Demographics of Russia

Demographics of {{{place}}}
Demographics of {{{place}}}
	Population (in millions) 1950 – January 2015.
Population	146,519,759 (Official Estimate – January 2016)
Growth rate	0.19% (2014 est.)
Birth rate	13.3 births/1,000 population (2014)
Death rate	13.1 deaths/1,000 population (2014)
Life expectancy	70.9 years (2014)
• male	65.3 years
• female	76.5 years
Fertility rate	1.78 (2015)
Infant mortality rate	7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2014)
Net migration rate	1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)
Age structure
0–14 years	16.4%
15–64 years	70.5%
65 and over	13.1% (2013)
Sex ratio
Total	0.86 male(s)/female (2009)
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818)
15–64 years	0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967)
65 and over	0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896)
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian
Major ethnic	Russians
Language
Spoken	Russian, others

The demographics of Russia is about the demographic features of the population of the Russian Federation including population growth, population density, ethnic composition, education level, health, economic status and other aspects.

According to an official estimate for January 1st 2016, the population of Russia is 146,519,759.^[5]

As of 2014, Russian TFR of 1.750 children per woman^[6] was the highest in Eastern, Southern and Central Europe. In 2013, Russia experienced the first natural population growth since 1990 at 22,700 people. Taking into account immigration, the population grew by 294,500 people.^[7]

According to the 2010 census, ethnic Russian people make up 81% of the total population. This share remained steady over the last few decades.^[8]^[9] Six other ethnicities have a population exceeding 1 million – Tatars (3.9%), Ukrainians (1.4%), Bashkir (1.1%), Chuvash (1%), Chechens (1%) and Armenians (0.9%). In total, 160 different ethnic groups live within the Russian Federation's borders.

Russia's population density is 8.4 people per square kilometre (22 per square mile), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The population is most dense in the European part of the country, with milder climate, centering on Moscow and Saint Petersburg. 74% of the population is urban, making Russia a highly urbanized country. Russia is the only country in the world where more people are moving from cities to rural areas, with a deurbanisation rate of 0.2% in 2011, and it has been deurbanising since the mid-2000s.^[10]

Main trends

The population of Russia peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Low birth rates and abnormally high death rates caused Russia's population to decline at a 0.5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. The UN warned in 2005 that Russia's then population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050, if trends did not improve.^[14]^[15]

The decline slowed considerably in the late 2000s, and in 2009 Russia recorded population growth for the first time in 15 years, adding 23,300 people.^[11]^[16] Key reasons for the slow current population growth are improving health care, changing fertility patterns among younger women, falling emigration and steady influx of immigrants from ex-USSR countries. In 2012, Russia's population increased by 292,400 people.^[17]

The number of Russians living in poverty has decreased by 50% since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy had a positive impact on the country's low birth rate. The latter rose from its lowest point of 8.27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to 13.3 per 1000 in 2014. Likewise, the fertility rate rose from its lowest point of 1.157 in 1999 to 1.750 in 2014. 2007 marked the highest growth in birth rates that the country had seen in 25 years, and 2009 marked the highest total birth rate since 1991.^[18]

While the Russian birth rate is comparable to that of developed countries, its death rate is much higher, especially among working-age males due to a comparatively high rate of fatalities caused by heart disease and other external causes such as accidents. The Russian death rate in 2010 was 14.3 per 1000 citizens.

Current trends as of the mid 2010s include, growing birth rates, lower death rates and increasing migration from Ukraine.

Demographic crisis and recovery prospects

The causes for this sharp increase in mortality are widely debated. According to a 2009 report by The Lancet,^[19] a British medical journal, mass privatization, an element of the economic-reform package nicknamed shock therapy, clearly correlates with higher mortality rates. The report argues that advocates of economic reforms ignored the human cost of the policies they were promoting, such as unemployment and human suffering, leading to an early death. These conclusions were criticized by The Economist.^[20] A WHO press-release in 2000, on the other hand, reported widespread alcohol abuse in Russia being used as the most common explanation of higher men's mortality.^[21]

A 2009 study blamed alcohol for more than half the deaths (52%) among Russians aged 15 to 54 in the '90s. For the same demographic, this compares to 4% of deaths for the rest of the world. The study claimed alcohol consumption in mid-90s in Russia averaged 10.5 litres, and was based on personal interviews conducted in three Siberian industrial cities, Barnaul, Biysk and Omsk.^[22]

According to the Russian demographic publication Demoscope,^[23] the rising male death rate was a long-term trend from 1960 to 2005. The only significant reversion of the trend was caused by Mikhail Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign, but its effect was only temporary. According to the publication, the sharp rise of death rates in the early 1990s was caused by the exhaustion of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign, while the market reforms were only of secondary importance. The authors also claimed the Lancet's study is flawed because it used the 1985 death rate as the base, while that was in fact the very maximum of the effect of the anti-alcohol campaign.^[23]

Other factors contributing to the collapse, along with the economic problems, include the dying off of a relatively large cohort of people born between 1925 and 1940 (between the Russian Civil War and World War II), when Russian birth rates were very high, along with, ironically enough, an "echo boom" in the 1980s that may have satisfied the demand of women for children, leading to a subsequent drop in birth rates.

Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address.^[24] As a result, a national programme was developed with the goal to reverse the trend by 2020. Soon after, a study published in 2007 showed that the rate of population decrease had begun to slow: if the net decrease from January to August 2006 was 408,200 people, it was 196,600 in the same period in 2007. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006.^[25]

At the same time period in 2007, there were just over one million births in Russia (981,600 in 2006), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.3 times, down from 1.5 in 2006. 18 of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development expressed hope that by 2020 the population would stabilize at 138–139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present-day status of 143–145, also raising the life expectancy to 75 years.^[25]

The natural population decline continued to slow through 2008—2012 due to declining death rates and increasing birth rates. In 2009 the population saw yearly growth for the first time in 15 years.^[11]^[16] In September 2009, the Ministry of Health and Social Development reported that Russia recorded natural population growth for the first time in 15 years, with 1,000 more births than deaths in August.^[26] In April 2011 the Russian Prime Minister (Russian president as of 2012) Vladimir Putin pledged to spend the 1.5 trillion rubles (£32.5 billion or $54 billion) on various measures to boost Russia's declining birthrate by 30 per cent in the next four years.^[27]

In 2012, the birth rate increased again. Russia recorded 1,896,263 births, the highest number since 1990, and even exceeding annual births during the period 1967–1969, with a TFR of 1.691, the highest since 1991. (Source: Vital statistics table below). In fact, Russia, despite having only slightly more people than Japan, has recently had nearly twice as many births as that country. The number of births is expected to fall over the next few years as women born during the baby bust in the 1990s enter their prime childbearing years, but this would not have an effect on the TFR. The figures for 2013 and 2014 again showed around 1.9 million births, about the same as in 2012, but because the number of women of childbearing age is dropping, especially for those in their early 20s, the TFR actually rose to 1.75. Preliminary figures for 2015 show only slightly lesser number of births (-0,3%) comparing to 2014 despite progressively faster worsening of the age structure resulting to faster decrease of the number of reproductive-age women. Hence, the TFR actually rose again in 2015 (to 1.7839 children per woman).^{[citation needed]}

Immigration

In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program "for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics".^[28] In August 2012, as the country saw its first demographic growth since the 1990s, President Putin declared that Russia's population could reach 146 million by 2025, mainly as a result of immigration.^[29] Introduced in April 2014 new citizenship rules^[30] allowing citizens of former Soviet countries to obtain Russian citizenship have gained strong interest among residents of those countries.^[31]

Contrary to the opinion of the media, Central Asia is only a tiny source of immigrants out of 100.000 ethnic Uzbeks who arrived in Russia for work only 489 settled in Russia permanently. 50000 ethnic Russians from Uzbekistan arrived in the Russian Federation to settle. The largest amount were ethnic Ukrainians-700.000 people by a far majority. However they came because of the Ukraine crisis (another thing to note is that they were legal when an overwhelming majority come undocumented). 1.4 million ethnic Russians repatriated to their homeland in 2014, more than in previous years.

There are an estimated 4 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.^[32] In 2012, the Russian Federal Security Service's Border Service stated there had been an increase in illegal migration from the Middle East and Southeast Asia.^[33] Under legal changes made in 2012, illegal immigrants who are caught will be banned from reentering the country for 10 years.^[34]^[35]^[36]

In recent years,^[when?] most immigrants have come from Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine, Moldova, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. This has resulted in ethnic tension. Every year, 300,000 immigrants arrive in Russia, of which almost half are ethnic Russians. In the 1990s, immigration was the main reason Russia did not suffer substantial population decline. It reached a peak of 1,200,000 in 1994, mostly ethnic Russians from ex-Soviet states fleeing for social, economic or political reasons such as the civil war in Tajikistan from 1992 to 1997. In 2014 immigration rose to 2.2 million, 89% of whom were fleeing the conflict in neighbouring Ukraine; so far in 2015 immigration has reached 3 million from the same source.^{[citation needed]}

With the accession of Armenia to the Eurasian Union immigration from Armenia increased by 20%.^{[citation needed]}

Worker migration

Temporary Worker migrants in Russia consists of about 7 million people, most of the temporary workers come from Central Asia the Balkans and East Asia. Most of them work in the construction, cleaning and in the household industries. They primary live in cities such as Moscow, Sochi and Blagoveshchensk. While worker migrants are opposed by Most Russians the mayor of Moscow admitted that Moscow cannot do without worker migrants. New laws are in place that require worker migrants to be fluent in Russian, know Russian history and laws. The Russian Opposition and most of the Russian population opposes worker migration, Alexi Navalny stated that if he came to power he would introduce a Visa Regime to non-Eurasian Union countries in the former Soviet Union and have a Visa free regime with the European Union and The West to attract Skilled Migrants.^[37] The problem of worker migration has become so severe it has caused a rise in Russian nationalism, and spawned groups like Movement Against Illegal Immigration.^[38]^[39]

Ukrainian exodus to Russia

In 2013 around 300,000 Ukrainian born people settled in Russia legally one in four were undocumented. In 2014 that number tripled plus around 1 million refugees, who were settled in Yakutia and other parts of Siberia. So far since the start of the maidan 3 million Ukrainians settled in Russia legally, with one in two being undocumented. Most of the Ukrainian arrivals worked on farms or in the case of refugees settled in newly built villages. Because of this the rural population in Russia increased by 4 million giving agriculture a boost.^[40]^[41]

Areas with high populations of Ukrainian worker migrants such as rural areas in central Russia, the northern part of the country and towns with high populations on Ukrainian worker migrants were swollen in people, due to the fact that the worker migrants from the previous two years had decided to stay in Russia due to the crisis at home.

The majority of recent arrivals are female compared to previous years when most were men and overwhelmingly in the 16-25 age group.

Emigration in recent years

Russia’s official statistics service, Rosstat, states that 186,382 Russians left the country in 2013 and 122,751 in 2012. These numbers represent a significant increase over the 36,774 that left in 2011 and the 33,578 in 2010, although this change had been almost entirely caused by changing counting methodology which caused corresponding rise of registered immigration, so the saldo finally remained roughly the same as before changes.^[42]

In 2014, there was a small slowdown in emigration: 171,872 Russian citizens left the country, mostly to Germany and Israel. These were mostly ethnic Germans and Jews, but additionally about a third of emigrants were LGBT people leaving due to rising homophobia. Since 2009 the favourite destination country for Russians was Kazakhstan, except in 2012 where Germany was top of the list.

Future Migration

Due to the fact that most migration is from Ukraine which is a country where 1/3 people born will immigrate to Russia the country will definitely reach a point where there is not enough people, which is closer due to the exodus of young women to Russia. Future permanent migration is expected to come from Eurasian Union member states, Armenia in particular which is supposed to replace Ukraine and was the fastest growing origin country in percentage between 2012 and 2013. Other countries recognised are Georgia and Belarus.While for the North Caucasus federal district immigration will continue to originate from Azerbaijan and South Ossetia due to high birth rates. There will be no difference in temporary migration. (Although China's is declining due to the relaxation of the one child policy)

There will be no difference in emigration demographics.

Population statistics

Population density

8.4 people per square kilometer (2010 Russian Census)^[43]

Population distribution

74% urban, 26% rural (2010 Russian Census)

Population growth rate

0.19% (2014 est.)

Median age

total: 39.6 years
male: 36.7 years
female: 41.6 years (2009)^[44]

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2009)^[44]

Natural increase current

Experts were puzzled with a sharp increase in deaths coincided with a sharp increase in life expectancy. While they have found out that a decrease in potential mothers led to a decrease in births and a rapid rise in fertility.^[45]

The number of births during November 2015 increased by 5,265 relative to July 2014 and for the period January–November 2015 births decreased by 8,232 compared to the period January–November 2014.

Number of births during November 2014 = 145,809
Number of births during November 2015 = 151,074

The birth rate for January–November 2015 was 13.2 births per 1,000 population versus 13.3 during the same period in 2014.

Number of births from January–November 2014 = 1,780,880
Number of births from January–November 2015 = 1,772,648

The number of deaths during November increased by 1,729 but for the period January–November 2014 total deaths increased by 4,256 compared to the previous year.

Number of deaths during November 2014 = 145,897
Number of deaths during November 2015 = 147,626

The death rate for January–November 2015 was 13.1 per 1,000 population, versus 13.1 during the same period in 2014.

Number of deaths from January–November 2014 = 1,743,855
Number of deaths from January-November 2015 = 1,748,811

Total natural increase during January–November 2015 has decreased to 0.1 per thousand in 2014 and increase to 0.2 per thousand in 2014.

