, the decrease of the number of Russians was also slowed down by the immigration of ethnic Russians from the former Soviet republics, especially Central Asia. Similarly, the numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews, and other non-autochthonous ethnic groups has also been decreased by emigration to Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Israel, and so forth, respectively.

Peoples of European Russia in the Russian Federation, 1926-2010
Ethnic
group 		Language
family 		1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Russians Indo-European 72,374,283 78.1% 89,747,795 82.9% 97,863,579 83.3% 107,747,630 82.8% 113,521,881 82.6% 119,865,469 81.5% 115,889,107 80.6% 111,016,896 80.8%
Tatars Turkic 2,926,053 3.2% 3,682,956 3.4% 4,074,253 3.5% 4,577,061 3.5% 5,055,757 3.6% 5,522,096 3.8% 5,554,601 3.9% 5,310,649 3.9%
Ukrainians Indo-European 6,870,976 7.4% 3,205,061 3.0% 3,359,083 2.9% 3,345,885 2.6% 3,657,647 2.7% 4,362,872 3.0% 2,942,961 2.0% 1,927,888 1.4%
Bashkirs Turkic 738,861 0.80% 824,537 0.76% 953,801 0.81% 1,180,913 0.91% 1,290,994 0.94% 1,345,273 0.92% 1,673,389 1.16% 1,584,554 1.15%
Chuvashs Turkic 1,112,478 1.20% 1,346,232 1.24% 1,436,218 1.22% 1,637,028 1.26% 1,689,847 1.23% 1,773645, 1.21% 1,637,094 1.14% 1,435,872 1.05%
Mordvins Uralic 1,306,798 1.41% 1,375,558 1.27% 1,211,105 1.03% 1,177,492 0.91% 1,111,075 0.81% 1,072,939 0.73% 843,350 0.59% 744,237 0.54%
Udmurts Uralic 503,970 0.54% 599,893 0.55% 615,640 0.52% 678,393 0.52% 685,718 0.50% 714,883 0.49% 636,906 0.45% 552,299 0.40%
Besermyan Uralic 10,035 0.01% 3,122 0.00% 2,201 0.00%
Mari Uralic 427,874 0.46% 476,314 0.44% 498,066 0.42% 581,082 0.45% 599,637 0.44% 643,698 0.44% 604,298 0.42% 547,605 0.40%
Belarusians Indo-European 607,845 0.66% 451,933 0.42% 843,985 0.72% 964,082 0.74% 1,051,900 0.77% 1,206,222 0.82% 807,970 0.56% 521,443 0.38%
Germans Indo-European 707,277 0.76% 811,205 0.75% 820,016 0.70% 761,888 0.59% 790,762 0.58% 842,295 0.57% 597,212 0.42% 394,138 0.29%
Komi Uralic 226,012 0.24% 415,009 0.38% 281,780 0.24% 315,347 0.24% 320,078 0.23% 336,309 0.23% 293,406 0.20% 228,235 0.17%
Komi-Permyak Uralic 149,275 0.16% 143,030 0.12% 150,244 0.12% 145,993 0.11% 147,269 0.10% 125,235 0.09% 94,456 0.07%
Roma Indo-European 39,089 0.04% 59,198 0.05% 72,488 0.06% 97,955 0.08% 120,672 0.09% 152,939 0.10% 183,252 0.13% 205,007 0.15%
Jews Semitic 539,086 0.58% 891,147 0.82% 875,058 0.74% 807,526 0.62% 699,286 0.51% 550,709 0.37% 233,439 0.16% 157,673 0.11%
Moldovans Indo-European 16,870 0.02% 21,974 0.02% 62,298 0.05% 87,538 0.07% 102,137 0.07% 172,671 0.12% 172,330 0.12% 156,400 0.11%
Karelians Uralic 248,017 0.27% 249,778 0.23% 164,050 0.14% 141,148 0.11% 133,182 0.10% 124,921 0.08% 93,344 0.06% 60,815 0.04%
Poles Indo-European 189,269 0.20% 142,461 0.13% 118,422 0.10% 107,084 0.08% 99,733 0.07% 94,594 0.06% 73,001 0.05% 47,125 0.03%
Lithuanians Indo-European 26,128 0.03% 20,795 0.02% 108,579 0.09% 76,718 0.06% 66,783 0.05% 70,427 0.05% 45,569 0.03% 31,377 0.02%
Bulgarians Indo-European 4,087 0.00% 8,338 0.01% 24,899 0.02% 27,321 0.02% 24,943 0.02% 32,785 0.02% 31,965 0.02% 24,038 0.02%
Finns Uralic 134,089 0.14% 138,962 0.13% 72,356 0.06% 62,307 0.05% 55,687 0.04% 47,102 0.03% 34,050 0.02% 20,267 0.01%
Latvians Indo-European 124,312 0.13% 104,877 0.10% 74,932 0.06% 59,695 0.05% 67,267 0.05% 46,829 0.03% 28,520 0.02% 18,979 0.01%
Estonians Uralic 146,051 0.16% 130,494 0.12% 78,556 0.07% 62,980 0.05% 55,539 0.04% 46,390 0.03% 28,113 0.02% 17,875 0.01%
Gagauz Turkic 0 0.00% 0.00% 3,012 0.00% 3,704 0.00% 4,176 0.00% 10,051 0.01% 12,210 0.01% 13,690 0.01%
Veps Uralic 32,783 0.04% 31,442 0.03% 16,170 0.01% 8,057 0.01% 7,550 0.01% 12,142 0.01% 8,240 0.01% 5,936 0.00%
Sami Uralic 1,715 0.00% 1,828 0.00% 1,760 0.00% 1,836 0.00% 1,775 0.00% 1,835 0.00% 1,991 0.00% 1,771 0.00%
Izhorians Uralic 16,136 0.02% 7,720 0.01% 564 0.00% 561 0.00% 449 0.00% 449 0.00% 327 0.00% 266 0.00%
Karaim Turkic 1,608 0.00% 0.00% 1,608 0.00% 1,236 0.00% 939 0.00% 680 0.00% 366 0.00% 205 0.00%

