Dog meat

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For the record label, see Dog Meat Records.
A platter of cooked dog meat in Guilin, China
Dog meat
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy1,096 kJ (262 kcal)
0.1 g
Dietary fiber0 g
20.2 g
19 g
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A equiv.
0%
3.6 μg
Thiamine (B1)
10%
0.12 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
14%
0.18 mg
Niacin (B3)
12%
1.9 mg
Vitamin C
3%
3 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
1%
8 mg
Iron
16%
2.8 mg
Phosphorus
13%
168 mg
Potassium
9%
270 mg
Sodium
3%
72 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water60.1 g
Cholesterol44.4 mg
Ash0.8 g
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[2] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[3]
Source: Yong-Geun Ann (1999)[1]

In some countries, apart from being kept as pets, certain breeds of dogs are raised on farms and slaughtered for their meat. Dog meat may be consumed as an alternative source of meat or for specific medicinal benefits attributed to various parts of a dog. In parts of the world where dogs are kept as pets, people generally consider the use of dogs for food to be a social taboo.

Cultural attitudes, legalities, and history

Cultural attitudes, legalities, and history regarding eating dog meat varies from country to country. Very little statistical information is available on attitudes to the consumption of dog meat.

Though the consumption of dog meat is generally viewed as taboo in Western culture, some Westerners support the right to eat dog meat and accuse other Westerners who protest against dog eating in other countries of cultural imperialism and intolerance.[4][5][6] Joey Skaggs, for instance, organized a hoax in the United States in which a fictitious Korean restaurant asked animal shelters for unwanted dogs to be made into dog meat in order to expose the alleged intolerance, hypocrisy and racism of those opposed to dog-eating.[7][8] Others, however, oppose the consumption of dog meat in non-Western countries, particularly Korea. They perceive dogs as inherently emotional and friendly to humanity, arguing that the slaughter of a dog for food is excessively cruel.[9][10][11][12] In Islamic culture, eating dogs is forbidden under Muslim dietary laws.[13]

Arctic and Antarctic

Dogs have historically been an emergency food source for various peoples in Siberia, Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland. Sled dogs are usually maintained for pulling sleds, but occasionally are eaten when no other food is available.

Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen famously ate sled dogs to survive during his expedition to the South Pole. By eating some of the sled dogs he was able to transport less dog food, thus lightening his load.

Canada

Consumption of dog meat is taboo in mainstream Canadian culture. However it may be practised by some cultural minorities. Under Canada's Wildlife Act, it is illegal to sell meat from any wild species. But there is no law against selling and serving canine meat, including dogs, if it is killed and gutted in front of federal inspectors.[14]

In 2003, health inspectors discovered four frozen canine carcasses in the freezer of a Chinese restaurant in Edmonton[15] which, in the end, were found to be coyotes. The Edmonton health inspector said that it is not illegal to sell and eat the meat of dogs and other canines, as long as the meat has been inspected.[16] Ed Greenburg, an official with Edmonton's Capital Health Region, said the fact that the animals were coyotes doesn't change anything and inspectors are still looking into the possibility that uninspected meat was served at the restaurant.[citation needed]

China

Dog meat
Chinese狗肉
Mutton of the earth
Chinese地羊
Literal meaningearth lamb
Fragrant meat
Chinese香肉
3-6 fragrant meat
Chinese三六香肉

Dog meat (Chinese: 狗肉; pinyin: gǒu ròu) has been a source of food in parts of China from at least the time of Confucius, and possibly even before. Ancient writings from the Zhou Dynasty referred to the "three beasts"[This quote needs a citation] (which were bred for food), including pig, goat, and dog. Mencius, the philosopher, recommended dog as the tastiest of all meats[This quote needs a citation]. Dog meat is sometimes euphemistically called "fragrant meat" (香肉 xiāng ròu) or "mutton of the earth" (地羊 dì yáng) in Mandarin Chinese and "3-6 fragrant meat" (Chinese: 三六香肉; Cantonese Yale: sàam luhk hèung yuhk) in Cantonese (3 plus 6 is 9 and the words "nine" and "dog" are homophones, both pronounced gáu in Cantonese).