Natural increase in November 2014 = −88
Natural increase in November 2015 = +3,448
Natural increase between January–November 2014 = +37,025
Natural increase between January–November 2015 = +24,537

January–October	Birth/2015	Birth/2014	Death/2015	Death/2014
Russian Federation	13.3	13.3	13.1	13.1
North Caucasian Federal District	16.6	17.4	7.9	8.0
Chechnya	23.2	24.4	4.8	4.9
Ingushetia	18.7	20.9	3.3	3.4
Dagestan	18.2	19.1	5.3	5.5
Kabardino-Balkaria	14.7	16.0	8.9	8.8
North Ossetia-Alania	14.7	15.7	10.8	10.7
Stavropol Krai	13.0	13.2	11.7	11.9
Karachay-Cherkessia	12.4	13.9	9.5	9.7
Ural Federal District	14.9	15.3	12.6	12.5
Tyumen Oblast	16.8	17.3	8.4	8.3
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug	16.6	17.5	6.5	6.4
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	16.4	17.0	5.3	5.1
Sverdlovsk Oblast	14.4	14.7	14.2	14.0
Chelyabinsk Oblast	14.0	14.3	14.0	13.8
Kurgan Oblast	13.3	13.7	16.2	15.9
Siberian Federal District	14.4	14.9	13.3	13.3
Tuva	23.9	25.7	10.3	10.9
Altai Republic	19.0	21.3	11.2	11.4
Buriatia	17.3	17.8	11.4	11.5
Zabaykalsky Krai	15.5	16.1	13.0	12.4
Irkutsk Oblast	15.3	15.5	13.7	13.8
Khakassia	14.8	15.5	13.7	13.2
Omsk Oblast	14.5	15.2	13.4	13.2
Krasnoyarsk Krai	14.4	14.6	12.8	12.7
Novosibirsk Oblast	14.2	14.1	13.2	13.4
Tomsk Oblast	13.4	13.7	11.7	11.9
Altai Krai	12.6	13.4	14.3	14.5
Kemerovo Oblast	12.5	13.5	14.5	14.6
Far East Federal District	13.9	14.2	12.6	12.6
Sakha Republic	17.1	17.9	8.6	8.6
Khabarovsk Krai	14.3	14.0	13.5	13.3
Jewish Autonomous Oblast	14.2	14.0	15.5	15.1
Sakhalin Oblast	13.6	13.7	13.4	12.9
Amur Oblast	13.4	13.9	13.8	14.1
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	13.2	13.8	9.6	10.9
Kamchatka Krai	13.0	13.5	11.3	11.6
Primorsky Krai	12.7	12.9	13.5	13.6
Magadan Oblast	11.9	12.3	11.7	11.8
Volga Federal District	13.4	13.5	14.1	14.0
Tatarstan	14.8	14.9	12.2	12.2
Perm Krai	14.7	14.9	14.3	14.0
Udmurtia	14.7	14.7	12.9	12.8
Mari El	14.5	15.0	13.9	13.6
Bashkortostan	14.5	15.0	13.4	13.2
Orenburg Oblast	14.3	14.9	14.3	14.4
Chuvashia Republic	13.9	14.1	13.2	13.4
Samara Oblast	12.8	12.7	14.4	14.4
Kirov Oblast	12.7	12.9	15.3	15.1
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	12.2	12.0	15.7	15.9
Ulyanovsk Oblast	11.8	12.1	15.0	14.7
Saratov Oblast	11.6	11.7	14.4	14.2
Penza Oblast	10.7	11.0	15.1	14.8
Mordovia	9.8	10.2	14.3	14.3
Crimea Federal District	12.9	12.6	15.3	14.6
Sevastopol	13.6	12.7	15.3	14.4
Republic of Crimea	12.8	12.6	15.3	14.6
Southern Federal District	12.8	12.9	13.4	13.4
Astrakhan Oblast	14.6	15.1	12.4	12.7
Kalmukia	13.6	14.2	9.8	10.0
Krasnodar Krai	13.6	13.7	13.2	13.0
Adygea	12.5	12.7	13.0	13.3
Rostov Oblast	12.1	12.2	13.9	14.1
Volgograd Oblast	11.6	11.7	13.9	13.7
North-West Federal District	12.5	12.4	13.4	13.4
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	17.0	16.5	9.1	8.9
Vologda Oblast	13.8	13.7	14.9	14.9
Komi Republic	13.7	14.2	12.4	12.2
St-Petersburg	13.6	13.1	11.9	11.7
Kaliningrad Oblast	12.9	12.8	13.3	13.3
Arkhangelsk Oblast	12.4	12.7	13.6	13.2
Republic of Karelia	12.2	12.5	15.3	14.6
Novgorod Oblast	12.0	11.7	17.6	17.4
Murmansk Oblast	11.9	11.8	11.5	11.5
Pskov Oblast	11.1	11.1	18.4	18.5
Leningrad Oblast	9.1	9.1	14.3	14.7
Central Federal District	11.8	11.6	13.6	13.7
Moscow Oblast	13.1	12.7	13.1	14.0
Kaluga Oblast	12.7	11.9	15.2	15.4
Kostroma Oblast	12.4	12.8	16.1	15.7
Yaroslavl Oblast	12.2	12.1	15.7	15.5
Lipetsk Oblast	11.7	11.8	15.5	15.5
Kursk Oblast	11.7	11.8	16.5	16.6
Belgorod Oblast	11.7	11.7	14.0	14.1
City of Moscow	11.7	11.4	10.0	9.7
Vladimir Oblast	11.6	11.2	16.6	16.5
Bryansk Oblast	11.5	11.0	15.8	16.0
Ivanovo Oblast	11.4	11.4	16.1	16.4
Tver Oblast	11.3	11.3	17.7	17.7
Oryol Oblast	11.3	11.1	16.6	16.5
Voronezh Oblast	11.2	11.0	15.6	15.8
Ryazan Oblast	11.1	11.1	15.9	16.2
Smolensk Oblast	10.7	10.8	16.5	16.2
Tula Oblast	10.6	10.2	17.2	17.2
Tambov Oblast	9.9	9.9	16.2	16.4

Natural increase 2015

January–December 2015	Birth/2015	Birth/2014	Birth/2013	Birth/2012	Birth/2011	Death/2015	Death/2014	Death/2013	Death/2012	Death/2011
Russian Federation	13.3	13.3	13.2	13.3	12.6	13.1	13.1	13.0	13.3	13.5
North Caucasian Federal District	16.6	17.3	17.2	17.4	17.3	7.9	8.1	8.0	8.2	8.4
Chechnya	23.2	24.2	24.9	25.9	28.9	4.9	5.0	5.0	5.4	5.3
Ingushetia	18.6	20.7	21.4	22.6	25.9	3.3	3.5	3.5	3.7	4.1
Dagestan	18.2	19.1	18.8	19.0	18.1	5.4	5.6	5.5	5.6	5.6
Kabardino-Balkaria	14.6	15.7	15.5	15.9	14.9	8.8	8.8	8.9	8.9	9.4
North Ossetia-Alania	14.6	15.4	15.3	15.0	14.5	10.7	10.7	10.5	10.6	10.8
Karachay-Cherkessia	12.4	13.6	13.8	13.5	13.1	9.6	9.7	9.5	9.7	9.7
Stavropol Krai	13.0	13.1	12.7	12.5	11.8	11.6	11.8	11.7	12.0	12.3
Ural Federal District	14.9	15.2	15.1	15.1	14.2	12.5	12.4	12.4	12.6	12.7
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug	16.6	17.3	17.5	17.6	16.4	6.4	6.4	6.3	6.3	6.5
Tyumen Oblast	16.7	17.2	17.0	17.2	16.1	8.3	8.3	8.2	8.4	8.6
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	16.5	16.9	16.4	16.7	15.6	5.2	5.1	5.1	5.3	5.4
Sverdlovsk Oblast	14.4	14.5	14.5	14.3	13.5	14.2	14.0	13.8	13.9	14.1
Chelyabinsk Oblast	13.9	14.3	14.2	14.3	13.6	13.9	13.8	13.9	14.2	14.2
Kurgan Oblast	13.3	13.6	14.0	13.8	12.7	16.1	15.9	16.1	15.9	15.7
Siberian Federal District	14.4	14.7	14.9	14.9	14.1	13.2	13.3	13.3	13.6	13.8
Tuva	23.7	25.3	26.1	26.5	27.1	10.3	10.9	11.0	11.1	10.9
Altai Republic	18.7	20.9	20.9	22.4	22.5	10.9	11.2	11.4	11.4	12.2
Buriatia	17.3	17.5	17.6	17.4	16.9	11.4	11.5	11.8	12.4	12.6
Zabaykalsky Krai	15.4	16.0	15.9	16.1	15.4	12.9	12.4	12.5	13.0	13.2
Irkutsk Oblast	15.4	15.4	15.6	15.9	15.3	13.7	13.8	13.7	13.8	14.0
Khakassia	14.8	15.3	15.7	16.0	15.1	13.5	13.2	13.1	13.3	13.5
Omsk Oblast	14.4	15.1	14.8	14.9	13.5	13.4	13.3	13.4	13.8	13.5
Krasnoyarsk Krai	14.4	14.5	14.5	14.5	13.5	12.7	12.7	12.8	12.9	13.1
Novosibirsk Oblast	14.2	14.1	14.2	13.9	13.1	13.1	13.3	13.6	13.6	13.6
Tomsk Oblast	13.6	13.7	13.8	13.6	13.1	11.5	11.8	11.8	11.9	12.2
Altai Krai	12.6	13.2	13.5	13.6	12.7	14.2	14.2	14.2	14.6	14.6
Kemerovo Oblast	12.5	13.2	13.6	13.7	12.7	14.5	14.6	14.6	15.1	15.5
Far East Federal District	13.9	14.1	13.9	13.9	13.2	12.6	12.6	12.6	13.0	13.4
Sakha Republic	17.1	17.8	17.5	17.6	17.1	8.6	8.6	8.7	9.3	9.3
Khabarovsk Krai	14.3	14.0	14.0	13.6	12.9	13.4	13.3	13.4	13.5	14.6
Jewish Autonomous Oblast	14.0	13.8	13.7	14.0	14.1	15.4	14.9	14.5	15.1	15.3
Sakhalin Oblast	13.6	13.6	13.0	12.8	11.8	13.2	13.0	13.1	13.8	14.1
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	13.5	13.3	13.1	14.1	13.7	9.6	10.7	10.5	11.5	11.1
Amur Oblast	13.3	13.8	14.1	14.3	13.5	13.9	13.9	13.8	14.7	14.7
Kamchatka Krai	13.1	13.2	13.0	13.0	12.4	11.4	11.5	11.4	11.5	12.0
Primorsky Krai	12.7	12.8	12.6	12.6	11.9	13.5	13.4	13.5	13.7	14.1
Magadan Oblast	11.8	12.2	12.5	12.4	11.5	11.8	11.9	11.9	12.6	12.9
Volga Federal District	13.3	13.4	13.3	13.2	12.4	13.9	13.9	14.0	13.9	14.4
Tatarstan	14.7	14.8	14.8	14.5	13.4	12.0	12.2	12.1	12.2	12.4
Perm Krai	14.7	14.8	14.7	14.8	14.0	14.2	14.0	14.1	14.2	14.7
Udmurtia	14.6	14.6	14.6	15.2	14.3	12.9	12.8	12.8	12.8	13.4
Bashkortostan	14.5	14.9	14.6	14.5	13.7	13.3	13.2	13.2	13.1	13.4
Mari El	14.5	14.7	14.6	14.2	13.0	13.7	13.7	13.7	13.6	14.1
Orenburg Oblast	14.2	14.6	14.8	14.7	13.8	14.1	14.2	13.9	13.9	14.3
Chuvashia Republic	13.8	13.9	14.0	14.0	12.9	13.1	13.3	13.2	13.3	13.5
Samara Oblast	12.8	12.6	12.3	12.1	11.5	14.2	14.3	14.4	13.9	14.4
Kirov Oblast	12.7	12.8	13.0	12.7	11.8	15.2	15.1	15.4	15.5	15.8
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	12.3	11.9	11.8	11.8	11.0	15.6	15.9	15.9	16.0	16.4
Ulyanovsk Oblast	11.9	11.9	11.6	11.3	10.8	14.9	14.6	14.4	14.1	14.8
Saratov Oblast	11.5	11.5	11.5	11.3	10.7	14.2	14.2	14.4	14.2	14.5
Penza Oblast	10.7	10.9	10.7	10.8	10.1	14.9	14.8	14.8	14.9	15.2
Mordovia	9.7	10.1	10.1	9.9	9.5	14.2	14.3	14.8	14.4	14.8
Southern Federal District	12.8	12.9	12.6	12.6	11.8	13.3	13.4	13.2	13.4	13.7
Astrakhan Oblast	14.5	15.0	14.8	15.1	14.2	12.3	12.7	12.3	12.6	13.0
Kalmukia	13.6	14.1	14.5	14.8	14.5	9.8	9.9	9.9	10.0	10.1
Krasnodar Krai	13.6	13.6	13.2	13.1	12.2	13.1	13.0	12.9	13.1	13.6
Adygea	12.5	12.8	12.7	12.8	12.5	13.0	13.3	13.2	13.4	13.8
Rostov Oblast	12.1	12.2	11.7	11.7	10.9	13.9	14.1	13.8	14.0	14.2
Volgograd Oblast	11.5	11.5	11.6	11.7	11.1	13.8	13.7	13.5	13.5	13.8
Crimea Federal District	12.8	12.5	12.4	12.6	11.9	15.3	14.7	13.8	13.7	14.1
Sevastopol	13.7	12.7	11.7	12.0	11.2	15.2	14.4	14.0	13.7	14.1
Republic of Crimea	12.7	12.4	12.3	12.6	11.9	15.4	14.7	13.8	13.7	14.0
North-West Federal District	12.5	12.3	12.2	12.2	11.5	13.4	13.3	13.5	13.8	14.0
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	17.5	16.6	16.6	17.4	15.0	9.3	8.9	10.7	10.2	10.4
Vologda Oblast	13.8	13.6	13.8	13.9	12.9	14.8	14.8	15.1	15.0	15.7
Komi Republic	13.6	14.1	14.2	13.9	13.0	12.3	12.2	11.9	12.1	12.3
St-Petersburg	13.6	13.1	12.8	12.6	11.7	11.9	11.7	12.0	12.5	12.7
Kaliningrad Oblast	12.8	12.7	12.5	12.4	11.8	13.3	13.3	13.2	13.2	13.3
Arkhangelsk Oblast	12.4	12.6	12.7	12.8	12.2	13.4	13.2	13.4	13.5	13.8
Republic of Karelia	12.2	12.4	12.0	12.5	12.0	15.3	14.6	14.7	15.3	14.7
Novgorod Oblast	11.9	11.8	12.0	11.9	11.5	17.6	17.3	17.8	17.9	18.4
Murmansk Oblast	11.9	11.8	11.8	11.7	11.4	11.5	11.4	11.0	11.2	11.5
Pskov Oblast	11.1	10.9	11.0	11.0	10.5	18.2	18.5	18.6	19.5	19.4
Leningrad Oblast	9.1	9.1	9.0	9.0	8.7	14.1	14.6	14.6	14.7	14.8
Central Federal District	11.8	11.5	11.4	11.4	10.8	13.5	13.7	13.7	13.9	14.0
Moscow Oblast	13.1	12.6	12.1	12.0	11.2	13.0	13.9	14.1	14.4	14.4
Kaluga Oblast	12.7	11.8	11.8	11.8	10.9	15.1	15.3	15.3	15.7	15.4
Kostroma Oblast	12.5	12.6	12.7	12.8	12.2	16.0	15.9	16.2	16.0	16.6
Yaroslavl Oblast	12.2	12.0	12.1	11.9	11.2	15.6	15.6	15.9	15.9	15.8
Kursk Oblast	11.7	11.8	11.7	11.9	11.6	16.3	16.6	16.3	16.6	16.8
Lipetsk Oblast	11.7	11.6	11.4	11.6	10.7	15.4	15.4	15.3	15.3	15.2
Belgorod Oblast	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.7	11.0	14.0	14.0	13.9	14.0	14.0
City of Moscow	11.7	11.4	11.3	11.3	10.7	10.0	9.7	9.7	9.9	9.7
Vladimir Oblast	11.6	11.2	11.1	11.5	10.9	16.5	16.5	16.7	16.6	17.1
Ivanovo Oblast	11.4	11.2	11.2	11.0	10.4	16.1	16.4	16.4	16.8	16.9
Bryansk Oblast	11.4	11.0	11.1	11.4	10.9	15.8	16.0	15.9	16.1	16.1
Tver Oblast	11.3	11.2	11.4	11.6	11.0	17.7	17.8	18.1	18.2	18.7
Oryol Oblast	11.2	11.0	11.1	11.1	10.5	15.4	16.4	16.3	16.2	16.3
Ryazan Oblast	11.2	11.0	10.8	10.8	10.3	15.9	16.1	15.8	16.3	16.5
Voronezh Oblast	11.1	10.9	10.7	10.9	10.2	15.4	15.7	15.7	15.6	15.9
Smolensk Oblast	10.6	10.8	10.6	10.5	10.4	16.4	16.1	16.5	16.7	16.8
Tula Oblast	10.5	10.0	9.9	10.1	9.4	17.1	17.1	17.4	17.7	17.7
Tambov Oblast	9.8	9.8	9.6	9.6	9.3	16.0	16.3	16.1	16.1	16.4

