Dutch Punk

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dutch punk, or Nederpunk, is a body of music that evolved in the Netherlands that encompasses the various styles of punk rock music. The culture surrounding punk rock is often strongly politically oriented; in the Netherlands, punk culture grew alongside, and was influenced by, the Dutch squatters' movement and other European squatters' movements. Few Dutch punk bands write lyrics in Dutch. However, as a small country, punk in the Netherlands has evolved with a unique mix of UK, US, European, and global punk influences.[1]

History[edit]

The beginning of punk in the Netherlands (1977-1979)[edit]

A seminal event for punk in the Netherlands was the Sex Pistols' concert on January 6, 1977, at the Amsterdam Paradiso.[2] The Sex Pistols played three shows in the Netherlands on that tour, along with the Heartbreakers and the Vibrators. On May 1, 1977, the Damned gave a concert in the Paradiso. On May 11, 1977, the Ramones and Talking Heads gave a concert in the Rasa in the Pauwstraat in Utrecht. In October 1977, Iggy Pop performed on the popular television show Toppop with Ad Visser.[3][4] On November 19, 1977, Blondie played at the Amsterdam Paradiso. At the end of 1977, the VARA television program Wonderland also highlighted punk in a theme broadcast including performances by the Stranglers in the Paradiso in Amsterdam and the Sex Pistols in Maasbree.[5][6]

These concerts and performances by bands from the UK and USA led to an explosion of interest in punk in the Netherlands in 1977. Dutch punk bands and fanzines were rapidly established. In the audience of the Ramones' Utrecht concert were Rob and Erik de Jong, who formed the band Blitzkrieg, sometimes hailed as the first punk band in the Netherlands (Blitzkrieg quickly changed their name to The Duds[7]). Two rock bands that predated punk, Ivy Green[8] (formed in Hazerswoude-Dorp in 1975) and Flyin’ Spiderz (formed in Eindhoven in 1976),[9][10] shifted to playing punk rock; these bands are often also discussed the first punk bands in the Netherlands.[1][11] The lead singer for the Flyin' Spiderz, Guus Boers, had not heard punk before a concert of the Vibrators in early 1977 at the Technical University of Eindhoven.[12] In August 1977, the popular fanzine "KoeCrand" was founded, inspired by the UK fanzine Sniffin’ Glue.[13] A second early Dutch fanzine "Raket", associated with the Rotterdam punk scene, soon began being published as well.[14][11]

The first punk single released by a Dutch band was the song "Van Agt Casanova," released by Paul Tornado on the record label 1000 Idioten in 1977. This single was frequently played on the radio by the VPRO.[15][16] This song references the Dutch Catholic politician Dries van Agt, who in 1977 required that pornographic films only be shown in cinemas with less than 50 seats, as a way to limit who could see such films.[17] The first Dutch punk LP released was the self-titled album of the Flyin’ Spiderz, who opened for the Damned at their May 1977 show.[18][19] Dutch punk bands from this period that were well known in the scene include the Speedtwins, Soviet Sex, Ivy Green, Jesus and the Gospelfuckers,[20] Neo Punkz, Helmettes, the Filth, Tedje en de Flikkers, the Ex, The Suzannes, the Rondos,[21] Panic,[22][23] Subway,[24] The Boobs,[25] and Two Two 79.[26][27]

The first Dutch punks gathered around record labels and clubs. One of these was Rotterdam's Huize Schoonderloo.[16] A second club important to the early Dutch punk culture was Amsterdam's "DDT666" (Dirty Dutch Trix 666, later renamed Gallerie Anus), which was established by punk poet Diana Ozon and graffiti artist Hugo Kaagman; this club was located in the squat called the ‘Zebrahuis’ on Sarphatistraat in Amsterdam.[28] The record label Plurex Records,[29] founded by Wally van Middendorp (of the band the Tits,[30] and later Minny Pops) in 1977, was also a hub of the early punk scene.[31] The first record that Plurex put out was the Tits single "Daddy Is My Pusher / We're So Glad Elvis Is Dead", which is now regarded as a punk classic. In Amsterdam, early punks gathered at the music store and punk label "No Fun" on the Rozengracht, owned by Hansje Joustra. The inspiration for "No Fun" was the American punk club CBGB, which Joustra had visited.[31] A third important Dutch punk record label, Torso Records,[32] was also founded in this period by Dick Polak, Hans Joustra, and Peter Dispa.[33]