In the past in China, during a hard season when the food store was depleted, dogs were occasionally slaughtered as an emergency food supply. Today it is consumed for its perceived medicinal value. Due to this belief, people eat dog meat in the winter to help to keep themselves warm. This is also the reason why it isn't eaten by some other Chinese because they think it will overheat your body.[17][18]

Contrary to some popular beliefs, the Chinese eat only dogs raised specifically for meat, not those raised as pets. The dogs are slaughtered between 6 and 12 months of age.

Despite being a socially acceptable practice, the average Chinese does not usually consume dog meat, as it is relatively expensive compared to other meat choices and hence generally more accessible to affluent Chinese.[19] More concentrated dog meat consumption areas in China are in the northeast, south and southwestern areas.[20] Peixian County in Northern Jiangsu is well-known in China for the production of a dog-meat stew flavoured with soft-shelled turtle. The dish is said to have been invented by Fan Kuai and to have been a favourite with Liu Bang, founder of the Han dynasty.[citation needed]

The Chinese normally cook the dog meat by stewing it with thick gravy or by roasting it. One method of preparing the dog carcass is by immersion in boiling water.

In Hong Kong, a local ordinance dating from British colonial times, which has been retained after the handover to Chinese sovereignty, prohibits the slaughter of any dog or cat for use as food, whether for mankind or otherwise, on pain of fine and imprisonment.[21][22] Four local men were sentenced to 30 days imprisonment in December 2006 for having slaughtered two dogs.[23] In an earlier case, in February 1998, a Hongkonger was sentenced to one month imprisonment and a fine of two thousand HK dollars for hunting street dogs for food.[24] Apart from this, a large proportion of Hong Kong residents are currently against the consumption of dog meat.

For Korean people in Japan, China is the only exporter of dog meat to Japan and exported 31 tons in 2006.[25] In Japan dog meat is available in Korean towns such as Tsuruhashi, Osaka and Okubo, Tokyo. Korean residents in Japan frequent dog meat restaurants there.[5]

Some controversy has emerged about the treatment of dogs in China not because of the consumption itself, but because of other factors like cruelty involved with the killing including allegations that animals are skinned while still alive.[26]

A growing movement against consumption of cat and dog meat has gained attention from people in mainland China. Those changes began about two years after the formation of the Chinese Companion Animal Protection Network, a networking project of Chinese Animal Protection Network. Expanded to more than 40 member societies, CCAPN in January 2006 began organizing well-publicized protests against dog and cat eating, starting in Guangzhou, following up in more than ten other cities "with very optimal response from public."[27]

Since January 2007, more than ten Chinese groups have joined an online signing event against the consumption of cat and dog meat. The signatures indicate that the participants will avoid eating cat and dog meat in the future. This online signing event received more than 42,000 signatures from public and has been circulated around the country. [28] Supportors of this online event also organized offline events in many cities, including several high profile performance-art shows.

Some Chinese restaurants in the United States serve "imitation dog meat", which is usually pulled pork and purportedly flavored like dog meat. e.g. "Northern Chinese Restaurant", Rosemead, California [29]

In Taiwan,dog meat (Taiwanese or Minnan: 狗肉 káu-bah) is known by the euphemism "fragrant meat" (香肉 xiāng ròu) in Mandarin Chinese in Taiwan. Eating dogs has never been commonplace in Taiwan, but it is particularly eaten in the winter months, especially black dogs, which are believed to help retain body warmth. In 2004, the Taiwanese government imposed a ban on the sale of dog meat, due to both pressure from domestic animal welfare groups and a desire to improve international perceptions, although there were some protests.[30][31] According to Lonely Planet's Taiwan guide, it is still possible to find dog meat on some restaurant menus, but this is becoming increasingly rare.

France

In France, dogs were widely eaten during famines. [32]

Germany

Dog meat has been eaten in every major German crisis at least since the time of Frederick the Great, and is commonly referred to as "blockade mutton."[33] In the early 20th century, consumption of dog meat in Germany was common.[34] In 1937, trichina inspection was introduced for pigs, dogs, boars, foxes, badgers, and other carnivores.[35] Since 1986 dog meat is prohibited in Germany.[36]

India

Dog meat is consumed in the remote, inaccessible mountainous parts of North-East India such as Mizoram and Nagaland. [37][38][39] Apart from the above area eating dog is a taboo in present day India. In addition, Hinduism, the primary religion of India has a strong vegetarian tradition. But there have been some stories about Viswamitra, vamadeva rishis eating dog meat when in complete scarcity of food supplies. [40][41]