Peoples of the Caucasus

Peoples of the Kaukasus in the Russian Federation, 1926-2010
Ethnic
group 		Language
family 		1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Chechens Northeast Caucasian 318,361 0.34% 400,325 0.37% 261,311 0.22% 572,220 0.44% 712,161 0.52% 898,999 0.61% 1,360,253 0.95% 1,431,360 1.04%
Armenians Indo-European 183,785 0.20% 205,233 0.19% 255,978 0.22% 298,718 0.23% 364,570 0.27% 532,390 0.36% 1,132,033 0.79% 1,184,435 0.86%
Avars Northeast Caucasian 178,263 0.19% 235,715 0.22% 249,529 0.21% 361,613 0.28% 438,306 0.32% 544,016 0.37% 814,473 0.57% 912,090 0.66%
Azerbaijani Turkic 24,335 0.03% 43,014 0.04% 70,947 0.06% 95,689 0.07% 152,421 0.11% 335,889 0.23% 621,840 0.43% 603,070 0.44%
Dargins Northeast Caucasian 125,759 0.14% 152,007 0.14% 152,563 0.13% 224,172 0.17% 280,444 0.20% 353,348 0.24% 510,156 0.35% 589,396 0.43%
Ossetians Indo-European 157,280 0.17% 195,624 0.18% 247,834 0.21% 313,458 0.24% 352,080 0.26% 402,275 0.27% 514,875 0.36% 528,515 0.38%
Kabardins Northwest Caucasian 139,864 0.15% 161,216 0.15% 200,634 0.17% 277,435 0.21% 318,822 0.23% 386,055 0.26% 519,958 0.36% 516,826 0.38%
Kumyks Turkic 94,509 0.10% 110,299 0.10% 132,896 0.11% 186,690 0.14% 225,800 0.16% 277,163 0.19% 422,409 0.29% 503,060 0.37%
Lezgians Northeast Caucasian 92,937 0.10% 100,328 0.09% 114,210 0.10% 170,494 0.13% 202,854 0.15% 257,270 0.17% 411,535 0.29% 473,722 0.34%
Ingush Northeast Caucasian 72,137 0.08% 90,980 0.08% 55,799 0.05% 137,380 0.11% 165,997 0.12% 215,068 0.15% 413,016 0.29% 444,833 0.32%
Karachays Turkic 55,116 0.06% 74,488 0.07% 70,537 0.06% 106,831 0.08% 125,792 0.09% 150,332 0.10% 192,182 0.13% 218,403 0.16%
Kalmyks Mongolic 128,809 0.14% 129,786 0.12% 100,603 0.09% 131,318 0.10% 140,103 0.10% 165,103 0.11% 174,000 0.12% 183,372 0.13%
Laks Northeast Caucasian 40,243 0.04% 54,348 0.05% 58,397 0.05% 78,625 0.06% 91,412 0.07% 106,245 0.07% 156,545 0.11% 178,630 0.13%
Georgians South Caucasian 20,551 0.02% 43,585 0.04% 57,594 0.05% 68,971 0.05% 89,407 0.07% 130,688 0.09% 197,934 0.14% 157,803 0.11%
Tabasarans Northeast Caucasian 31,983 0.03% 33,471 0.03% 34,288 0.03% 54,047 0.04% 73,433 0.05% 93,587 0.06% 131,785 0.09% 146,360 0.11%