Net migration rate

2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011)^[46]

Vital statistics

Before WWII

No exact vital statistics for Russia are available for the period before WWII. Andreev^[47] made the following estimates:

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Fertility rates	Life Expectancy (male)	Life Expectancy (female)
1927	94,596,000	4,688,000	2,705,000	1,983,000	43.6	20.9	22.7	6.729	33.7	37.9
1928	96,654,000	4,723,000	2,589,000	2,134,000	43.3	21.2	22.1	6.556	35.9	40.4
1929	98,644,000	4,633,000	2,819,000	1,814,000	42.2	22.8	19.4	6.227	33.7	38.2
1930	100,419,000	4,413,000	2,738,000	1,675,000	39.3	22.6	16.7	5.834	34.6	38.7
1931	101,948,000	4,412,000	3,090,000	1,322,000	39.9	26.9	13.0	5.626	30.7	35.5
1932	103,136,000	4,058,000	3,077,000	981,000	39.3	29.8	9.5	5.093	30.5	35.7
1933	102,706,000	3,313,000	5,239,000	-1,926,000	32.3	51.0	-18.8	4.146	15.2	19.5
1934	102,922,000	2,923,000	2,659,000	264,000	28.7	26.1	2.6	3.566	30.5	35.7
1935	102,684,000	3,577,000	2,421,000	1,156,000	34.8	23.6	11.3	4.305	33.1	38.4
1936	103,904,000	3,899,000	2,719,000	1,180,000	37.5	26.2	11.4	4.535	30.4	35.7
1937	105,358,000	4,377,000	2,760,000	1,617,000	41.5	26.2	15.3	5.079	30.5	40.0
1938	107,044,000	4,379,000	2,739,000	1,640,000	40.9	25.6	15.3	4.989	31.7	42.5
1939	108,785,000	4,329,000	2,600,000	1,729,000	39.8	23.9	15.9	4.907	34.9	42.6
1940	110,333,000	3,814,000	2,561,000	1,253,000	34.6	23.2	11.4	4.260	35.7	41.9

After WWII

^[47]^[48] ^[49] ^[50]^[51]^[52]

	Total population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Fertility rates	Urban fertility	Rural fertility	Life Expectancy (male)	Life Expectancy (female)	Life Expectancy (total)	Abortions reported
1946	98,028,000	2,546,000	1,210,000	1,336,000	26.0	12.3	13.6	2.806			46.6	55.3
1947	98,834,000	2,715,000	1,680,000	1,035,000	27.5	17.0	10.5	2.938			39.9	49.8
1948	99,706,000	2,516,000	1,310,000	1,206,000	25.2	13.1	12.1	2.604			47.0	56.0
1949	101,160,000	3,089,000	1,187,000	1,902,000	30.5	11.7	18.8	3.205			51.0	59.8
1950	102,833,000	2,859,000	1,180,000	1,679,000	27.8	11.5	16.7	2.889			52.3	61.0
1951	104,439,000	2,938,000	1,210,000	1,728,000	28.1	11.6	17.0	2.918			52.3	60.6
1952	106,164,000	2,928,000	1,138,000	1,790,000	27.6	10.7	17.0	2.871			54.6	62.9
1953	107,828,000	2,822,000	1,118,000	1,704,000	26.2	10.4	15.7	2.733			55.5	63.9
1954	109,643,000	3,048,000	1,133,000	1,915,000	27.8	10.3	17.6	2.970			55.9	64.1
1955	111,572,000	2,942,000	1,037,000	1,905,000	26.4	9.3	17.2	2.818			58.3	66.6
1956	113,327,000	2,827,000	956,000	1,871,000	24.9	8.4	16.8	2.731			60.1	68.8
1957	115,035,000	2,880,000	1,017,000	1,863,000	25.0	8.8	16.7	2.750			59.7	68.4		3,407,398
1958	116,749,000	2,861,000	931,000	1,930,000	24.5	8.0	17.0	2.689			61.8	70.4		3,939,362
1959	118,307,000	2,796,228	920,225	1,876,003	23.6	7.8	15.9	2.58	2.03	3.34	62.84	71.14	67.65	4,174,111
1960	119,906,000	2,782,353	886,090	1,896,263	23.2	7.4	15.8	2.56	2.06	3.26	63.67	72.31	68.67	4,373,042
1961	121,586,000	2,662,135	901,637	1,760,498	21.9	7.4	14.5	2.47	2.04	3.08	63.91	72.63	68.92	4,759,040
1962	123,128,000	2,482,539	949,648	1,532,891	20.2	7.7	12.4	2.36	1.98	2.92	63.67	72.27	68.58	4,925,124
1963	124,514,000	2,331,505	932,055	1,399,450	18.7	7.5	11.2	2.31	1.93	2.87	64.12	72.78	69.05	5,134,100
1964	125,744,000	2,121,994	901,751	1,220,243	16.9	7.2	9.7	2.19	1.88	2.66	64.89	73.58	69.85	5,376,200
1965	126,749,000	1,990,520	958,789	1,031,731	15.7	7.6	8.1	2.14	1.82	2.58	64.37	73.33	69.44	5,463,300
1966	127,608,000	1,957,763	974,299	983,464	15.3	7.6	7.7	2.13	1.85	2.58	64.29	73.55	69.51	5,322,500
1967	128,361,000	1,851,041	1,017,034	834,007	14.4	7.9	6.5	2.03	1.79	2.46	64.02	73.43	69.30	5,005,000
1968	129,037,000	1,816,509	1,040,096	776,413	14.1	8.1	6.0	1.98	1.75	2.44	63.73	73.56	69.26	4,872,900
1969	129,660,000	1,847,592	1,106,640	740,952	14.2	8.5	5.7	1.99	1.78	2.44	63.07	73.29	68.74	4,751,100
1970	130,252,000	1,903,713	1,131,183	772,530	14.6	8.7	5.9	2.00	1.77	2.52	63.07	73.44	68.86	4,837,700
1971	130,934,000	1,974,637	1,143,359	831,278	15.1	8.7	6.3	2.02	1.80	2.60	63.24	73.77	69.12	4,838,749
1972	131,687,000	2,014,638	1,181,802	832,836	15.3	9.0	6.3	2.03	1.81	2.59	63.24	73.62	69.02	4,765,900
1973	132,434,000	1,994,621	1,214,204	780,417	15.1	9.2	5.9	1.96	1.75	2.55	63.28	73.56	69.00	4,747,037
1974	133,217,000	2,079,812	1,222,495	857,317	15.6	9.2	6.4	2.00	1.78	2.63	63.12	73.77	68.99	4,674,050
1975	134,092,000	2,106,147	1,309,710	796,437	15.7	9.8	5.9	1.97	1.76	2.64	62.48	73.23	68.35	4,670,700
1976	135,026,000	2,146,711	1,352,950	793,761	15.9	10.0	5.9	1.96	1.74	2.62	62.19	73.04	68.10	4,757,055
1977	135,979,000	2,156,724	1,387,986	768,738	15.9	10.2	5.7	1.92	1.72	2.58	61.82	73.19	67.97	4,686,063
1978	136,922,000	2,179,030	1,417,377	761,653	15.9	10.4	5.6	1.90	1.70	2.55	61.83	73.23	68.01	4,656,057
1979	137,758,000	2,178,542	1,490,057	688,485	15.8	10.8	5.0	1.87	1.67	2.54	61.49	73.02	67.73	4,544,040
1980	138,483,000	2,202,779	1,525,755	677,024	15.9	11.0	4.9	1.87	1.68	2.51	61.38	72.96	67.70	4,506,249
1981	139,221,000	2,236,608	1,524,286	712,322	16.1	10.9	5.1	1.88	1.69	2.55	61.61	73.18	67.92	4,400,676
1982	140,067,000	2,328,044	1,504,200	823,844	16.6	10.7	5.9	1.96	1.76	2.63	62.24	73.64	68.38	4,462,825
1983	141,056,000	2,478,322	1,563,995	914,327	17.6	11.1	6.5	2.11	1.89	2.76	62.15	73.41	68.15	4,317,729
1984	142,061,000	2,409,614	1,650,866	758,748	17.0	11.6	5.3	2.06	1.86	2.69	61.71	72.96	67.67	4,361,959
1985	143,033,000	2,375,147	1,625,266	749,881	16.6	11.4	5.2	2.05	1.87	2.68	62.72	73.23	68.33	4,552,443
1986	144,156,000	2,485,915	1,497,975	987,940	17.2	10.4	6.9	2.18	1.98	2.83	64.77	74.22	69.95	4,579,400
1987	145,386,000	2,499,974	1,531,585	968,389	17.2	10.5	6.7	2.219	1.974	3.187	64.83	74.26	69.96	4,385,627
1988	146,505,000	2,348,494	1,569,112	779,382	16.0	10.7	5.3	2.130	1.896	3.057	64.61	74.25	69.81	4,608,953
1989	147,342,000	2,160,559	1,583,743	576,816	14.7	10.7	3.9	2.007	1.826	2.630	64.20	74.50	69.73	4,427,713
1990	147,969,000	1,988,858	1,655,993	332,865	13.4	11.2	2.3	1.892	1.698	2.600	63.76	74.32	69.36	4,103,425
1991	148,394,000	1,794,626	1,690,657	103,969	12.1	11.4	0.7	1.732	1.531	2.447	63.41	74.23	69.11	3,608,421
1992	148,538,000	1,587,644	1,807,441	-219,797	10.7	12.2	-1.5	1.547	1.351	2.219	61.96	73.71	67.98	3,436,695
1993	148,459,000	1,378,983	2,129,339	-750,356	9.3	14.3	-5.1	1.360	1.195	1.913	58.80	71.85	65.24	3,243,957
1994	148,408,000	1,408,159	2,301,366	-893,207	9.5	15.5	-6.0	1.385	1.234	1.884	57.38	71.07	63.93	3,060,237
1995	148,376,000	1,363,806	2,203,811	-840,005	9.2	14.9	-5.7	1.337	1.193	1.813	58.11	71.60	64.62	2,766,362
1996	148,160,000	1,304,638	2,082,249	-777,611	8.8	14.1	-5.2	1.270	1.140	1.705	59.61	72.41	65.89	2,652,038
1997	147,915,000	1,259,943	2,015,779	-755,836	8.5	13.6	-5.1	1.218	1.097	1.624	60.84	72.85	66.79	2,498,716
1998	147,671,000	1,283,292	1,988,744	-705,452	8.7	13.5	-4.8	1.232	1.109	1.643	61.19	73.12	67.14	2,346,138
1999	147,215,000	1,214,689	2,144,316	-929,627	8.3	14.6	-6.3	1.171	1.045	1.534	59.86	72.42	65.99	2,181,153
2000	146,597,000	1,266,800	2,225,332	-958,532	8.6	15.2	-6.5	1.195	1.089	1.554	58.99	72.25	65.38	2,138,800
2001	145,976,000	1,311,604	2,254,856	-943,252	9.0	15.4	-6.5	1.223	1.124	1.564	58.88	72.16	65.30	2,114,700
2002	145,306,496	1,396,967	2,332,272	-935,305	9.6	16.1	-6.4	1.286	1.189	1.633	58.68	71.90	64.95	1,944,481
2003	144,648,624	1,477,301	2,365,826	-888,525	10.2	16.4	-6.1	1.320	1.223	1.666	58.53	71.85	64.84	1,864,647
2004	144,067,312	1,502,477	2,295,402	-792,925	10.4	15.9	-5.5	1.344	1.253	1.654	58.91	72.36	65.31	1,797,567
2005	143,518,816	1,457,376	2,303,935	-846,559	10.2	16.1	-5.9	1.294	1.207	1.576	58.92	72.47	65.37	1,732,300
2006	143,049,632	1,479,637	2,166,703	-687,066	10.3	15.1	-4.8	1.305	1.210	1.601	60.43	73.34	66.69	1,582,400
2007	142,805,120	1,610,122	2,080,445	-470,323	11.3	14.6	-3.3	1.416	1.294	1.798	61.46	74.02	67.61	1,479,000
2008	142,742,368	1,713,947	2,075,954	-362,007	12.0	14.5	-2.6	1.502	1.372	1.912	61.92	74.28	67.99	1,385,600
2009	142,785,344	1,761,687	2,010,543	-248,856	12.3	14.1	-1.8	1.542	1.415	1.941	62.87	74.79	68.78	1,292,400
2010	142,849,472	1,788,948	2,028,516	-239,568	12.5	14.2	-1.7	1.567	1.439	1.983	63.09	74.88	68.94	1,186,100
2011	142,960,908	1,796,629	1,925,720	-129,091	12.6	13.5	-0.9	1.582	1.442	2.056	64.04	75.61	69.83	1,124,900
2012	143,201,700	1,902,084	1,906,335	-4,251	13.3	13.3	0.0	1.691	1.541	2.215	64.56	75.86	70.24	1,063,982
2013	143,506,995	1,895,822	1,871,809	24,013	13.2	13.0	0.2	1.707	1.551	2.264	65.14	76.31	70.77	1,012,399
2014	146,090,613	1,947,301	1,913,613	33,688	13.3	13.1	0.2	1.750	1.588	2.318	65.29	76.49	70.93	929,963
2015	146,400,000	1,944,136	1,911,413	32,723	13.3	13.1	0.2	1.784			65.81	76.61	71.22