Indonesia

In Indonesia, the consumption of dog meat are usually associated with the Minahasa, a Christian ethnic group in northern Sulawesi, and Bataks of Northern Sumatra who consider dog meat to be a festive dish and usually reserve it for special occasions like weddings and Christmas.[42]. Popular Indonesian dog-meat dish are rica-rica, called variably as "RW" or Rintek Wuuk, rica-Rica Waung, Guk-Guk, and "B1". Locally on Java there are several names for dishes made from dog meat such as Sengsu (Tongseng Asu), Sate Jamu, and Kambing Balap.

Dog meat
Korean name
Hangul개고기
Alternative Korean name
Hangul단고기

Korea

See also: Korean cuisine

Gaegogi literally means "dog meat" in Korean. Gaegogi, however, is often mistaken as the term for Korean soup made from dog meat, bosintang. Since 1984, selling dog meat has been illegal in South Korea. Dog meat manufacturing and processing were outlawed, [43] [44] but the order is sometimes ignored.[citation needed] Although technically illegal to sell dog meat in Korea, many restaurateurs still do so even though they risk losing their restaurant licenses. In 1997 one dog meat wholesaler in Seoul was brought up on charges of selling dog meat illegally, but was later acquitted by the court which ruled that dog meat was a socially accepted food.[45] As of 2003, approximately 4,000-6,000 restaurants served soups made from dog meat in Korea.[46] The soups cost about US$10 while dishes of steamed dog meat with rice cost about US$25. 8,500 tons of dog meat is consumed per year, with another 93,600 tons used to produce a medicinal tonic called gaesoju.[47]

Dog meat is usually consumed during the summer months and is either roasted or prepared in soups or stews. The most popular of these soups is gaejang-guk, a spicy stew meant to balance the bodies heat during the summer months, this is thought to ensure good health by balancing one's "ki" or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of gaejang-guk explains the preparation of the dish by boiling dog meat with green onions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. The dish is still popular in contemporary Korea during the summer months.[48]

The nureongi (누렁이) variety, which has a golden coat and differs from dogs raised as pets which Koreans may keep in their homes, is most often commercially raised for consumption, though a number of other breeds are also sold for food, including some commonly considered as pets.[49][50]

The consumption of dog meat can be traced back to antiquity. Dog bones were excavated in a neolithic settlement in Changnyeong, South Gyeongsang Province. One of the wall paintings in the Goguryeo tombs complex in South Hwangghae Province, a UNESCO World Heritage site which dates from 4th century AD, depicts a slaughtered dog in a storehouse.

Sometimes the dogs killed for consumption are first tortured, in order to increase the "fight" or adrenaline in the meat. A dog that dies painfully is believed to have softer meat, and impart the energy of its death to the consumer. Methods of inflicting painful death include slow hanging and beating.[51][52][53][54]

Types of dishes

See also: Korean cuisine
  • bosintang - dog stew including dog meat as its primary ingredient.
  • gaejangguk - dog meat soup.
  • gaesuyuk - boiled dog meat.
  • gaesoju - a fermented drink that is distilled by cooking the dog in a double boiler.[55]

Controversy

Use of dogs for meat and the methods of slaughter used have generated friction between dog lovers, both Western and Korean, and people who eat dogs; the conflict occasionally breaks out as headline news. During the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea's capital city, the South Korean government asked its citizens not to consume dog meat to avoid bad publicity during the games. It also closed all restaurants serving gaejang-guk to better improve the country's image to western culture visitors.

In 1995, organizers of the largest dog show in England decided to not accept the sponsorship of Samsung, the Korean based electronics company when the International Fund for Animal Welfare claimed that two million dogs were processed for food in Korea annually.[56]

The controversy surfaced again in 2001 during the 2002 FIFA World Cup.[57][58] The organizer of the games, under pressure from animal rights groups such as PETA,[59] demanded that the Korean government re-address the issue. Brigitte Bardot, a prominent head of a French animal rights organization which is named after her, launched a crusade during the 2002 FIFA World Cup, to have dog meat outlawed in Korea. She prompted people to boycott the games if the government did not outlaw the sale of dog meat in restaurants in Seoul. This concept seemed out of place to those people in Southern China, Southeast Asia and parts of Latin America where dog meat is seen as an affordable meat source, especially in China where records of dog consumption date back to 500 B.C. where recipes of dog dishes were listed in the Li Ji for ritual consumption.