Adyghe Northwest Caucasian 64,959 0.07% 85,588 0.08% 78,561 0.07% 98,461 0.08% 107,239 0.08% 122,908 0.08% 128,528 0.09% 124,835 0.09%
Shapsugs Northwest Caucasian 3,231 0.00% 3,882 0.00%
Circassians Northwest Caucasian 28,986 0.02% 38,356 0.03% 44,572 0.03% 50,572 0.03% 60,517 0.04% 73,184 0.05%
Balkars Turkic 33,298 0.04% 41,949 0.04% 35,249 0.03% 52,969 0.04% 61,828 0.04% 78,341 0.05% 108,426 0.08% 112,924 0.08%
Turks Turkic 1,846 0.00% 2,668 0.00% 1,377 0.00% 1,568 0.00% 3,561 0.00% 9,890 0.01% 92,415 0.06% 105,058 0.08%
Meskhetian Turks Turkic 3,527 0.00% 4,825 0.00%
Nogais Turkic 36,089 0.04% 36,088 0.03% 37,656 0.03% 51,159 0.04% 58,639 0.04% 73,703 0.05% 90,666 0.06% 103,660 0.08%
Greeks Indo-European 34,439 0.04% 65,705 0.06% 47,024 0.04% 57,847 0.04% 69,816 0.05% 91,699 0.06% 97,827 0.07% 85,640 0.06%
Kurds Indo-European 164 0.00% 387 0.00% 855 0.00% 1,015 0.00% 1,634 0.00% 4,724 0.00% 19,607 0.01% 23,232 0.01%
Yazidis Indo-European 1 0.00% 31,273 0.02% 40,586 0.03%
Abazas Northwest Caucasian 13,825 0.01% 14,739 0.01% 19,059 0.02% 24,892 0.02% 28,800 0.02% 32,983 0.02% 37,942 0.03% 43,341 0.03%
Rutuls Northeast Caucasian 10,333 0.01% 20,962 0.02% 6,703 0.01% 11,904 0.01% 14,835 0.01% 19,503 0.01% 29,929 0.02% 35,240 0.03%
Aghuls Northeast Caucasian 7,653 0.01% 6,460 0.01% 8,751 0.01% 11,752 0.01% 17,728 0.01% 28,297 0.02% 34,160 0.02%
Tsakhurs Northeast Caucasian 3,533 0.00% 4,437 0.00% 4,730 0.00% 4,774 0.00% 6,492 0.00% 10,366 0.01% 12,769 0.01%
Udis Northeast Caucasian 2 0.00% 35 0.00% 94 0.00% 216 0.00% 1,102 0.00% 3,721 0.00% 4,267 0.00%
Abkhaz Northwest Caucasian 97 0.00% 647 0.00% 1,400 0.00% 2,427 0.00% 4,058 0.00% 7,239 0.00% 11,366 0.01% 11,249 0.01%
Assyrians Semitic 2,791 0.00% 7,446 0.01% 7,612 0.01% 8,098 0.01% 8,708 0.01% 9,622 0.01% 13,649 0.01% 11,084 0.01%
Persians Indo-European 8,626 0.01% 6,041 0.01% 2,490 0.00% 2,548 0.00% 1,747 0.00% 2,572 0.00% 3,821 0.00% 3,696 0.00%
Talysh Indo-European 0 0.00% 47 0.00% 33 0.00% % 2 0.00% 202 0.00% 2,548 0.00% 2,529 0.00%
Tats Indo-European 223 0.00% 5,136 0.00% 8,753 0.01% 12,748 0.01% 19,420 0.01% 2,303 0.00% 1,585 0.00%