(e)- All values in year 2015 are estimated.^[53]

	Urban live births	Urban deaths	Urban natural change	Urban crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Urban crude death rate (per 1,000)	Urban natural change (per 1,000)	Rural live births	Rural deaths	Rural natural change	Rural crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Rural crude death rate (per 1,000)	Rural natural change (per 1,000)
1950	1,171,250	436,792	734,458	26.1	9.7	16.4	1,574,747	594,218	980,529	27.5	10.4	17.1
1960	1,332,812	436,709	896,103	20.4	6.7	13.7	1,449,541	449,831	1,000,160	26.5	8.2	18.3
1970	1,205,207	646,129	559,078	14.8	7.9	6.9	698,506	485,054	213,452	14.3	10.0	4.3
1980	1,535,723	970,256	565,467	15.8	10.0	5.8	667,056	555,499	111,557	16.1	13.4	2.7
1990	1,386,247	1,140,613	245,634	12.7	10.5	2.2	602,611	515,380	87,231	15.5	13.2	2.3
1995	933,460	1,554,182	-620,722	8.7	14.4	-5.7	430,346	649,269	-219,283	10.9	16.5	-5.6
2000	886,908	1,564,034	-677,126	8.3	14.6	-6.3	379,892	661,298	-281,406	9.8	17.1	-7.3
2001	928,642	1,592,254	-663,612	8.7	14.9	-6.2	382,962	662,602	-279,640	10.0	17.3	-7.3
2002	998,056	1,638,822	-640,766	9.4	15.4	-6.0	398,911	693,450	-294,539	10.5	18.2	-7.7
2003	1,050,565	1,657,569	-607,004	9.9	15.6	-5.7	426,736	708,257	-281,521	11.1	18.4	-7.3
2004	1,074,247	1,606,894	-532,647	10.1	15.2	-5.1	428,230	688,508	-260,278	11.2	18.1	-6.9
2005	1,036,870	1,595,762	-558,892	9.8	15.1	-5.3	420,506	708,173	-287,667	11.0	18.6	-7.6
2006	1,044,540	1,501,245	-456,705	10.0	14.3	-4.3	435,097	665,458	-230,361	11.4	17.4	-6.0
2007	1,120,741	1,445,411	-324,670	10.7	13.8	-3.1	489,381	635,034	-145,653	12.9	16.7	-3.8
2008	1,194,820	1,443,529	-248,709	11.4	13.8	-2.4	519,127	632,425	-113,298	13.7	16.7	-3.0
2009	1,237,615	1,397,591	-159,976	11.8	13.3	-1.5	524,072	612,952	-88,880	13.9	16.3	-2.4
2010	1,263,893	1,421,734	-157,841	12.0	13.5	-1.5	520,055	606,782	-81,727	14.0	16.1	-2.1
2011	1,270,047	1,356,696	-88,649	12.0	12.8	-0.8	526,582	569,024	-42,442	14.1	15.2	-1.1
2012	1,355,674	1,353,635	2,039	12.8	12.8	0.0	546,410	552,700	-6,290	14.7	14.8	-0.1
2013	1,357,310	1,332,505	24,805	12.8	12.5	0.3	538,512	539,304	-792	14.5	14.5	0.0
2014	1,394,860	1,362,810	32,050	12.9	12.6	0.3	547,823	549,537	-1,714	14.4	14.5	-0.1

Note: Russian data includes Crimea starting in 2014.

Total fertility rates

As of 2014, Russian TFR of 1.750 children per woman^[6] is among the highest in Eastern Europe, which means an average Russian family has more children (1.75) than an average family in any other Eastern European country. Still, this rate is far below the replacement rate of 2.1 – 2.14.

In 1990, just prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia's total fertility rate (TFR) stood at 1.89. Fertility rates had already begun to decline in the late 80s due to the natural progression of Russia's demographic structure, but the rapid and widely negative changes in society following the collapse greatly influenced the rate of decline.^[54] The TFR hit a historic low of 1.157 in 1999 and has since begun to rise again, reaching 1.750 in 2014 (growth of 51.3%),^[55] The only federal subject of Russia to see a decline in fertility since 1999 is Ingushetia, where the TFR has fallen from 2.443 to 2.278 as of 2014.

In 2009, 8 of Russia's federal subjects had a TFR above 2.1 children per woman (the approximate minimum required to ensure population replacement), These federal subjects are Chechnya (3.38), Tuva (2.81), Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug (2.73), Agin-Buryat Okrug (2.63), Komi-Permyak (2.16), Evenk Okrug (2.58), Altai Republic (2.36), Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.1). Of these federal subjects, four have an ethnic Russian majority (Altai, Evenk, Ust-Orda and Nenets).^[56]^[57] In 2011. the highest TFR were recorded in Chechnya (3.362), Tyva (3.249), Ingushetia (2.94), Altai Republic (2.836), Sakha Republic (2.057), Buryatia (2.027), and Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2.007).^[58]

Until 2010, the Russian republic of Chechnya was the region with the highest birth rate in the former USSR (excluding Central Asia). However, in 2011. the Armenian province of Qashatagh overtook it (28.9 vs 29.3 per 1.000).^[59]

In 2010, the average number of children born to women has decreased from 1513 to 1000 women from 2002 to 1469 in 2010 in urban areas the figure was 1328 children (2002–1350), and in the village – 1876 (in 2002, – 1993 ).

File:Odin horošo dva lučše.jpg

A poster in Cheboksary, Chuvashia encouraging families to have more children. The text reads "Один ребёнок – хорошо. два лучше!" One child is good. two are better!.

In recent years the percentage of children per woman 16 years or more were:

Year : 2002–2010

1 child : 30.5%–31.2%

2 children : 33.7%–34.4%

3 children : 8.9%–8.7%

4 or more children : 5.2%–4.2%

no children : 21.7%–21.5%

Note that despite a decrease in women who have not had children, the number of three-child and large families has declined between 2002 and 2010.

In every region in Russia rural areas reported higher TFR compared to urban areas. In most of the federal subjects in Siberia and the Russian Far East, the total fertility rates were high, but not high enough to ensure population replacement. For example, Zabaykalsky Krai had a TFR of 1.82, which is higher than the national average, but less than the 2.1 needed for population replacement.^[56]

Compared to the G7 countries, in 2014, Russian TFR of 1.75 children/ woman^[6] was lower than that of France (1.98), the USA (1.86), the UK (1.84). Yet its TFR is higher than in other G7 countries like Canada (1.59), Germany (1.47), Japan (1.42) and Italy (1.39).

Compared to other most populous nations, Russia has a lower TFR than Nigeria (5.37), Pakistan (3.42), India (2.30), Mexico (2.19), Indonesia (2.09), the USA (1.86),^[60] and higher TFR than Brazil (1.74), and China (1.40).

Compared to its neighbors, in 2011 Russia has a lower TFR than Kazakhstan (2.41), Mongolia (2.19), Azerbaijan (1.92), Norway (1.88), North Korea (2.01), Finland (1.83). While Russian TFR is higher than in Estonia (1.52), Lithuania (1.55), Belarus (1.50), Georgia (1.70),^{[citation needed]} Ukraine (1.45), Poland (1.31) and Latvia (1.32).

Also many other European countries like Czech Republic (1.42), Spain (1.35), Greece (1.41), Hungary (1.26), Switzerland (1.53), Portugal (1.51) Albania (1.48) as well as East Asian countries and territories like South Korea (1.23), Taiwan (1.10), Singapore (0.78), Hong Kong (1.09), Macau (0.92) have a lower TFR than Russia.

Children Born Per Woman by Oblast	Total Fertility Rate/2013	Urban Fertility Rate/2013	Rural Fertility Rate/2013
Russian Federation	1.71	1.55	2.26
North Caucasian Federal District	1.99	1.65	2.36
Chechnya	2.93	3.06	2.84
Ingushetia	2.23	2.08	2.34
Dagestan	2.02	1.40	2.65
North Ossetia-Alania	1.98	1.96	1.99
Kabardino-Balkaria	1.80	1.70	1.91
Karachay-Cherkessia	1.67	1.49	1.82
Stavropol Krai	1.55	1.35	1.90
Ural Federal District	1.91	1.76	2.69
Kurgan Oblast	2.12	1.81	2.81
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	2.09	1.89	3.19
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug	2.05	2.02	2.40
Tyumen Oblast	2.00	1.86	2.71
Sverdlovsk Oblast	1.87	1.77	2.62
Chelyabinsk Oblast	1.80	1.65	2.70
Siberian Federal District	1.88	1.64	2.86
Tuva Republic	3.42	2.30	6.43
Altai Republic	2.82	1.81	5.20
Buriatia	2.21	1.80	3.06
Zabaykalsky Krai	2.01	1.74	2.89
Khakassia	2.01	1.76	2.70
Irkutsk Oblast	1.98	1.78	2.97
Altai Krai	1.83	1.53	2.62
Omsk Oblast	1.87	1.61	2.78
Kemerovo Oblast	1.79	1.70	2.41
Krasnoyarsk Krai	1.78	1.59	2.82
Novosibirsk Oblast	1.75	1.59	2.66
Tomsk Oblast	1.59	1.36	2.65
Far East Federal District	1.81	1.60	2.71
Sakha Republic	2.17	1.78	3.15
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug	1.91	1.56	2.59
Jewish Autonomous Oblast	1.86	1.68	2.34
Amur Oblast	1.84	1.55	2.83
Sakhalin Oblast	1.81	1.66	2.73
Kamchatka Krai	1.77	1.69	2.16
Khabarovsk Krai	1.74	1.61	2.63
Magadan Oblast	1.69	1.65	3.44
Primorsky Krai	1.68	1.51	2.52
Volga Federal District	1.75	1.58	2.36
Orenburg Oblast	2.00	1.60	3.04
Perm Krai	1.93	1.70	3.02
Mari El	1.93	1.71	2.51
Udmurtia	1.92	1.58	2.92
Bashkortostan	1.89	1.70	2.39
Kirov Oblast	1.87	1.61	3.50
Chuvashia Republic	1.85	1.54	2.73
Tatarstan	1.83	1.74	2.20
Ulyanovsk Oblast	1.61	1.53	1.90
Samara Oblast	1.59	1.50	2.03
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	1.56	1.48	1.94
Saratov Oblast	1.54	1.38	2.11
Penza Oblast	1.49	1.36	1.85
Mordovia	1.37	1.34	1.44
Southern Federal District	1.64	1.53	1.86
Astrakhan Oblast	1.91	1.76	2.20
Kalmukia	1.88	1.81	1.94
Krasnodar Krai	1.72	1.74	1.70
Adygea	1.68	1.43	1.97
Volgograd Oblast	1.53	1.37	2.11
Rostov Oblast	1.52	1.38	1.91
North-West Federal District	1.57	1.50	2.17
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	2.31	1.84	4.68
Komi Republic	1.96	1.63	4.60
Vologda Oblast	1.85	1.63	2.73
Arkhangelsk Oblast	1.80	1.55	3.81
Novgorod Oblast	1.70	1.59	2.09
Pskov Oblast	1.68	1.49	2.41
Republic of Karelia	1.65	1.45	3.34
Kaliningrad Oblast	1.64	1.53	2.03
Murmansk Oblast	1.62	1.60	1.95
Saint Petersburg	1.48	1.48	1.48
Leningrad Oblast	1.23	1.28	1.13
Central Federal District	1.48	1.42	1.80
Kostroma Oblast	1.85	1.66	2.53
Kursk Oblast	1.67	1.48	2.31
Tver Oblast	1.64	1.51	2.16
Yaroslavl Oblast	1.64	1.55	2.14
Kaluga Oblast	1.64	1.58	1.87
Lipetsk Oblast	1.60	1.45	1.92
Vladimir Oblast	1.59	1.52	1.88
Ryazan Oblast	1.55	1.34	2.28
Ivanovo Oblast	1.55	1.52	1.75
Bryansk Oblast	1.53	1.40	1.86
Oryol Oblast	1.53	1.23	2.31
Belgorod Oblast	1.53	1.40	1.86
Moscow Oblast	1.52	1.54	1.42
Smolensk Oblast	1.48	1.39	1.80
Voronezh Oblast	1.44	1.33	1.77
Tula Oblast	1.42	1.35	1.70
Tambov Oblast	1.42	1.34	1.56
City of Moscow	1.33	1.33	0.97

Health

Life expectancy

total population: 71.6 years^[63]
male: 65.1 years^[64]
female: 76.5 years (2013)^[64]

The disparity in the average lifespan between genders in Russia is largest in the world. Women live 9–12 years longer than men, while the difference in lifespan is typically only five years in other parts of the world. While medical sources, like The Lancet,^[19] name mass privatization, and the neo-liberalist shock therapy policies of Yeltsin administration as key reasons of falling life expectancy of Russian men, other sources, like Luke Harding from The Guardian claim alcoholism explains the large difference in gender mortality levels in Russia.^[65] As of 2011, the average life expectancy in Russia was 64.3 years for males and 76.1 years for females.^[66] According to the WHO 2011 report,^[67] annual per capita alcohol consumption in Russia is about 15.76 litres, fourth highest volume in Europe (compare to 13.37 in the UK, 13.66 in France, 15.6 in Ukraine, 16.45 in the Czech Republic, etc.). In the late 1950s, the USSR claimed a higher life expectancy than the United States,^[68] but the Soviet Union has lagged behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s.
When controlling for confounding variables, neither alcoholism, poverty, pollution, nor the collapse of the health system explain the high male mortality. Most former communist countries got through the same economic collapse and health system collapse. Alcohol consumption per capita is as high in other East European countries. Poverty is high in many other countries. One factor that could explain the low male lifespan in Russia is violence, tolerance for violence and tolerance for risk, "male toughness".^{[citation needed]} Violence, tolerance for risk together with alcoholism reduce the Russian male lifespan.