Today in Korea, a segment of the population enjoy bosintang (literally "invigorating soup"), believing it to have medicinal properties, particularly as relates to virility. Dog meat is also believed to keep one cool during the intense Korean summer. Many Korean Buddhists consider eating meat an offense, which includes dog meat[citation needed]. Unlike beef, pork, or poultry, dog meat has no legal status as food in South Korea. Some in South Korea and abroad believe that dog meat should be expressly legalized so that only authorized preparers can deal with the meat in more humane and sanitary ways, while others think that the practice should be banned by law.

In recent years, many Korean people have changed their attitudes towards eating dog meat from "personal choice" to "unnecessary cruelty." Animal rights activists in South Korea protest against the custom of eating dog meat.[60]

Mexico

Consumption of dog meat is taboo in Mexico. However, in the time of the Aztecs, dogs were historically bred for their meat. Hernán Cortés reported that when he arrived in Tenochtitlan in 1519, "small gelded dogs which they breed for eating" were among the goods sold in the city markets.[61] These dogs, now extinct, were called itzcuintlis, and were similar to the modern Mexican Hairless Dog. They are often depicted in pre-Columbian Mexican pottery.

In May 2008 a man named Rubén Cuellar of Veracruz-Boca del Rio was accused of engaging in the slaughter of dogs and selling the meat to local taco restaurants. He was detained by police pending investigation.[62]

Nigeria

Dogs are eaten in some states of Nigeria including Cross River, Plateau, Taraba and Gombe of Nigeria. They are believed to have medicinal powers.[63]

Philippines

In the capital city of Manila, Metro Manila Commission Ordinance 82-05[64] specifically prohibits the killing and selling of dogs for food. More generally, the Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998[65] prohibits the killing of any animal other than cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, poultry, rabbits, carabaos, horses, deer and crocodiles except in the following instances:

  1. When it is done as part of the religious rituals of an established religion or sect or a ritual required by tribal or ethnic custom of indigenous cultural communities; however, leaders shall keep records in cooperation with the Committee on Animal Welfare;
  2. When the pet animal is afflicted with an incurable communicable disease as determined and certified by a duly licensed veterinarian;
  3. When the killing is deemed necessary to put an end to the misery suffered by the animal as determined and certified by a duly licensed veterinarian;
  4. When it is done to prevent an imminent danger to the life or limb of a human being;
  5. When done for the purpose of animal population control;
  6. When the animal is killed after it has been used in authorized research or experiments; and
  7. Any other ground analogous to the foregoing as determined and certified by a licensed veterinarian.

Nevertheless, as is reported from time to time in Philippine newspapers, the eating of dog meat is not uncommon in the Philippines.[66] DogMeatTrade.com,[67]an organization working in the Philippines to eliminate the eating of dogs in the country, estimates that 500,000 dogs are killed annually in the Philippine Islands for human consumption.[68]

In the Province of Benguet, Resolution 05-392 has been passed declaring, among other things, "it has been an evolved cultural practice of indigenous peoples of the Cordillera the butchering of animals, dogs included, as part of their rituals and practices leading to its commercialization to a limited extent, and had become an inevitable common necessity in their way of life"; and resolving, among other things, "to seek the help and assistance of the Committee on Animal Welfare, Department of Agriculture, the Regional Police Office, Cordillera Administrative Region, the Provincial Police Office, Benguet Province, for the proper observance of the said rights of indigenous peoples".[69]

Polynesia

Dogs were historically eaten in Tahiti and other islands of Polynesia including Hawaii[70] [71] at the time of first European contact. James Cook, when first visiting Tahiti in 1769, recorded in his journal that "few were there of us but what allowe'd that a South Sea Dog was next to an English Lamb, one thing in their favour is that they live entirely upon Vegetables".[72]