Peoples of Siberia

Peoples of Siberia in the Russian Federation, 1926-2010
Ethnic
group 		Language
family 		1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Sakha Turkic 240,682 0.26% 241,870 0.22% 236,125 0.20% 295,223 0.23% 326,531 0.24% 380,242 0.26% 443,852 0.31% 478,085 0.35%
Dolgans Turkic 656 0.00% 4,718 0.00% 4,911 0.00% 6,584 0.00% 7,261 0.01% 7,885 0.01%
Buryats Mongolic 237,490 0.26% 220,618 0.20% 251,504 0.21% 312,847 0.24% 349,760 0.25% 417,425 0.28% 445,175 0.31% 461,389 0.34%
Soyots Mongolic 229 0.00% 2,769 0.00% 3,608 0.00%
Tuvans Turkic 200 0.00% 794 0.00% 99,864 0.08% 139,013 0.11% 165,426 0.12% 206,160 0.14% 243,442 0.17% 263,934 0.19%
Altay peoples Turkic 52,248 0.06% 46,489 0.04% 44,654 0.04% 54,614 0.04% 58,879 0.04% 69,409 0.05% 77,822 0.05% 89,773 0.06%
Khakas Turkic 45,607 0.05% 52,033 0.05% 56,032 0.05% 65,368 0.05% 69,247 0.05% 78,500 0.05% 76,278 0.05% 73,314 0.05%
Nenets Uralic 17,560 0.02% 24,716 0.02% 22,845 0.02% 28,487 0.02% 29,487 0.02% 34,190 0.02% 41,302 0.03% 44,640 0.03%
Enets Uralic 198 0.00% 237 0.00% 227 0.00%
Nganasans Uralic 721 0.00% 823 0.00% 842 0.00% 1,262 0.00% 834 0.00% 862 0.00%
Evenks Tungusic 38,804 0.03% 29,599 0.02% 24,583 0.02% 25,051 0.02% 27,278 0.02% 29,901 0.02% 35,527 0.02% 38,396 0.03%
Khanty Uralic 22,301 0.02% 18,447 0.02% 19,246 0.02% 21,007 0.02% 20,743 0.02% 22,283 0.02% 28,678 0.02% 30,943 0.02%
Evens Tungusic 2,044 0.00% 9,674 0.01% 9,023 0.01% 11,819 0.01% 12,215 0.01% 17,055 0.01% 19,071 0.01% 21,830 0.02%
Chukchi Chukotko-Kamchatkan 12,331 0.01% 13,830 0.01% 11,680 0.01% 13,500 0.01% 13,937 0.01% 15,107 0.01% 15,767 0.01% 15,098 0.01%
Kereks Chukotko-Kamchatkan 8 0.00% 4 0.00%
Chuvans Chukotko-Kamchatkan 704 0.00% 1,384 0.00% 1,087 0.00% 1,002 0.00%
Shors Turkic 13,000 0.01% 16,042 0.01% 14,938 0.01% 15,950 0.01% 15,182 0.01% 15,745 0.01% 13,975 0.01% 12,888 0.01%
Mansi Uralic 5,754 0.01% 6,295 0.01% 6,318 0.01% 7,609 0.01% 7,434 0.01% 8,279 0.01% 11,432 0.01% 12,269 0.01%
Nanais Tungusic 5,860 0.01% 8,411 0.01% 7,919 0.01% 9,911 0.01% 10,357 0.01% 11,883 0.01% 12,160 0.01% 12,003 0.01%
Koryaks Chukotko-Kamchatkan 7,437 0.01% 7,337 0.01% 6,168 0.01% 7,367 0.01% 7,637 0.01% 8,942 0.01% 8,743 0.01% 7,953 0.01%
Nivkh Nivkh 4,076 0.00% 3,857 0.00% 3,690 0.00% 4,356 0.00% 4,366 0.00% 4,631 0.00% 5,162 0.00% 4,652 0.00%
Selkups Uralic 1,630 0.00% 2,604 0.00% 3,704 0.00% 4,249 0.00% 3,518 0.00% 3,564 0.00% 4,249 0.00% 3,649 0.00%
Udege Tungusic 1,357 0.00% 1,701 0.00% 1,395 0.00% 1,396 0.00% 1,431 0.00% 1,902 0.00% 1,657 0.00% 1,496 0.00%
Taz Tungusic 276 0.00% 274 0.00%
Itelmeni Chukotko-Kamchatkan 803 0.00% 11,824 0.01% 1,096 0.00% 1,255 0.00% 1,335 0.00% 2,429 0.00% 3,180 0.00% 3,193 0.00%
Ulchs Tungusic 723 0.00% 2,049 0.00% 2,410 0.00% 2,494 0.00% 3,173 0.00% 2,913 0.00% 2,765 0.00%
Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut 1,292 0.00% 1,111 0.00% 1,265 0.00% 1,460 0.00% 1,704 0.00% 1,750 0.00% 1,738 0.00%
Yukaghir Yukaghir 443 0.00% 440 0.00% 593 0.00% 801 0.00% 1,112 0.00% 1,509 0.00% 1,603 0.00%
Ket Yeniseian 1,428 0.00% 1,017 0.00% 1,161 0.00% 1,072 0.00% 1,084 0.00% 1,494 0.00% 1,219 0.00%
Tofalars Turkic 2,828 0.00% 476 0.00% 570 0.00% 576 0.00% 722 0.00% 837 0.00% 762 0.00%
Orochs Tungusic 646 0.00% 779 0.00% 1,037 0.00% 1,040 0.00% 883 0.00% 686 0.00% 596 0.00%
Oroks Tungusic 162 0.00% 2 0.00% 179 0.00% 346 0.00% 295 0.00%
Negidals Tungusic 683 0.00% 495 0.00% 477 0.00% 587 0.00% 567 0.00% 513 0.00%
Aleut Eskimo-Aleut 353 0.00% 399 0.00% 410 0.00% 489 0.00% 644 0.00% 540 0.00% 482 0.00%