The life expectancy was about 70 in 1986,^[69] prior to the transition-induced disruption of the healthcare system. The turmoil in the early 1990s caused life expectancy in Russia to steadily decrease while it was steadily increasing in the rest of the world. Recently however, Russian life expectancy has again begun to rise. Between 2006—2011 the male life expectancy in Russia rose by almost four years, increasing the overall life expectancy by nearly 4 years to 70.3.^[66]

Mortality

In 2012, 1,043,292, or 55% of all deaths in Russia were caused by cardiovascular disease. The second leading cause of death was cancer which claimed 287,840 lives (15.2%). External causes of death such as suicide (1.5%), road accidents (1.5%), murders (0.8%), accidental alcohol poisoning (0.4%), and accidental drowning (0.5%), claimed 202,175 lives in total (10.6%). Other major causes of death were diseases of the digestive system (4.6%), respiratory disease (3.6%), infectious and parasitic diseases (1.6%), and tuberculosis (0.9%).^[49] The infant mortality rate in 2012 was 7.6 deaths per 1,000 (down from 8.2 in 2009 and 16.9 in 1999).^[49]

Under-five mortality rate

13 deaths/1000 live births (2008)^[70]

Abortions and family planning

In the 1980s only 8% to 10% of married Russian women of reproductive age used hormonal and intrauterine contraception methods, compared to 20% to 40% in developed countries.^[71] This led to much higher abortion rates in Russia compared to developed countries: in the 1980s Russia had a figure of 120 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age compared with only 20 per 1,000 in Western countries. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 many changes took place, such as the demonopolization of the market for contraceptive drugs and media liberalization, which led to a rapid conversion to more efficient pregnancy-control practices. Abortion rates fell in the first half of the 1990s for the first time in Russia's history, even despite declining fertility rates. From the early 1990s to 2006, the number of expected abortions per woman during her lifetime fell by nearly 2.5 times, from 3.4 to 1.2. As of 2004, the share of women of reproductive age using hormonal or intrauterine birth control methods was about 46% (29% intrauterine, 17% hormonal).^[72]

Despite an increase in "family planning", a large portion of Russian families do not achieve the target of desired children at the desired time. According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired". The share of unexpected pregnancies remains much lower in countries with developed family planning culture, such as the Netherlands, whose percentage of unwanted pregnancies 20 years before was half of that in Russia as of 2008^[update].^[72]

Ethnic groups

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2010 census, 80.90% of the population that disclosed their ethnicity (111,016,896 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):^[8]^[9]

3.87% Tatars (5,310,649)
1.40% Ukrainians (1,927,988)
1.15% Bashkirs (1,584,554)
1.05% Chuvashs (1,435,872)
1.04% Chechens (1,431,360)
0.86% Armenians (1,182,388)

According to the 2010 Census in Russia lived 142,856,536 people. It is important to note that 5,629,429 people (3.94% of the overall population.) did not declare any ethnic origin, compared to about 1 million in the 2002 Census. This is due to the fact that those people were counted from administrative databases and not directly, and were therefore unable to state their ethnicity.^[8]^[73] Therefore, the percentages mentioned above are taken from the total population that declared their ethnicity, given that the non-declared remainder is thought to have an ethnic composition similar to the declared segment.^[74]

Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group. The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicities resolved by the 2010 census, grouped by language:^[8]

Indo-European 116,443,421 (84.86%)
- Slavic 113,545,521 (82.74%)
  - East Slavs 113,466,552 (82.68%)
    - Russians 111,016,896 (80.90%)
    - Ukrainians 1,927,988 (1.40%)
    - Belarusians 521,443 (0.38%)
    - Ruthenians 225 (0.00%)
  - West Slavs 49,347 (0.03%)
    - Poles 47,125 (0.03%)
    - Czechs 1,898 (0.00%)
    - Slovaks 324 (0.00%)
  - South Slavs 29,622 (0.02%)
    - Bulgarians 24,038 (0.02%)
    - Serbs 3,510 (0.00%)
    - Slovenes 1,008 (0.00%)
    - Macedonians 325 (0.00%)
    - Croats 304 (0.00%)
    - Bosnians 256 (0.00%)
    - Montenegrins 181 (0.00%)
- Armenian 1,184,435 (0.86%)
  - Armenians 1,182,388 (0.86%)
  - Hemshins 2,047 (0.00%)
- Hellenic 856,640 (0.6%)
  - Pontic Greeks (including Caucasus Greeks)
- Iranic 806,953 (0.59%)
  - Ossetians 528,515 (0.39%)
  - Tajiks 200,303 (0.15%)
  - Yazidis 40,586 (0.03%)
  - Kurds 23,232 (0.02%)
  - Afghans 5,350 (0.00%)
  - Persians 3,696 (0.00%)
  - Talysh 2,529 (0.00%)
  - Tats 1,585 (0.00%)
  - Pamiris 363 (0.00%)
- Germanic 396,660 (0.29%)
  - Germans 394,138 (0.29%)
- Indo-Aryan 209,572 (0.15%)
  - Roma 204,958 (0.15%)
  - Indians 4,058 (0.00%)
  - Pakistani 507 (0.00%)
  - Central Asian Gypsies 49 (0.00%)
- Baltic 50,356 (0.04%)
  - Lithuanians 31,377 (0.02%)
  - Latvians 18,979 (0.01%)
- Romance 164,284 (0.12%)
  - Moldovans 156,400 (0.11%)
  - Romanians 3,201 (0.00%)
  - French 1,475 (0.00%)
  - Italians 1,370 (0.00%)
  - Spanish 1,162 (0.00%)
  - Cubans 676 (0.00%)
- other
  - Americans 1,572 (0.00%)
  - British 950 (0.00%)
  - Mountain Jews 762 (0.00%)
  - Central Asian Jews 32 (0.00%)

Turkic 12,006,361 (8.75%)
- Northwestern Turkic (Kipchak) 8,596,762 (6.26%)
  - Volga Tatars 5,310,649 (3.87%)
  - Bashkirs 1,584,554 (1.15%)
  - Kazakhs 647,732 (0.47%)
  - Kumyks 503,060 (0.37%)
  - Karachays 218,403 (0.16%)
  - Balkars 112,924 (0.08%)
  - Nogais 103,660 (0.08%)
  - Kyrgyz 103,422 (0.08%)
  - Nağaybäk 8,148 (0.01%)
  - Crimean Tatars 2,449 (0.00%)
  - Karakalpaks 1,466 (0.00%)
  - Karaites 205 (0.00%)
  - Krymchaks 90 (0.00%)
- Oghur 1,435,872 (1.05%)
  - Chuvashs 1,435,872 (1.05%)
- Northeastern Turkic (Siberian) 916,641 (0.67%)
  - Yakuts 478,085 (0.35%)
  - Tuvans 263,934 (0.19%)
  - Altay 74,238 (0.05%)
  - Khakas 72,959 (0.05%)
  - Shors 12,888 (0.01%)
  - Dolgans 7,885 (0.01%)
  - Kumandins 2,892 (0.00%)
  - Teleuts 2,643 (0.00%)
  - Tofalars 762 (0.00%)
  - Chulyms 355 (0.00%)
- Southwestern Turkic (Oghuz) 763,528 (0.56%)
  - Azerbaijani 603,070 (0.44%)
  - Turks 105,058 (0.08%)
  - Turkmens 36,885 (0.03%)
  - Gagauz 13,690 (0.01%)
  - Meskhetian Turks 4,825 (0.00%)
- Southeastern Turkic (Karluk) 293,558 (0.21%)
  - Uzbeks 289,862 (0.21%)
  - Uyghurs 3,696 (0.00%)
Mongolic 651,355 (0.47%)
- Buryats 461,389 (0.34%)
- Kalmyks 183,372 (0.13%)
- Soyots 3,608 (0.00%)
- Khalkha Mongols 2,986 (0.00%)

Caucasian 5,194,015 (3.78%)
- Northeast Caucasian 4,262,817 (3.11%)
  - Chechens 1,431,360 (1.04%)
  - Avars 912,090 (0.66%)
  - Dargins 589,386 (0.43%)
  - Lezgins 473,722 (0.35%)
  - Ingush 444,833 (0.32%)
  - Laks 178,630 (0.13%)
  - Tabasarans 146,360 (0.11%)
  - Rutuls 35,240 (0.03%)
  - Aguls 34,160 (0.02%)
  - Tsakhurs 12,769 (0.01%)
  - Udis 4,267 (0.00%)
- Northwest Caucasian 773,317 (0.56%)
  - Kabardians 516,826 (0.38%)
  - Adyghe 124,835 (0.09%)
  - Cherkess 73,184 (0.05%)
  - Abazas 43,341 (0.03%)
  - Abkhaz 11,249 (0.01%)
  - Shapsugs 3,882 (0.00%)
- Kartvelian 157,881 (0.12%)
  - Georgians 157,803 (0.11%)
  - Georgian Jews 78 (0.00%)
Uralic 2,371,398 (1.73%)
- Permic 877,191 (0.64%)
  - Udmurts 552,299 (0.40%)
  - Komi 228,235 (0.17%)
  - Komi-Permyak 94,456 (0.07%)
  - Besermyan 2,201 (0.00%)
- Mordvins 744,237 (0.54%)
- Mari 547,605 (0.40%)
- Baltic Finnic 105,223 (0.06%)
  - Karelians 60,815 (0.04%)
  - Finns 20,267 (0.01%)
  - Estonians 17,875 (0.01%)
  - Veps 5,936 (0.00%)
  - Izhorians 266 (0.00%)
  - Votes 64 (0.00%)
- Samoyedic 49,378 (0.04%)
  - Nenets 44,640 (0.03%)
  - Selkups 3,649 (0.00%)
  - Nganasans 862 (0.00%)
  - Enets 227 (0.00%)
- Khanty 30,943 (0.02%)
- Mansi 12,269 (0.01%)
- Hungarians 2,781 (0.00%)
- Sami 1,771 (0.00%)

Semitic 177,468 (0.13%)
- Jews 156,801 (0.11%)
- Assyrians 11,084 (0.01%)
- Arabs 9,583 (0.01%)
Koreans 153,156 (0.11%)
Tungusic 77,894 (0.06%)
- Evenks 37,843 (0.03%)
- Evens 22,383 (0.02%)
- Nanais 12,003 (0.01%)
- Ulchs 2,765 (0.00%)
- Udege 1,496 (0.00%)
- Orochs 596 (0.00%)
- Negidals 513 (0.00%)
- Oroks 295 (0.00%)
Paleo-Siberian 37,461 (0.03%)
- Chukotko-Kamchatkan 29,987 (0.02%)
  - Chukchi 15,908 (0.01%)
  - Koryak 7,953 (0.01%)
  - Itelmeni 3,193 (0.00%)
  - Kamchadals 1,927 (0.00%)
  - Chuvans 1,002 (0.00%)
  - Kereks 4 (0.00%)
- Nivkh 4,652 (0.00%)
- Yukaghir 1,603 (0.00%)
- Ket 1,219 (0.00%)
Sino-Tibetan 30,868 (0.02%)
- Chinese 28,943 (0.02%)
- Dungans 1,651 (0.00%)
- Taz 274 (0.00%)
Vietnamese 13,954 (0.01%)
Eskimo–Aleut 2,220 (0.00%)
- Eskimo 1,738 (0.00%)
- Aleut 482 (0.00%)
Japanese 888 (0.00%)
Other peoples 66,648 (0.05%)^[75]
- Federally nonrecognized peoples 37,524 (0.03%)
  - Dagestanis 21,462 (0.02%)
  - Inhabitants of Russia 13,357 (0.01%)
  - Bulgars 1,732 (0.00%)
  - Kists 707 (0.00%)
  - Turkic 124 (0.00%)
  - Ainus 109 (0.00%)
  - Manchus 15 (0.00%)
  - Daurs 14 (0.00%)
  - Kamasins 2 (0.00%)
  - Jeks 1 (0.00%)
  - Xibes 1 (0.00%)
- Other foreign peoples 29,124 (0.02%)
  - Malays, Nigerians, Burmans etc.

Historical perspective^[76]

The ethno-demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. During the past century the most striking change is the fast increase of the peoples from the Caucasus. In 1926, these people composed 2% of the Russian population, compared to 6.5% in 2010. Though low in absolute numbers, the Siberian people also increased during the past century, but their growth was mainly realized after WW II (from 0.7% in 1959 to 1.2% in 2010) and not applicable to most of the small peoples (less than 10,000 people).

Peoples of European Russia

The relative proportion of the peoples of European Russia gradually decreased during the past century, but still compose 91% of the total population of Russia in 2010. The absolute numbers of most of these peoples reached its highest level in the beginning of the 1990s. Since 1992, natural growth in Russia has been negative and the numbers of all peoples of European Russia were lower in 2010 than in 2002, the only exceptions being the Roma (due to high fertility rates) and the Gagauz (due to high levels of migration from Moldova to Russia).

Several peoples saw a much larger decrease than can be explained by the low fertility rates and high mortality rates in Russia during the past two decades. Emigration and assimilation contributed to the decrease in numbers of many peoples. Emigration was the most important factor for Germans, Jews and Baltic peoples (Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians). The number of Germans halved between 1959 and 2010. Their main country of destination is Germany.

The number of Jews decreased by more than 80% between 1959 and 2010. In 1970, the Soviet Union had the third largest population of Jews in the world, (2,183,000 of whom 808,000 with residence in Russia), following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2010, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 158,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. The main destinations of emigrants from Russia are the USA (Jews, Belarusians, Chechens, Meskhetian Turks, Ukrainians and others), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Poland (Poles), Canada (Finns and Ukrainians), Finland (Finns), France (Jews and Armenians) and the United Kingdom (mainly rich Russians).^{[citation needed]}

Assimilation (i.e., marrying Russians and having children of such unions counted as Russians) explains the decrease in numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians and most of the Uralic peoples. The assimilation is reflected in the high median age of these peoples (see the table below), as assimilation is stronger among young people than among old people. The process of assimilation of the Uralic peoples of Russia is probably going on for centuries and is most prominent among the Mordvins (1.4% of the Russian population in 1926 and 0.5% in 2010), the Karelians, Veps and Izhorians.

Assimilation on the other hand slowed down the decrease of the number of ethnic Russians. Besides, the decrease of the number of Russians was also slowed down by the immigration of ethnic Russians from the former Soviet republics, especially Central Asia. Similarly, the numbers of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Jews, and other non-autochthonous ethnic groups has also been decreased by emigration to Ukraine, Belarus, Germany, Israel, and so forth, respectively.