Switzerland

According to the November 21, 1996, edition of the Rheintaler Bote, a Swiss newspaper covering the Rhine Valley area, the rural Swiss cantons of Appenzell and St. Gallen are known to have had a tradition of eating dogs, curing dog meat into jerky and sausages, as well as using the lard for medicinal purposes. Dog sausage and smoked dog jerky remains a staple in the Swiss cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell, where one farmer was quoted in a regional weekly newspaper as saying that "meat from dogs is the healthiest of all. It has shorter fibres than cow meat, has no hormones like veal, no antibiotics like pork."[73]

A few years earlier, a news report on RTL Television on the two cantons set off a wave of protests from European animal rights activists and other concerned citizens. A 7000-name petition was filed to the commissions of the cantons, who rejected it, saying it wasn't the state's right to monitor the eating habits of its citizens.

The production of food from dog meat for commercial purposes, however, is illegal in Switzerland.[74]

Vietnam

See also: Cuisine of Vietnam
A dog meat platter found in a street market a few miles east of Hanoi

Dog meat is consumed in Vietnam to varying degrees of acceptability, though it predominantly exists in the north. There are multiple dishes featuring dog meat, and they often include the head, feet and internal organs. On Nhat Tan Street, Tây Hồ District, Hanoi, many restaurants serve dog meat, often imitating each other. Dog meat restaurants can be found throughout the country. Groups of customers, usually male, seated on mats, will spend their evenings sharing plates of dog meat and drinking alcohol. Dog meat is supposed to raise the libido in men and is sometimes considered unsuitable for women. Eating dog meat can serve as a male bonding exercise. Nevertheless, it is not uncommon for women to eat dog meat.[75] The consumption of dog meat can be part of a ritual usually occurring toward the end of the lunar month for reasons of astrology and luck. Restaurants which mainly exist to serve dog meat may only open for the last half of the lunar month.[76]

Types of dishes

In Vietnamese cuisine there are many ways to cook dog meat. Typically a chef will choose one of seven ways to cook dog, collectively known as "cầy tơ 7 món".

  • Thit cho hap - steamed dog meat
  • Rua man - steamed dog in shrimp paste, rice flour and lemon grass
  • Doi cho - dog sausage
  • Gieng Me Mam Tom - Steamed dog in shrimp paste, ginger, spices and rice vinegar
  • Thit cho nuong - grilled dog meat
  • Canh Xao Mang Cho - Bamboo shoots and dog bone marrow
  • Cho Xao Sa Ot - Fried dog in lemon grass and chili

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, consumption of dog meat is considered taboo.

United States

In the United States, it is considered a social taboo to eat dogs or other animals traditionally considered to be pets or companion animals.[77]

Native Americans

The traditional culture surrounding the consumption of dog meat varied from tribe to tribe among the original inhabitants of North America, with some tribes relishing it as a delicacy and others (such as the Comanche) treating it as an abhorrent practice.[78] Native peoples of the Great Plains, such as the Sioux and Cheyenne, consumed it, but there was a concurrent religious taboo against the meat of wild canines.[79] The usual preparation method was boiling.