Foreign population

Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, close to 300,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. There is a significant inflow of ethnic Armenians, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz and Tajiks into big Russian cities, something that is viewed unfavorably by some citizens.[54] In addition, there are an estimated 4 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.[55]

The Kazakhs in Russia are mostly not recent immigrants. The majority inhabit regions bordering Kazakhstan such as the Astrakhan (16% of the population are Kazakhs), Orenburg (6% of the population are Kazakhs), Omsk (4% of the population are Kazakhs) and Saratov (3% of the population are Kazakhs) oblasts. Together these oblasts host 60% of the Kazakh population in Russia. The number of Kazakhs slightly decreased between 2002 and 2010 due to emigration to Kazakhstan, which has by far the strongest economy in Central Asia; other Central Asian populations (especially Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Kyrgyz) have continued to rise rapidly.

Peoples of Central Asia in the Russian Federation, 1926-2010
Ethnic
group 		Language
family 		1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Kazakhs Turkic 136,501 0.15% 356,500 0.33% 382,431 0.33% 477,820 0.37% 518,060 0.38% 635,865 0.43% 653,962 0.46% 647,732 0.47%
Uzbeks Turkic 942 0.00% 16,166 0.01% 29,512 0.03% 61,588 0.05% 72,385 0.05% 126,899 0.09% 122,916 0.09% 289,862 0.21%
Tajiks Indo-European 52 0.00% 3,315 0.00% 7,027 0.01% 14,108 0.01% 17,863 0.01% 38,208 0.03% 120,136 0.08% 200,666 0.15%
Kyrgyz Turkic 285 0.00% 6,311 0.01% 4,701 0.00% 9,107 0.01% 15,011 0.01% 41,734 0.03% 31,808 0.02% 103,422 0.08%
Turkmens Turkic 7,849 0.01% 12,869 0.01% 11,631 0.01% 20,040 0.02% 22,979 0.02% 39,739 0.03% 33,053 0.02% 36,885 0.03%
Uygurs Turkic 26 0.00% 642 0.00% 720 0.00% 1,513 0.00% 1,707 0.00% 2,577 0.00% 2,867 0.00% 3,696 0.00%
Karakalpaks Turkic 14 0.00% 306 0.00% 988 0.00% 2,267 0.00% 1,743 0.00% 6,155 0.00% 1,609 0.00% 1,466 0.00%
  • Ethnic map of Russia, 1989
    Ethnic map of Russia, 1989
  • Ethnic map of Russia, 2010
    Ethnic map of Russia, 2010

Median age and fertility

Median ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups.

Median ages are strongly correlated with fertility rates, ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age – Ingush – women 35 or older had, on average, 4.05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age – Jews – women 35 or older averaged only 1.37 children.[56] Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of Jewish emigration.[citation needed]

Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37.6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census.[citation needed] The most noticeable trend in the past couple of decades is the convergence of birth rates between minorities (including Muslim minorities) and the Russian majority.[citation needed]