Peoples of European Russia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010

Ethnic group	Language family	1926 Census		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census		2010 Census
		Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Russians	Indo-European	72,374,283	78.1%	89,747,795	82.9%	97,863,579	83.3%	107,747,630	82.8%	113,521,881	82.6%	119,865,469	81.5%	115,889,107	80.6%	111,016,896	80.9%
Tatars	Turkic	2,926,053	3.2%	3,682,956	3.4%	4,074,253	3.5%	4,577,061	3.5%	5,055,757	3.6%	5,522,096	3.8%	5,554,601	3.9%	5,310,649	3.9%
Ukrainians	Indo-European	6,870,976	7.4%	3,205,061	3.0%	3,359,083	2.9%	3,345,885	2.6%	3,657,647	2.7%	4,362,872	3.0%	2,942,961	2.0%	1,927,888	1.4%
Bashkirs	Turkic	738,861	0.80%	824,537	0.76%	953,801	0.81%	1,180,913	0.91%	1,290,994	0.94%	1,345,273	0.92%	1,673,389	1.16%	1,584,554	1.15%
Chuvashs	Turkic	1,112,478	1.20%	1,346,232	1.24%	1,436,218	1.22%	1,637,028	1.26%	1,689,847	1.23%	1,773,645	1.21%	1,637,094	1.14%	1,435,872	1.05%
Mordvins	Uralic	1,306,798	1.41%	1,375,558	1.27%	1,211,105	1.03%	1,177,492	0.91%	1,111,075	0.81%	1,072,939	0.73%	843,350	0.59%	744,237	0.54%
Udmurts (incl. Besermyan 1939–1989)	Uralic	503,970	0.54%	599,893	0.55%	615,640	0.52%	678,393	0.52%	685,718	0.50%	714,883	0.49%	636,906	0.45%	552,299	0.40%
Besermyan	Uralic	10,035	0.01%											3,122	0.00%	2,201	0.00%
Mari	Uralic	427,874	0.46%	476,314	0.44%	498,066	0.42%	581,082	0.45%	599,637	0.44%	643,698	0.44%	604,298	0.42%	547,605	0.40%
Belarusians	Indo-European	607,845	0.66%	451,933	0.42%	843,985	0.72%	964,082	0.74%	1,051,900	0.77%	1,206,222	0.82%	807,970	0.56%	521,443	0.38%
Germans	Indo-European	707,277	0.76%	811,205	0.75%	820,016	0.70%	761,888	0.59%	790,762	0.58%	842,295	0.57%	597,212	0.42%	394,138	0.29%
Komi (incl. Komi-Permyak 1939)	Uralic	226,012	0.24%	415,009	0.38%	281,780	0.24%	315,347	0.24%	320,078	0.23%	336,309	0.23%	293,406	0.20%	228,235	0.17%
Komi-Permyak	Uralic	149,275	0.16%			143,030	0.12%	150,244	0.12%	145,993	0.11%	147,269	0.10%	125,235	0.09%	94,456	0.07%
Roma	Indo-European	39,089	0.04%	59,198	0.05%	72,488	0.06%	97,955	0.08%	120,672	0.09%	152,939	0.10%	183,252	0.13%	204,958	0.15%
Jews	Semitic	539,086	0.58%	891,147	0.82%	875,058	0.74%	807,526	0.62%	699,286	0.51%	550,709	0.37%	233,439	0.16%	156,801	0.11%
Moldovans	Indo-European	16,870	0.02%	21,974	0.02%	62,298	0.05%	87,538	0.07%	102,137	0.07%	172,671	0.12%	172,330	0.12%	156,400	0.11%
Karelians	Uralic	248,017	0.27%	249,778	0.23%	164,050	0.14%	141,148	0.11%	133,182	0.10%	124,921	0.08%	93,344	0.06%	60,815	0.04%
Poles	Indo-European	189,269	0.20%	142,461	0.13%	118,422	0.10%	107,084	0.08%	99,733	0.07%	94,594	0.06%	73,001	0.05%	47,125	0.03%
Lithuanians	Indo-European	26,128	0.03%	20,795	0.02%	108,579	0.09%	76,718	0.06%	66,783	0.05%	70,427	0.05%	45,569	0.03%	31,377	0.02%
Bulgarians	Indo-European	4,087	0.00%	8,338	0.01%	24,899	0.02%	27,321	0.02%	24,943	0.02%	32,785	0.02%	31,965	0.02%	24,038	0.02%
Finns	Uralic	134,089	0.14%	138,962	0.13%	72,356	0.06%	62,307	0.05%	55,687	0.04%	47,102	0.03%	34,050	0.02%	20,267	0.01%
Latvians	Indo-European	124,312	0.13%	104,877	0.10%	74,932	0.06%	59,695	0.05%	67,267	0.05%	46,829	0.03%	28,520	0.02%	18,979	0.01%
Estonians	Uralic	146,051	0.16%	130,494	0.12%	78,556	0.07%	62,980	0.05%	55,539	0.04%	46,390	0.03%	28,113	0.02%	17,875	0.01%
Gagauz	Turkic	0	0.00%	0	0.00%	3,012	0.00%	3,704	0.00%	4,176	0.00%	10,051	0.01%	12,210	0.01%	13,690	0.01%
Veps	Uralic	32,783	0.04%	31,442	0.03%	16,170	0.01%	8,057	0.01%	7,550	0.01%	12,142	0.01%	8,240	0.01%	5,936	0.00%
Sami	Uralic	1,715	0.00%	1,828	0.00%	1,760	0.00%	1,836	0.00%	1,775	0.00%	1,835	0.00%	1,991	0.00%	1,771	0.00%
Izhorians	Uralic	16,136	0.02%	7,720	0.01%	564	0.00%	561	0.00%	449	0.00%	449	0.00%	327	0.00%	266	0.00%
Karaites	Turkic	1,608	0.00%			1,608	0.00%	1,236	0.00%	939	0.00%	680	0.00%	366	0.00%	205	0.00%

Peoples of the Caucasus

Peoples of the Caucasus in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010

Ethnic group	Language family	1926 Census		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census		2010 Census
		Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Chechens	Northeast Caucasian	318,361	0.34%	400,325	0.37%	261,311	0.22%	572,220	0.44%	712,161	0.52%	898,999	0.61%	1,360,253	0.95%	1,431,360	1.04%
Armenians	Indo-European	183,785	0.20%	205,233	0.19%	255,978	0.22%	298,718	0.23%	364,570	0.27%	532,390	0.36%	1,132,033	0.79%	1,182,388	0.86%
Avars	Northeast Caucasian	178,263	0.19%	235,715	0.22%	249,529	0.21%	361,613	0.28%	438,306	0.32%	544,016	0.37%	814,473	0.57%	912,090	0.66%
Azerbaijanis	Turkic	24,335	0.03%	43,014	0.04%	70,947	0.06%	95,689	0.07%	152,421	0.11%	335,889	0.23%	621,840	0.43%	603,070	0.44%
Dargins	Northeast Caucasian	125,759	0.14%	152,007	0.14%	152,563	0.13%	224,172	0.17%	280,444	0.20%	353,348	0.24%	510,156	0.35%	589,386	0.43%
Ossetians	Indo-European	157,280	0.17%	195,624	0.18%	247,834	0.21%	313,458	0.24%	352,080	0.26%	402,275	0.27%	514,875	0.36%	528,515	0.38%
Kabardins	Northwest Caucasian	139,864	0.15%	161,216	0.15%	200,634	0.17%	277,435	0.21%	318,822	0.23%	386,055	0.26%	519,958	0.36%	516,826	0.38%
Kumyks	Turkic	94,509	0.10%	110,299	0.10%	132,896	0.11%	186,690	0.14%	225,800	0.16%	277,163	0.19%	422,409	0.29%	503,060	0.37%
Lezgians	Northeast Caucasian	92,937	0.10%	100,328	0.09%	114,210	0.10%	170,494	0.13%	202,854	0.15%	257,270	0.17%	411,535	0.29%	473,722	0.34%
Ingush	Northeast Caucasian	72,137	0.08%	90,980	0.08%	55,799	0.05%	137,380	0.11%	165,997	0.12%	215,068	0.15%	413,016	0.29%	444,833	0.32%
Karachays	Turkic	55,116	0.06%	74,488	0.07%	70,537	0.06%	106,831	0.08%	125,792	0.09%	150,332	0.10%	192,182	0.13%	218,403	0.16%
Kalmyks	Mongolic	128,809	0.14%	129,786	0.12%	100,603	0.09%	131,318	0.10%	140,103	0.10%	165,103	0.11%	174,000	0.12%	183,372	0.13%
Laks	Northeast Caucasian	40,243	0.04%	54,348	0.05%	58,397	0.05%	78,625	0.06%	91,412	0.07%	106,245	0.07%	156,545	0.11%	178,630	0.13%
Georgians	South Caucasian	20,551	0.02%	43,585	0.04%	57,594	0.05%	68,971	0.05%	89,407	0.07%	130,688	0.09%	197,934	0.14%	157,803	0.11%
Tabasarans	Northeast Caucasian	31,983	0.03%	33,471	0.03%	34,288	0.03%	54,047	0.04%	73,433	0.05%	93,587	0.06%	131,785	0.09%	146,360	0.11%
Adyghe (incl. Shapsugs 1926–1989 and Circassians 1926–1939)	Northwest Caucasian	64,959	0.07%	85,588	0.08%	78,561	0.07%	98,461	0.08%	107,239	0.08%	122,908	0.08%	128,528	0.09%	124,835	0.09%
Shapsugs	Northwest Caucasian													3,231	0.00%	3,882	0.00%
Circassians	Northwest Caucasian					28,986	0.02%	38,356	0.03%	44,572	0.03%	50,572	0.03%	60,517	0.04%	73,184	0.05%
Balkars	Turkic	33,298	0.04%	41,949	0.04%	35,249	0.03%	52,969	0.04%	61,828	0.04%	78,341	0.05%	108,426	0.08%	112,924	0.08%
Turks (incl. Meskhetian Turks 1926–1989)	Turkic	1,846	0.00%	2,668	0.00%	1,377	0.00%	1,568	0.00%	3,561	0.00%	9,890	0.01%	92,415	0.06%	105,058	0.08%
Meskhetian Turks	Turkic													3,527	0.00%	4,825	0.00%
Nogais	Turkic	36,089	0.04%	36,088	0.03%	37,656	0.03%	51,159	0.04%	58,639	0.04%	73,703	0.05%	90,666	0.06%	103,660	0.08%
Greeks	Indo-European	34,439	0.04%	65,705	0.06%	47,024	0.04%	57,847	0.04%	69,816	0.05%	91,699	0.06%	97,827	0.07%	85,640	0.06%
Kurds (incl. Yazidis 1939–1989)	Indo-European	164	0.00%	387	0.00%	855	0.00%	1,015	0.00%	1,634	0.00%	4,724	0.00%	19,607	0.01%	23,232	0.01%
Yazidis	Indo-European	1	0.00%											31,273	0.02%	40,586	0.03%
Abazas	Northwest Caucasian	13,825	0.01%	14,739	0.01%	19,059	0.02%	24,892	0.02%	28,800	0.02%	32,983	0.02%	37,942	0.03%	43,341	0.03%
Small Dagestan Peoples (SDP)				20,962	0.02%
Rutuls	Northeast Caucasian	10,333	0.01%	SDP	SDP	6,703	0.01%	11,904	0.01%	14,835	0.01%	19,503	0.01%	29,929	0.02%	35,240	0.03%
Aghuls	Northeast Caucasian	7,653	0.01%	SDP	SDP	6,460	0.01%	8,751	0.01%	11,752	0.01%	17,728	0.01%	28,297	0.02%	34,160	0.02%
Tsakhurs	Northeast Caucasian	3,533	0.00%	SDP	SDP	4,437	0.00%	4,730	0.00%	4,774	0.00%	6,492	0.00%	10,366	0.01%	12,769	0.01%
Udis	Northeast Caucasian	2	0.00%	SDP	SDP	35	0.00%	94	0.00%	216	0.00%	1,102	0.00%	3,721	0.00%	4,267	0.00%
Abkhaz	Northwest Caucasian	97	0.00%	647	0.00%	1,400	0.00%	2,427	0.00%	4,058	0.00%	7,239	0.00%	11,366	0.01%	11,249	0.01%
Assyrians	Semitic	2,791	0.00%	7,446	0.01%	7,612	0.01%	8,098	0.01%	8,708	0.01%	9,622	0.01%	13,649	0.01%	11,084	0.01%
Persians	Indo-European	8,626	0.01%	6,041	0.01%	2,490	0.00%	2,548	0.00%	1,747	0.00%	2,572	0.00%	3,821	0.00%	3,696	0.00%
Talysh	Indo-European	0	0.00%	47	0.00%	33	0.00%			2	0.00%	202	0.00%	2,548	0.00%	2,529	0.00%
Tats	Indo-European	223	0.00%			5,136	0.00%	8,753	0.01%	12,748	0.01%	19,420	0.01%	2,303	0.00%	1,585	0.00%