See also

References

  1. ^ Ann Yong-Geun "Dog Meat Foods in Korea", Table 4. Composition of dog meat and Bosintang (in 100g, raw meat), Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition 12(4) 397 - 408 (1999).
  2. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  3. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ William Saletan (January 16, 2002). "Wok The Dog -- What's wrong with eating man's best friend?". slate.com. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
  5. ^ Ahmed Zihni (2004). "Dog Meat Dilemma". sunysb.edu. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
  6. ^ John Feffer (June 2, 2002). "The Politics of Dog - When globalization and culinary practice clash". Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  7. ^ "Letter from Kea So Joo, Inc, 1994". snopes.com. 1994. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Kim Yung Soo (a.k.a. Joey Skaggs) (1994). "Kea So Joo, a.k.a. Dog Meat Soup". joeyskaggs.com. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "Comments on action 'Stop the dog-meat trade in Korea'". AnimalFreedom.org. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  10. ^ Sunnan Kum (2003). "Sunnan's speech at the HK conference". Friends of Dogs, Korean Animal Protection Society. Retrieved 2007-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "Withdraw The "Hygienic Control of Dog Meat"". Korean Animal Protection Society. 2005. Retrieved 2007-08-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  13. ^ "Translation of Sahih Muslim, Book 21: The Book of Games and the Animals which May be Slaughtered and the Animals that Are to be Eaten". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Retrieved 2007-05-27. Chapter 3: It is unlawful to eat fanged beasts of prey and birds with talons
  14. ^ "Canine carcasses at Edmonton restaurant were coyotes". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 11, 2003. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
  15. ^ "Ready-to-cook canines at Edmonton restaurant". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 5, 2003. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
  16. ^ "Dog meat legal, health inspector says". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 7, 2003. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
  17. ^ Jeffries, Stuart (2004-12-29). "Fang shui". Sydney morning Hearald. Retrieved 2006-09-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ "Dog meat row hits HK chain". BBC News. 4 August 2002.
  19. ^ Rupert Wingfield-Hayes. "China's taste for the exotic". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-05-15. {{cite news}}: Text "date29 June 2002" ignored (help)
  20. ^ "Batik, waterfalls and dog meat in rural China". Retrieved 2006-09-06.
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  22. ^ "Slaughter of dog or cat for food - Penalty". Hong Kong Bilingual Laws information System. 1997-06-30. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Cheng, Jonathan (2006-12-23). "Dog-for-food butchers jailed (DUBIOUS first case)". The Standard - China's Business Newspaper. Retrieved 2007-01-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  25. ^ Template:Ja icon 平成19年動物検疫年報仕出地域別輸入検疫状況, Quarantine Statics, The Animal Quarantine Service,[1] Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan).
  26. ^ "Salon Editorial: An Olympic Disgrace".
  27. ^ "Reuters: Guangzhou bans eating snakes--ban helps cats". Retrieved 2008-02-16.
  28. ^ "Reuters: Say no to cat dog meat". Retrieved 2008-02-16.
  29. ^ "Northern Chinese Restaurant, Rosemead, CA". Retrieved 2008-02-16.
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  32. ^ ”Pari shi no ura dori”『パリ史の裏通り』 Toshio Horii, Hakusui-sha, August 1999 ISBN 4-560-07343-0
  33. ^ Dachshunds Are Tenderer, November 25, 1940, retrieved 2008-01-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)
  34. ^ GERMANY'S DOG MEAT MARKET; Consumption of Canines and Horses Is on the Increase., The New York Times, June 23, 1907, retrieved 2008-01-20 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  35. ^ Fleischbeschaugesetz (Meat Inspection Law), § 1a, RGBl. (Reich Law Gazette) 1937 I p. 458, then becoming § 1 para. 3, RGBl. 1940 I p. 1463 (in German)
  36. ^ Fleischhygienegesetz (Law on Meat Hygiene), § 1 para. 1 sent. 4, BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette) 1986 I p. 398 (in German).
  37. ^ "Dog meat, a delicacy in Mizoram". The Hindu. December 20, 2004. Inquiries revealed that dog meat is a prized food item here.
  38. ^ "Dimapur, Nagaland's Biggest City". January 29, 2007. Nagaland is in many way culturally closer to South East Asia than to India proper, and this is also seen in the food culture. It is not uncommon to eat dog
  39. ^ N.P. Nair (February 14, 2005). "Letters". The Hindu. In Nagaland, dog meat is very much in demand