The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census.[57]

Ethnic
Group 		Median
Age 		Male
 Female
 Urban
 Urban
M 		Urban
F 		Rural
 Rural
M 		Rural
F 		Children
/ woman
(15+) 		Children
/ woman
(35+) 		Predominant
religion
Russian 37.6 34.0 40.5 37.1 33.5 40.1 39.0 35.7 41.7 1.446 1.828 Christianity
Tatar 37.7 35.3 39.6 37.2 34.7 39.1 38.8 36.5 41.1 1.711 2.204 Islam
Ukrainian 45.9 44.7 47.3 45.6 44.5 46.8 47.0 45.2 49.0 1.726 1.946 Christianity
Bashkir 34.2 32.1 36.2 32.9 30.6 34.7 35.4 33.3 37.6 1.969 2.658 Islam
Chuvash 38.6 36.4 40.4 37.9 36.3 39.1 39.4 36.5 42.5 1.884 2.379 Christianity
Chechen 22.8 22.1 23.5 22.9 22.5 23.4 22.7 21.9 23.5 2.163 3.456 Islam
Armenian 32.8 33.4 32.0 33.0 33.7 32.2 32.1 32.6 31.5 1.68 2.225 Christianity
Mordvin 44.4 42.1 46.9 44.2 42.3 45.9 44.7 41.7 48.5 1.986 2.303 Christianity
Avar 24.6 23.8 25.4 23.8 23.4 24.1 25.1 24.0 26.2 2.09 3.319 Islam
Belarusian 48.0 45.9 50.2 47.7 45.8 49.6 49.1 46.1 52.4 1.765 1.941 Christianity
Kazakh/Kyrgyz 30.2 29.4 31 29.5 29 30.1 30.6 29.7 31.4 2.015 2.964 Islam
Udmurt 40.0 37.4 42.0 41.2 39.0 42.6 38.9 36.1 41.3 1.93 2.378 Christianity
Azerbaijani 29.5 31.9 24.6 30.0 32.3 24.7 26.5 28.7 24.1 1.83 2.619 Islam
Mari 36.7 34.5 38.5 36.4 34.6 37.7 36.9 34.5 39.3 1.917 2.493 Christianity
German 39.7 38.2 41.2 39.6 38.0 41.0 40.0 38.4 41.4 1.864 2.443 Christianity
Kabardin 28.2 27.1 29.3 28.8 27.4 30.2 27.7 26.9 28.4 1.799 2.654 Islam
Ossetian 34.1 32.5 35.7 34.0 32.2 35.7 34.4 33.2 35.6 1.665 2.267 Christianity
Dargwa 24.6 23.9 25.3 24.3 23.8 24.8 24.8 24.0 25.6 2.162 3.476 Islam
Buryat 28.6 26.6 30.5 27.6 25.7 29.5 29.5 27.4 31.5 1.949 2.861 Buddhism
Yakut 26.9 25.1 28.7 26.9 25.2 28.5 27.0 25.1 28.8 1.972 2.843 Christianity
Kumyk 24.6 23.7 25.4 24.8 23.9 25.6 24.4 23.5 25.2 1.977 3.123 Islam
Ingush 22.7 22.4 23.0 22.9 22.5 23.4 22.5 22.3 22.7 2.325 4.05 Islam
Lezgian 25.4 25.2 25.7 25.0 25.2 24.8 25.9 25.2 26.6 2.045 3.275 Islam
Komi 38.8 35.8 41.0 39.4 35.5 41.6 38.3 36.0 40.4 1.869 2.363 Christianity
Tuvan 23.0 21.7 24.2 22.3 21.4 23.3 23.6 22.0 25.1 1.996 3.407 Buddhism
Jewish 57.5 55.7 61.1 57.6 55.7 61.2 53.5 52.0 55.3 1.264 1.371 Judaism
Karachay 29.5 28.3 30.5 27.6 26.4 28.9 30.5 29.5 31.5 1.86 2.836 Islam
Kalmyk 31.3 29.2 33.3 28.6 26.3 31.3 33.9 32.6 35.1 1.853 2.625 Buddhism
Adyghe 34.2 32.4 36.0 32.0 30.3 33.7 36.2 34.2 38.2 1.757 2.363 Islam
Permyak 40.8 38.6 42.7 41.3 39.5 42.5 40.5 38.1 42.8 2.145 2.604 Christianity
Balkar 30.1 29.5 30.7 29.3 28.8 29.8 30.9 30.1 31.9 1.689 2.624 Islam
Karelian 45.7 42.4 48.6 44.7 41.3 47.2 47.0 43.5 51.2 1.823 2.108 Christianity
Kazakh 30.7 28.4 32.9 30.1 27.9 32.4 31.2 28.8 33.5 1.872 2.609 Islam
Altay 27.5 25.5 29.4 22.7 21.5 24.2 28.9 26.9 30.8 2.021 2.933 Buddhism
Cherkess 31.2 30.1 32.3 29.7 28.3 30.9 32.1 31.1 33.3 1.807 2.607 Islam