Peoples of Siberia

Peoples of Siberia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010

Ethnic group	Language family	1926 Census		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census		2010 Census
		Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Sakha (icl. Dolgans 1939–1959)	Turkic	240,682	0.26%	241,870	0.22%	236,125	0.20%	295,223	0.23%	326,531	0.24%	380,242	0.26%	443,852	0.31%	478,085	0.35%
Dolgans	Turkic	656	0.00%					4,718	0.00%	4,911	0.00%	6,584	0.00%	7,261	0.01%	7,885	0.01%
Buryats (incl. Soyots 1939–1989)	Mongolic	237,490	0.26%	220,618	0.20%	251,504	0.21%	312,847	0.24%	349,760	0.25%	417,425	0.28%	445,175	0.31%	461,389	0.34%
Soyots	Mongolic	229	0.00%											2,769	0.00%	3,608	0.00%
Tuvans	Turkic	200	0.00%	794	0.00%	99,864	0.08%	139,013	0.11%	165,426	0.12%	206,160	0.14%	243,442	0.17%	263,934	0.19%
Altay	Turkic	52,248	0.06%	46,489	0.04%	44,654	0.04%	54,614	0.04%	58,879	0.04%	69,409	0.05%	77,822	0.05%	89,773	0.06%
Khakas	Turkic	45,607	0.05%	52,033	0.05%	56,032	0.05%	65,368	0.05%	69,247	0.05%	78,500	0.05%	76,278	0.05%	72,959	0.05%
Nenets (incl. Enets 1926–1979 and Nganasans 1926–1939)	Uralic	17,560	0.02%	24,716	0.02%	22,845	0.02%	28,487	0.02%	29,487	0.02%	34,190	0.02%	41,302	0.03%	44,640	0.03%
Enets	Uralic											198	0.00%	237	0.00%	227	0.00%
Nganasans	Uralic					721	0.00%	823	0.00%	842	0.00%	1,262	0.00%	834	0.00%	862	0.00%
Evenks	Tungusic	38,804	0.03%	29,599	0.02%	24,583	0.02%	25,051	0.02%	27,278	0.02%	29,901	0.02%	35,527	0.02%	37,843	0.03%
Khanty	Uralic	22,301	0.02%	18,447	0.02%	19,246	0.02%	21,007	0.02%	20,743	0.02%	22,283	0.02%	28,678	0.02%	30,943	0.02%
Evens	Tungusic	2,044	0.00%	9,674	0.01%	9,023	0.01%	11,819	0.01%	12,215	0.01%	17,055	0.01%	19,071	0.01%	22,383	0.02%
Chukchi (incl. Kereks 1926–1989 and Chuvans 1939–1979)	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	12,331	0.01%	13,830	0.01%	11,680	0.01%	13,500	0.01%	13,937	0.01%	15,107	0.01%	15,767	0.01%	15,908	0.01%
Kereks	Chukotko-Kamchatkan													8	0.00%	4	0.00%
Chuvans	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	704	0.00%	1,384	0.00%									1,087	0.00%	1,002	0.00%
Shors	Turkic	13,000	0.01%	16,042	0.01%	14,938	0.01%	15,950	0.01%	15,182	0.01%	15,745	0.01%	13,975	0.01%	12,888	0.01%
Mansi	Uralic	5,754	0.01%	6,295	0.01%	6,318	0.01%	7,609	0.01%	7,434	0.01%	8,279	0.01%	11,432	0.01%	12,269	0.01%
Nanais	Tungusic	5,860	0.01%	8,411	0.01%	7,919	0.01%	9,911	0.01%	10,357	0.01%	11,883	0.01%	12,160	0.01%	12,003	0.01%
Koryaks	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	7,437	0.01%	7,337	0.01%	6,168	0.01%	7,367	0.01%	7,637	0.01%	8,942	0.01%	8,743	0.01%	7,953	0.01%
Nivkh	Nivkh	4,076	0.00%	3,857	0.00%	3,690	0.00%	4,356	0.00%	4,366	0.00%	4,631	0.00%	5,162	0.00%	4,652	0.00%
Selkups	Uralic	1,630	0.00%	2,604	0.00%	3,704	0.00%	4,249	0.00%	3,518	0.00%	3,564	0.00%	4,249	0.00%	3,649	0.00%
Udege (incl. Taz 1926–1989)	Tungusic	1,357	0.00%	1,701	0.00%	1,395	0.00%	1,396	0.00%	1,431	0.00%	1,902	0.00%	1,657	0.00%	1,496	0.00%
Taz	Sino-Tibetan													276	0.00%	274	0.00%
Small Siberian Peoples (SSP)				11,824	0.01%
Itelmeni	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	803	0.00%	SSP	SSP	1,096	0.00%	1,255	0.00%	1,335	0.00%	2,429	0.00%	3,180	0.00%	3,193	0.00%
Ulchs	Tungusic	723	0.00%	SSP	SSP	2,049	0.00%	2,410	0.00%	2,494	0.00%	3,173	0.00%	2,913	0.00%	2,765	0.00%
Eskimo	Eskimo-Aleut	1,292	0.00%	SSP	SSP	1,111	0.00%	1,265	0.00%	1,460	0.00%	1,704	0.00%	1,750	0.00%	1,738	0.00%
Yukaghir	Yukaghir	443	0.00%	SSP	SSP	440	0.00%	593	0.00%	801	0.00%	1,112	0.00%	1,509	0.00%	1,603	0.00%
Ket	Yeniseian	1,428	0.00%	SSP	SSP	1,017	0.00%	1,161	0.00%	1,072	0.00%	1,084	0.00%	1,494	0.00%	1,219	0.00%
Tofalars	Turkic	2,828	0.00%	SSP	SSP	476	0.00%	570	0.00%	576	0.00%	722	0.00%	837	0.00%	762	0.00%
Orochs (incl. Oroks 1970–1979)	Tungusic	646	0.00%	SSP	SSP	779	0.00%	1,037	0.00%	1,040	0.00%	883	0.00%	686	0.00%	596	0.00%
Oroks	Tungusic	162	0.00%	SSP	SSP	2	0.00%					179	0.00%	346	0.00%	295	0.00%
Negidals	Tungusic	683	0.00%	SSP	SSP			495	0.00%	477	0.00%	587	0.00%	567	0.00%	513	0.00%
Aleut	Eskimo-Aleut	353	0.00%	SSP	SSP	399	0.00%	410	0.00%	489	0.00%	644	0.00%	540	0.00%	482	0.00%

Foreign-born population

Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, close to 300,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. There is a significant inflow of ethnic Armenians, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz and Tajiks into big Russian cities, something that is viewed unfavorably by some citizens.^[77] In addition, there are an estimated 4 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.^[78]

The Kazakhs in Russia are mostly not recent immigrants. The majority inhabit regions bordering Kazakhstan such as the Astrakhan (16% of the population are Kazakhs), Orenburg (6% of the population are Kazakhs), Omsk (4% of the population are Kazakhs) and Saratov (3% of the population are Kazakhs) oblasts. Together these oblasts host 60% of the Kazakh population in Russia. The number of Kazakhs slightly decreased between 2002 and 2010 due to emigration to Kazakhstan, which has by far the strongest economy in Central Asia (Russia does receive immigration from Kazakhstan, but they are mainly ethnic Russians); other Central Asian populations, especially Uzbeks, Tajiks, and Kyrgyz, have continued to rise rapidly. (Turkmen are an exception; citizens of Turkmenistan do not have visa-free access to Russia.)

Russian statistical organizations classify the immigrants based on their ethnicity, although there is an information gap between 2007 and 2013, In 2007, the net immigration was 190,397 (plus another 49,546 for which ethnicity was unknown). Of this, 97,813 was Slavic / Germanic / Finnic (51.4%, of which Russian – 72,769, Ukrainian – 17,802), Turkic and other Muslim – 52,536 (27.6%, of which Azeri – 14,084, Tatar – 10,391, Uzbek – 10,517, Tajik – 9,032, Kyrgyz – 7,533 & Kazakh – (-) 1,424) and Others – 40,048 (21.0%, of which Armenian – 25,719).^[79]

Many immigrants are actually migrant workers, miagrant workers come to Russia and work for around five years then return to their countries. Major sources of migrant workers but where permanent migrants of majority ethnicity of those countries are virtually nonexistent are in 2013. China 200,000 migrant workers, 1000 settled permanently. Uzbekistan 100,000 migrant workers, 489 permanent settlers. Tajikistan 80,000 migrant workers, 220 settled permanently. Kyrgyzstan 50,000 miagrant workers, 219 settled permanently. Macedonia- 20,000 worker arrivals, 612 settled permanently .

Peoples of Central Asia in the Russian Federation, 1926–2010

Ethnic group	Language family	1926 Census		1939 Census		1959 Census		1970 Census		1979 Census		1989 Census		2002 Census		2010 Census
		Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Kazakhs	Turkic	136,501	0.15%	356,500	0.33%	382,431	0.33%	477,820	0.37%	518,060	0.38%	635,865	0.43%	653,962	0.46%	647,732	0.47%
Uzbeks	Turkic	942	0.00%	16,166	0.01%	29,512	0.03%	61,588	0.05%	72,385	0.05%	126,899	0.09%	122,916	0.09%	289,862	0.21%
Tajiks	Indo-European	52	0.00%	3,315	0.00%	7,027	0.01%	14,108	0.01%	17,863	0.01%	38,208	0.03%	120,136	0.08%	200,666	0.15%
Kyrgyz	Turkic	285	0.00%	6,311	0.01%	4,701	0.00%	9,107	0.01%	15,011	0.01%	41,734	0.03%	31,808	0.02%	103,422	0.08%
Turkmens	Turkic	7,849	0.01%	12,869	0.01%	11,631	0.01%	20,040	0.02%	22,979	0.02%	39,739	0.03%	33,053	0.02%	36,885	0.03%
Uygurs	Turkic	26	0.00%	642	0.00%	720	0.00%	1,513	0.00%	1,707	0.00%	2,577	0.00%	2,867	0.00%	3,696	0.00%
Karakalpaks	Turkic	14	0.00%	306	0.00%	988	0.00%	2,267	0.00%	1,743	0.00%	6,155	0.00%	1,609	0.00%	1,466	0.00%

Ethnic map of Russia, 1989
Ethnic map of Russia, 2010

The 2010 census^[8] found the following figures for foreign citizens resident in Russia:
Uzbekistan: 131,100 Ukraine: 93,400 Tajikistan: 87,100 Azerbaijan: 67,900 Armenia: 59,400 Kyrgyzstan: 44,600 Moldova: 33,900 China: 28,400 Kazakhstan: 28,100 Belarus: 27,700 Georgia: 12,100 Vietnam: 11,100 Turkmenistan: 5,600 Turkey: 5,400 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania: 5,300 India: 4,500 All others: 41,400

Median age and fertility

Median ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups.

Median ages are strongly correlated with fertility rates, ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age – Ingush – women 35 or older had, on average, 4.05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age – Jews – women 35 or older averaged only 1.37 children.^[80] Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of Jewish emigration.^{[citation needed]}

Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37.6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census.^{[citation needed]} The most noticeable trend in the past couple of decades is the convergence of birth rates between minorities (including Muslim minorities) and the Russian majority.^{[citation needed]}

The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census.^[81]

Ethnic Group	Median Age	Male	Female	Urban	Urban M	Urban F	Rural	Rural M	Rural F	Children / woman (15+)	Children / woman (35+)	Predominant religion
Russian	37.6	34.0	40.5	37.1	33.5	40.1	39.0	35.7	41.7	1.446	1.828	Christianity
Tatar	37.7	35.3	39.6	37.2	34.7	39.1	38.8	36.5	41.1	1.711	2.204	Islam
Ukrainian	45.9	44.7	47.3	45.6	44.5	46.8	47.0	45.2	49.0	1.726	1.946	Christianity
Bashkir	34.2	32.1	36.2	32.9	30.6	34.7	35.4	33.3	37.6	1.969	2.658	Islam
Chuvash	38.6	36.4	40.4	37.9	36.3	39.1	39.4	36.5	42.5	1.884	2.379	Christianity
Chechen	22.8	22.1	23.5	22.9	22.5	23.4	22.7	21.9	23.5	2.163	3.456	Islam
Armenian	32.8	33.4	32.0	33.0	33.7	32.2	32.1	32.6	31.5	1.68	2.225	Christianity
Mordvin	44.4	42.1	46.9	44.2	42.3	45.9	44.7	41.7	48.5	1.986	2.303	Christianity
Avar	24.6	23.8	25.4	23.8	23.4	24.1	25.1	24.0	26.2	2.09	3.319	Islam
Belarusian	48.0	45.9	50.2	47.7	45.8	49.6	49.1	46.1	52.4	1.765	1.941	Christianity
Kazakh/Kyrgyz	30.2	29.4	31	29.5	29	30.1	30.6	29.7	31.4	2.015	2.964	Islam
Udmurt	40.0	37.4	42.0	41.2	39.0	42.6	38.9	36.1	41.3	1.93	2.378	Christianity
Azerbaijani	29.5	31.9	24.6	30.0	32.3	24.7	26.5	28.7	24.1	1.83	2.619	Islam
Mari	36.7	34.5	38.5	36.4	34.6	37.7	36.9	34.5	39.3	1.917	2.493	Christianity
German	39.7	38.2	41.2	39.6	38.0	41.0	40.0	38.4	41.4	1.864	2.443	Christianity
Kabardin	28.2	27.1	29.3	28.8	27.4	30.2	27.7	26.9	28.4	1.799	2.654	Islam
Ossetian	34.1	32.5	35.7	34.0	32.2	35.7	34.4	33.2	35.6	1.665	2.267	Christianity
Dargwa	24.6	23.9	25.3	24.3	23.8	24.8	24.8	24.0	25.6	2.162	3.476	Islam
Buryat	28.6	26.6	30.5	27.6	25.7	29.5	29.5	27.4	31.5	1.949	2.861	Buddhism
Yakut	26.9	25.1	28.7	26.9	25.2	28.5	27.0	25.1	28.8	1.972	2.843	Christianity
Kumyk	24.6	23.7	25.4	24.8	23.9	25.6	24.4	23.5	25.2	1.977	3.123	Islam
Ingush	22.7	22.4	23.0	22.9	22.5	23.4	22.5	22.3	22.7	2.325	4.05	Islam
Lezgian	25.4	25.2	25.7	25.0	25.2	24.8	25.9	25.2	26.6	2.045	3.275	Islam
Komi	38.8	35.8	41.0	39.4	35.5	41.6	38.3	36.0	40.4	1.869	2.363	Christianity
Tuvan	23.0	21.7	24.2	22.3	21.4	23.3	23.6	22.0	25.1	1.996	3.407	Buddhism
Jewish	57.5	55.7	61.1	57.6	55.7	61.2	53.5	52.0	55.3	1.264	1.371	Judaism
Karachay	29.5	28.3	30.5	27.6	26.4	28.9	30.5	29.5	31.5	1.86	2.836	Islam
Kalmyk	31.3	29.2	33.3	28.6	26.3	31.3	33.9	32.6	35.1	1.853	2.625	Buddhism
Adyghe	34.2	32.4	36.0	32.0	30.3	33.7	36.2	34.2	38.2	1.757	2.363	Islam
Permyak	40.8	38.6	42.7	41.3	39.5	42.5	40.5	38.1	42.8	2.145	2.604	Christianity
Balkar	30.1	29.5	30.7	29.3	28.8	29.8	30.9	30.1	31.9	1.689	2.624	Islam
Karelian	45.7	42.4	48.6	44.7	41.3	47.2	47.0	43.5	51.2	1.823	2.108	Christianity
Kazakh	30.7	28.4	32.9	30.1	27.9	32.4	31.2	28.8	33.5	1.872	2.609	Islam
Altay	27.5	25.5	29.4	22.7	21.5	24.2	28.9	26.9	30.8	2.021	2.933	Buddhism
Cherkess	31.2	30.1	32.3	29.7	28.3	30.9	32.1	31.1	33.3	1.807	2.607	Islam

Languages

Russian is the common official language throughout Russia understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages (see their respective articles). There are more than 100 languages spoken in Russia, many of which are in danger of extinction.

Religion

Over 50% of ethnic Russians identify themselves as Orthodox^{[dubious – discuss]}. Of these, approximately 2–4%^[82] of the general population are integrated into church life (воцерковленные), while others attend on a less regular basis or not at all. Many non-religious ethnic Russians identify with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons.^[83] The majority of Muslims live in the Volga–Ural region and the North Caucasus, although Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and parts of Siberia also have sizable Muslim populations.^[84]^[85]

Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include Roman Catholicism (approx. 1%), Baptists, Pentecostals, Lutherans and other Protestant churches (together totalling about 0.5% of the population) and Old Believers. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Krishnaism, as well. Shamanism and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.