  40. ^ http://rishiparampara.com/aboutviswa.html
  41. ^ Eating Karma in Classical South Asian Texts | Social Research | Find Articles at BNET
  42. ^ "Minahasa" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-12-20.
  43. ^ Template:Ko 대한민국에서 개고기는 불법입니다. 식품위생법 시행규칙 42조 별표 13을 보면, 보건복지부 장관이나 시·도지사가 인정한 혐오식품은 조리·판매해서는 안 된다는 규정이 있습니다. 식약청에서는 개고기는 혐오식품으로 식품 제조가공원료로 허용되지 않는다고 하고요, 서울시 고시에서 보신탕은 혐오식품으로 분류돼 있죠, 한국동물보호연합 [2] Template:Ko
  44. ^ Template:Ko 모든 국가에서는 식품을 『가공·조리』해서 판매할 경우 반드시 나라에서 허가한 것만을 식품으로 가공·조리하도록 정하고 있는데, <식품위생법> 제 7조 1항에 근거하여 식약청장이 고시한 "식품공전" (→아래 참조)을 보면 개는 식품으로 『가공·조리』할 수 있는 원자재 원료에 적혀 있지 않습니다. 정부는 동물의 도축 방법을 규정하는 <축산물 가공처리법> 에서 개는 식용 유통이 가능한 '12가지 가축'에 포함시키지 않음으로 식용으로 개를 도살하거나(동물보호법 "제 6조" 위반) 판매 또는 식용하는 행위 모두가 불법으로 축산물가공처리법 제 45조(벌칙)와 동물보호법 제 12조(벌칙)에 근거하여 개 도살을 처벌할 수 있습니다.Hankyore [3] Template:Ko
  45. ^ Hopkins, Jerry. Extreme Cuisine: The Weird & Wonderful Foods that People Eat, Signapore: Tuttle Publishing, 2004, p. 23.
  46. ^ BBC article
  47. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/422338.stm
  48. ^ Pettid, Michael J., Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History, London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2008, 84-85.
  49. ^ BBC article
  50. ^ South Korean TV news video
  51. ^ BBC News Dogs blow-torched alive
  52. ^ Korean Animal Protection Society Video of Dog Markets and Dog slaughter from SBS News Seven
  53. ^ International Aid for Korean Animals Video Clips
  54. ^ In Defense of Animals, video from Animal Freedom Korea. Undercover Video
  55. ^ BBC article
  56. ^ Hopkins, Jerry. Extreme Cuisine: The Weird & Wonderful Foods that People Eat, Signapore: Tuttle Publishing, 2004, 19-22
  57. ^ "Fifa warns S Korea over dog meat". BBC News Asia-Pacific. 2001-11-06. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ^ "S Korea dog meat row deepens". BBC News Asia-Pacific. 2001-11-12. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ^ "South Korean Dogs and Cats: Tortured and Boiled Alive", PETA.
  60. ^ Activists protest against dog meat eating, BBC[4]
  61. ^ Cortés, Hernan. Letters from Mexico. ISBN 0-300-03799-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ Mata perros surtia de carne fresca a taqueros
  63. ^ "Dog's dinners prove popular in Nigeria". Retrieved 2006-03-06.
  64. ^ "Metro Manila Commission Ordinance 82-05". Retrieved 2006-10-27.
  65. ^ "The Animal Welfare Act 1998". Retrieved 2006-08-30.
  66. ^ Desiree Caluza (2006-01-17). "Dog meat eating doesn't hound Cordillera natives". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2006-10-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear= and |accessmonthday= (help)
  67. ^ http://www.dogmeattrade.com/ www.dogmeattrade.com
  68. ^ "Official website". Dog Meat Trade .com. 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2006-10-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  69. ^ "Resolution 05-392". Province of Benguet. 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2006-10-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  70. ^ Titcomb, M. (1969). Dog and Man in the Ancient Pacific. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)
  71. ^ Ellis, W. (1839). Polynesian Researches. London: Fisher, Jackson. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |volumes= ignored (help)
  72. ^ Mumford, David. The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific. ISBN 0-486-22766-9.
  73. ^ Joongang Ilbo, January 13, 2004; Rheintaler Bote, November 21, 1996; excerpts from both articles translated in: "And you thought they just ate fondue", Marmot's Hole (blog), January 14, 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
  74. ^ FDHA Ordinance of 23 November 2005 on food of animal origin, Art.2.
  75. ^ "Vietnam's dog meat tradition". BBC News. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
  76. ^ Arthurs, Clare (2001-12-31). "Vietnam's dog meat tradition". BBC. Retrieved 2006-10-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  77. ^ see, e.g., California Penal Code § 598.
  78. ^ Native Radio
  79. ^ Native American Diet

Further reading

  • Kim, Rakhyun E. (2008), "Dog Meat in Korea: A Socio-Legal Challenge", Animal Law, 14 (2): 201–236
  • Colting, Fredrik (2005-07-10). Magnus Andersson Gadd (ed.). The Pet Cookbook: Have your best Friend for dinner. ISBN 91-974883-4-8. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Yong-Geun Ann, Ph.D. Dog Meat (in Korean and English). Hyoil Book Publishing Company.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) (contains some recipes)
  • Dressler, Uwe (2003-05-01). Der Kalte Hund (in German). ISBN 3-8330-0650-1. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dog meat.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
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