Languages

Main article: Languages of Russia

Russian is the common official language throughout Russia understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages (see their respective articles). There are more than 100 languages spoken in Russia, many of which are in danger of extinction.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Russia
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow
Qolsharif Mosque, Kazan

The most widespread religion in Russia is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, represented by the Russian Orthodox Church. A survey by ВЦИОМ in 2010 (with a 3.4% margin of error) found that 73% of the Russian population is Orthodox and 6% is Muslim. 1% believed in other faiths and the remainder were non-religious, or self-identified atheists or agnostics (self identified religious people and non-religious people can be atheists or agnostics). 16% of the population observed fasting during Lent.[58]

Over 80% of ethnic Russians identify themselves as Orthodox. Of these, approximately 2–4%[59] of the general population are integrated into church life (воцерковленные), while others attend on a less regular basis or not at all. Many non-religious ethnic Russians identify with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons.[60] The majority of Muslims live in the Volga–Ural region and the North Caucasus, although Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and parts of Siberia also have sizable Muslim populations.[61][59] Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include Roman Catholicism (approx. 1%), Baptists, Pentecostals, Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and Old Believers. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Krishnaism, as well. Shamanism and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.

According to the 2002 Census, 9.96% of the Russian population belongs to ethnic groups which had traditionally practiced Islam (such as Tatars, Bashkirs, Chechens and Azeris). However the actual number of Muslims is expected to be much lower than this amount, due to the existence of a large number of Christian congregations among these groups (Keräşens and Nağaybäks among Tatars, Mozdok Christians among Kabardians, etc. According to Vyacheslav Sanin, one-third of Adzharians, 25% each of Tatars and Adyghe and more than 10% of Kazakhs living in Russia practice Christianity, with many more being atheist[62]). The number of Muslims among other ethnic groups is believed to be much smaller, amounting to only a few thousand.[63] Most of the Russian sources give a figure of around 6% of the total population based on surveys,[64] while Western sources give a figure of 10% to 15%.[65] Depending on sources the population varies, Muslim population has also been estimated as high as 20 million, the Dawn newspaper of Pakistan says this value is a usual estimate.[66]