According to the data of the 2010 Census, presented above, 88.26% of the people who stated their ethnicity belong to traditional Christian ethnic groups, 10.90% belong to traditional Muslim ethnic groups and 0.84% belong to traditional Buddhist, Jewish and other ethnic groups.

Education

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total literacy: 99.4% (2002)
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2%^[85]

Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian. Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance Tatar (1%), Yakut (0.4%) etc.^{[citation needed]}

About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order.^[86]

Labour force

The Russian labour force is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. The unemployment rate in Russia was 5.3% as of 2013.^[87] Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. However, since recovering from the 1998 economic crisis, the standard of living has been on the rise. As of 2010 about 13.1% of the population was living below the poverty line, compared to 40% in 1999.^[88] The average yearly salary in Russia was $14,302 (about $23,501 PPP) as of October 2013, up from $455 per year in August 1999.^[89]^[90]^[91]

According to the FMS, as of 2011, there were 7,000,000 immigrants working in Russia. Half of these were from Ukraine, while the remainder was mostly from Central Asia. Only 3 million or less than half of all the immigrants are legal. Illegal immigrants number 4 million, mostly from Ukraine and the Caucasus.^[32] The Census usually covers only a part of this population and the last one 2002 Census) counted one million non-citizens.

Population of main cities

v t e Largest cities or towns in Russia 2024 estimate^[92]
	Rank	Name	Federal subject	Pop.	Rank	Name	Federal subject	Pop.
Moscow Saint Petersburg	1	Moscow	Moscow	13,149,803	11	Rostov-on-Don	Rostov Oblast	1,140,487	Novosibirsk Yekaterinburg
	2	Saint Petersburg	Saint Petersburg	5,597,763	12	Krasnodar	Krasnodar Krai	1,138,654
	3	Novosibirsk	Novosibirsk Oblast	1,633,851	13	Omsk	Omsk Oblast	1,104,485
	4	Yekaterinburg	Sverdlovsk Oblast	1,536,183	14	Voronezh	Voronezh Oblast	1,046,425
	5	Kazan	Tatarstan	1,318,604	15	Perm	Perm Krai	1,026,908
	6	Krasnoyarsk	Krasnoyarsk Krai	1,205,473	16	Volgograd	Volgograd Oblast	1,018,898
	7	Nizhny Novgorod	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	1,204,985	17	Saratov	Saratov Oblast	887,365
	8	Chelyabinsk	Chelyabinsk Oblast	1,177,058	18	Tyumen	Tyumen Oblast	861,098
	9	Ufa	Bashkortostan	1,163,304	19	Tolyatti	Samara Oblast	667,956
	10	Samara	Samara Oblast	1,158,952	20	Makhachkala	Dagestan	622,091

Rural life

Rural life in Russia is distinct from many other nations. Russia is one of few nations that have small towns hundreds of kilometres from major population centres. Relatively few Russian people live in villages—rural population accounted for 26% of the total population according to the 2010 Russian Census. Some people own or rent village houses and use them as dachas (summer houses).

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^ http://www.stat-nkr.am/files/yearbooks/2004_2010/5_bnakchut.pdf
^ http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_05.pdf
^ "Life expectancy of the Russian Federation since 1950". Demoscope.ru. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
^ Life Expectancy of the Russian Federation since 1992 Retrieved on 29 May 2008
^ "ТАСС: Общество - Скворцова: средняя продолжительность жизни россиян составила 71,6 года". ТАСС. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Россия побила свой рекорд по продолжительности жизни женщин - 76,5 лет". РИА Новости. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ Luke Harding: No country for old men The Guardian, 11 February 2008
^ ^a ^b "Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни россиян выросла на 3,7 года в 2011г – Голикова". Perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf
^ Yeltsin: healthier than the average Russian: Poverty, pollution and drink has slashed life expectancy, writes Phil Reeves The Independent, 29 September 1996
^ A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former) Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Edited by Raymond E. Zickel 1989. Chapter 3 – Population – Vital Statistics
^ UNICEF Rate of Progress Index UNICEF Retrieved on 27 December 2009
^ Vishnevsky, Anatoly G. (2009). "National Human Development Report: Russian Federation 2008: Russia Facing Demographic Challenges" (PDF). Moscow: UNDP Russia. p. 48. Retrieved 26 February 2015. In the 1980s only 8-10% of married women of reproductive age in Russia used hormonal and intrauterine contraception, compared with 20-40% in developed countries.
^ ^a ^b National Human Development Report Russian Federation 2008, UNDP,pages 47–49, Retrieved on 10 October 2009
^ "Владивосток: В России стало больше русских". Perepis-2010.ru. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше". Perepis-2010.ru. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ "СОСТАВ ГРУППЫ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ "ЛИЦА, УКАЗАВШИЕ ДРУГИЕ ОТВЕТЫ О НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТИ" ПО СУБЪЕКТАМ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ"".
^ "Приложение Демоскопа Weekly". Demoscope.ru. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
^ Central Asia: Labor Migrants Face Abuse, Xenophobia Retrieved on 15 March 2008
^ "Новости NEWSru.com :: ФМС: в РФ нелегально работают 3 млн трудовых мигрантов, остальные 4 млн "халтурят" с налогами". Newsru.com. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
^ "Национальный состав международных мигрантов". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ 2002 Russian census, Женщины наиболее многочисленных национальностей по возрастным группам и числу рожденных детей по субъектам Российской Федерации
^ 2002 Russian census, Население отдельных национальностей по возрастным группам и полу по субъектам Российской Федерации
^ "Русская линия / Библиотека периодической печати / Как пишутся страшные сказки о Церкви". Rusk.ru. 31 August 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
^ "Социология религии" (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2010.
^ International Religious Freedom Report 2007 Retrieved on 29 March 2008
^ ^a ^b Russia CIA World Factbook CIA World Factbook updated 6 March 2008
^ "Russia country guide – EUbusiness.com – business, legal and financial news and information from the European Union". Eubusiness.com. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
^ "Russia Capital Investment Falls 1.6% in September - Rosstat". The Wall Street Journal.
^ "Russia Population below poverty line". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ Russians weigh an enigma with Putin’s protégé MSNBC Retrieved on 29 March 2009
^ "Putin's Economy—Eight Years On". russiaprofile.org. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
^ "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ "Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2024 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 April 2024.

External links

Igor Beloborodov, Demographic situation in Russia in 1992–2010 (report at the Moscow Demographic Summit — June 2011)
Nicholas Eberstadt, Russia’s Peacetime Demographic Crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications (National Bureau of Asian Research Project Report, May 2010)
Edited by Julie DaVanzo, Gwen Farnsworth Russia's Demographic "Crisis" 1996 RAND ISBN 0-8330-2446-9
Jessica Griffith The Regional Consequences of Russia’s Demographic Crisis University of Leicester
Results of population policy and current demographic situation (2008)
Interactive statistics for all countries, site of United States Census Bureau.
2009 World Population Data Sheet by the Population Reference Bureau
Population density and distribution maps (text is in Russian; the topmost map shows population density based on 1996 data)
Ethnic groups of Russia
Problems with mortality data in Russia
V. Borisov “Demographic situation in Russia and the role of mortality in reproduction of population”, 2005 (in English)
Russian Empire:
- The Red Book of the peoples of the Russian Empire
Template:Ru icon В погоне за малыми, an article about treatment of minorities in the Russian Empire, Kommersant-Money, 25 October 2005
Choice between mass migration and birth rate increase as possible solutions of depopulation problem in Russia (in Russian)
Build Russian population graph 1960 - 2013 (World Bank data)
Build Russian population projection graph till 2100 (United Nation data)
Build Russian life expectancy at birth graph 1950 - 2013 (United Nation data)

[1] Population data since 1992 from Russian Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat)

[2] ttp://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/popul2016.xls

[3] ttp://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/prPopul2015.xls

[gks.ru-4] ttp://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2014/demo/tab12_2014.xls

[5] ttp://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B15_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk11/8-0.doc

[euromonitor1-6] Russian Birth Rate above Regional Average, Euromonitor International, retrieved on 26 March 2013.

[7] "Демография". Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[perepis-2010.ru-8] Об итогах всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года [On the results of the All-Russia Population Census 2010]. perepis-2010.ru (in Russian). 2010. Archived from the original (PPT) on 18 January 2012.

[rg.ru-9] "Более восьми тысяч деревень исчезли с карты России — Татьяна Смольякова — Российская газета". Rg.ru. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[10] "Urbanization and Economic Development in Russia".

[gks2009-11] 2009 demographic figures Rosstat Retrieved on 18 February 2010

[12] Russian death rates 1950–2008, Demoscope.ru, Retrieved on 29 May 2009

[13] Russian birth rates 1950–2008, Demoscope.ru, Retrieved on 29 May 2009

[t-14] Steven Eke (23 June 2005). "Russia's population falling fast". BBC News. Retrieved 15 March 2008.

[15] United Nations ECOSOC,http://esa.un.org/unpp/ World Population Prospects: the 2008 Revision Population Database, Medium variant.

[bbc1-16] Russia sees first population increase in 15 years BBC Retrieved on 18 February 2009

[17] "Russian population rises by 292,400 in 2012 – Rosstat. | HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared". Business.highbeam.com. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[in-18] Russian policies ignite unprecedented birth rate in 2007 The Economic Times 21 March 2008

[thelancet.com-19] Mass privatisation and the post-communist mortality crisis: a cross-national analysis The Lancet Retrieved on 02-12-09

[economist-20] Ex-communist reform – Mass murder and the market The Economist Retrieved on 02-12-09

[21] "WHO Life Expectancy Projections 2000 – ministry". World Health Organisation. Retrieved 7 January 2009.

[22] Burlington Free Press, 26 June 2009, page 2A, "Study blames alcohol for half Russian deaths"

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[mosnews-24] "Vladimir Putin's State-of-the-Nation Address". Mosnews.com. Retrieved 23 October 2011.

[newsru.com-25] Newsru, Население России за пять лет уменьшилось на 3,2 миллиона до 142 миллионов человек, 19.Oct.2007 Retrieved same date

[ugj-26] In Russia the first time in 15 years recorded population growth Retrieved on 09-09-30

[27] Tom Parfitt in Moscow (21 April 2011). "Vladimir Putin pledges to spend £32bn on increasing Russian life expectancy, World news". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 14 May 2011.

[28] RIA Novosti, 14 July 2006 http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20060714/51327247.html

[29] RIA Novosti, 20 August 2012, http://en.ria.ru/society/20120820/175324629.html

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[33] "Russia reports surge in illegal migration from Asia". Indian Express. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[34] "Migration law violators to be banned from entering Russia – Putin". Russia Today. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[35] "Illegal immigrants can be barred from Russia for 5–10 years". The Voice of Russia. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[36] "Russia closed for immigration?". Russia. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[37] Luxmoore, Matthew (27 February 2015). "Ruble ripple: New Russian laws make life difficult for migrant workers". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 December 2015.

[38] "The Backlash Against Immigration in Russia". Newsweek. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[39] "Some 500 illegal immigrants from Vietnam arrested in Moscow". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 6 April 2012.

[40] Malgin, Andrei (8 September 2014). "Ukrainian Refugees to Repopulate Siberia". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 12 September 2015.

[41] "Agriculture". Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 26 December 2015.

[42] "Russian Emigration Spikes in 2013-2014". thediplomat.org, Reuters. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

[perepis1-43] "Сообщение Росстата". Perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved 14 May 2011.

[agestruct-44] Age structure of the Russian population as of 1 January 2009 Rosstat Retrieved on 8 October 2009

[45] Adomanis, Mark (29 May 2015). "According To The Latest Data Russia's Demography Is Still In Sharp Decline". Forbes. Retrieved 26 December 2015.

[gks2010-46] 2010 Rosstat overview Retrieved on 17 February 2011

[autogenerated1927-47] E.Andreev, L.Darski, T. Kharkova "Histoire démographique de la Russie. 1927–1959"

[48] "Goskomstat". Goskomstat. Retrieved 14 May 2011.

[Gks.ru-49] "Демография". Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[50] "Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики". Gks.ru. 8 May 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

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[52] "ЕМИСС - Число прерываний беременности". Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[53] "Russian Federation population 2015 | Current population of Russian Federation". countrymeters.info. Retrieved 31 December 2015.

[54] Russia's Demographic "Crisis" 1996 RAND, page 13-18. Retrieved on 3 March 2009. ISBN 0-8330-2446-9

[CIA-55] "The World Factbook 2009". Washington DC: Central Intelligence Agency. 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.

[tfr08-56] "Rosstat TFR database". Gks.ru. Retrieved 14 May 2011.

[tfr-57] Fertility Rate Statistics. Demoscope.ru. Retrieved on 10 September 2009

[autogenerated2-58] ttp://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2012/wo-man12.rar

[59] ttp://www.stat-nkr.am/files/yearbooks/2004_2010/5_bnakchut.pdf

[60] ttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_05.pdf

[61] "Life expectancy of the Russian Federation since 1950". Demoscope.ru. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.

[62] Life Expectancy of the Russian Federation since 1992 Retrieved on 29 May 2008

[63] "ТАСС: Общество - Скворцова: средняя продолжительность жизни россиян составила 71,6 года". ТАСС. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[ria.ru-64] "Россия побила свой рекорд по продолжительности жизни женщин - 76,5 лет". РИА Новости. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[65] Luke Harding: No country for old men The Guardian, 11 February 2008

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[67] ttp://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf

[68] Yeltsin: healthier than the average Russian: Poverty, pollution and drink has slashed life expectancy, writes Phil Reeves The Independent, 29 September 1996

[69] A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former) Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Edited by Raymond E. Zickel 1989. Chapter 3 – Population – Vital Statistics

[70] UNICEF Rate of Progress Index UNICEF Retrieved on 27 December 2009

[71] Vishnevsky, Anatoly G. (2009). "National Human Development Report: Russian Federation 2008: Russia Facing Demographic Challenges" (PDF). Moscow: UNDP Russia. p. 48. Retrieved 26 February 2015. In the 1980s only 8-10% of married women of reproductive age in Russia used hormonal and intrauterine contraception, compared with 20-40% in developed countries.

[und-72] National Human Development Report Russian Federation 2008, UNDP,pages 47–49, Retrieved on 10 October 2009

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[75] "СОСТАВ ГРУППЫ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ "ЛИЦА, УКАЗАВШИЕ ДРУГИЕ ОТВЕТЫ О НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТИ" ПО СУБЪЕКТАМ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ"".

[76] "Приложение Демоскопа Weekly". Demoscope.ru. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[77] Central Asia: Labor Migrants Face Abuse, Xenophobia Retrieved on 15 March 2008

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[79] "Национальный состав международных мигрантов". Retrieved 21 June 2015.

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