Roman Silantyev, an expert on Islam in Russia, claims that there are between 5,500 and 6,000 ethnic Slavs who are Muslim. At the same time there are more than 500,000 people of traditionally Muslim ethnicities who believe in Orthodoxy. One percent of all the adherents and over 400 priests in the Russian Orthodox Church are from Muslim ethnic groups.[63]

Education

Main article: Education in Russia

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total literacy: 99.4% (2002)
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2%[61]

Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian. Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance Tatar (1%), Yakut (0.4%) etc.[citation needed]

About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order.[67]

Labour force

The Russian labour force is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. The unemployment rate in Russia was 8.1% as of 2009. Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. However, since recovering from the 1998 economic crisis, the standard of living has been on the rise. As of 2007 about 15% of the population was living below the poverty line, compared to 40% in 1999.[68][69] The average yearly salary in Russia was $7,680 (about $13,800 PPP) as of May 2008, up from $455 per year in August 1999.[70][71]

According to the FMS, as of 2011, there were 7,000,000 immigrants working in Russia. Half of these were from Ukraine, while the remainder was mostly from Central Asia. Only 3 million or less than half of all the immigrants are legal. Illegal immigrants number 4 million, mostly from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Moldova.[55] The Census usually covers only a part of this population and the last one (2002 Census) counted one million non-citizens.

Population of main cities

 
Largest cities or towns in Russia
2024 estimate[72]
Rank Name Federal subject Pop. Rank Name Federal subject Pop.
Moscow
Moscow
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg 		1 Moscow Moscow 13,149,803 11 Rostov-on-Don Rostov Oblast 1,140,487 Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg
2 Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg 5,597,763 12 Krasnodar Krasnodar Krai 1,138,654
3 Novosibirsk Novosibirsk Oblast 1,633,851 13 Omsk Omsk Oblast 1,104,485
4 Yekaterinburg Sverdlovsk Oblast 1,536,183 14 Voronezh Voronezh Oblast 1,046,425
5 Kazan Tatarstan 1,318,604 15 Perm Perm Krai 1,026,908
6 Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk Krai 1,205,473 16 Volgograd Volgograd Oblast 1,018,898
7 Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 1,204,985 17 Saratov Saratov Oblast 887,365
8 Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk Oblast 1,177,058 18 Tyumen Tyumen Oblast 861,098
9 Ufa Bashkortostan 1,163,304 19 Tolyatti Samara Oblast 667,956
10 Samara Samara Oblast 1,158,952 20 Makhachkala Dagestan 622,091

Rural life

Rural life in Russia is distinct from many other nations. Russia is one of few nations that have small towns hundreds of kilometres from major population centres. Relatively few Russian people live in villages—rural population accounted for 26% of the total population according to the 2010 Russian Census. Some people own or rent village houses and use them as dachas (summer houses).

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Gavrilova N.S., Gavrilov L.A. Aging Populations: Russia/Eastern Europe. In: P. Uhlenberg (Editor), International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, New York: Springer-Verlag, 2009, pp. 113–131.
  • Gavrilova N.S., Semyonova V.G., Dubrovina E., Evdokushkina G.N., Ivanova A.E., Gavrilov L.A. Russian Mortality Crisis and the Quality of Vital Statistics. Population Research and Policy Review, 2008, 27: 551-574.
  • Gavrilova, N.S., Gavrilov, L.A., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina, G.N., Ivanova, A.E. 2005. Patterns of violent crime in Russia. In: Pridemore, W.A. (ed.). Ruling Russia: Law, Crime, and Justice in a Changing Society. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield Publ., Inc, 117-145
  • Gavrilova, N.S., Semyonova, V.G., Evdokushkina G.N., Gavrilov, L.A. The response of violent mortality to economic crisis in Russia. Population Research and Policy Review, 2000, 19: 397-419.
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