1980s[edit]

During this period the slogan "no future" (also discussed as doomdenken in Dutch) came to be used broadly in the Dutch punk scene, reflecting the economic and social situation of the times, including the high youth unemployment rate and the housing crisis.[34] Punk music began to focus more on political and social issues, as reflected in song lyrics of the times. These issues often included ideas central to the squatters' movement as well as the anarchist movement. Frustrations boiled over, resulting in the coronation riots on April 30, 1980. The slogan "geen wooning, geen kroning" ("no home, no coronation") was chanted by many involved in the riot. The coronation riots marked the beginning of the greatest period of social unrest since WWII. Squatters' riots became more frequent and more violent. More than a year after the coronation riots, the anti-nuclear weapons demonstration of November 21, 1981 took place in Amsterdam. Although peaceful, the demonstration was massive: more than 400,000 people participated.[34]

With this social backdrop, in 1980 the compilation album "Utreg Punx" was released; this album included the bands the Lullabies, The Nixe, Rakketax, and Noxious. The band Noxious was one of the first hardcore bands in the Netherlands, but existed only two years; they broke up in 1982 because of the violent death of their guitar player Ollie ten Hoopen.[35] In 1981 two more compilation albums of Dutch punk were released. The first one was Onutrechtse Toestanden,[36] which featured the Miami Beach Girls,[37] and Dangerous Pyama's.[38] The second one was the so-called "7,50 LP", which featured bands from several different Dutch cities: the Lullabies, the Bison Kidz,[39] Zero-Zero,[40] Neo-Pogos,[41] the Rapers,[42] and The Nixe. Other punk bands active in the Utrecht scene were the Clits (later Cold War Embryos[43]), Coitus Int., De Megafoons, Pitfall,[44] and Disorder,[45] and a few years later The Avengers[46] and Kikkerspuug. In 1981 the split album "Wielingen Walgt"[47] was released with live recordings by The Nitwitz and Götterflies, recorded in the Amsterdam squat De Wielingen. A lively punk scene also emerged in the West Frisian town of Hoorn, where bands such as The Vernon Walters[48] and Indirekt were active throughout the mid-1980s. From Heemskerk in North Holland, the hardcore band Union Morbide[49] was active beginning in the mid-1980s.[50] From the Groningen punk scene came bands like: Bloedbad, Jetset, Massagraf,[51] Fahrenheit 451, and Vacuüm.[27] At the end of 1982, the VARA produced a program for national television that broadcast bands such as: The Workmates, Soviet Sex and the Bizkids.[52]

In the first half of the 1980s, youth centers were gradually becoming the center of the punk scene in the Netherlands. This included: Babylon in Woerden, Kaasee in Rotterdam, Simplon in Groningen, Stokvishal and the autonomous punk squat de Goudvishal in Arnhem, Doornroosje in Nijmegen, Chi Chi Club in Winterswijk, De Buze in Steenwijk, Bauplatz in Venlo, Tivoli in Utrecht, and Parkhof in Almaar. Parkhof was associated with the release of the compilation album Parkhof 11-4-81[53] which featured the Nixe, Rakketax, Bizkids, and others. The hardcore band Pandemonium,[54] active during the period 1981-1987, was associated with the Bauplatz in Venlo. In the second half of the 1980s the Amersfoortse Grachtkerk (Kippenhok 1) and the Goudvishal in Arnhem became important hubs of the punk scene.

The straight edge movement grew in the Netherlands in the late 1980s and early 1990s and included bands like Lärm (later Seein Red),[55] Profound (later Manliftingbanner), Betray,[56] Crivits,[57] Vitamin X, and Feeding The Fire.[58][59] Elsewhere in the Netherlands, the ultra movement, a Dutch post-punk and art-punk scene, emerged in the early 1980s.[60][61][62] Dutch bands playing in this genre include: Mekanik Kommando, Minny Pops, Nasmak, The Young Lions,[63][64] and Fahrenheit 451.[65][66][67]

1990s[edit]

By 1991, the well-known saying "punk is dead" had already become fashionable.[68] Ironically, throughout the 90s, more diverse genres of punk became popular in the Netherlands, including pop punk, fun punk, skate punk, emocore, and melodic hardcore. This led to a fragmentation and loss of cohesion of the punk scene. Significant Dutch bands founded or active during this period include: Kankerwelvaart,[69] Misselijk,[70] ASO (from Horst, 1996-1997), Roggel, Die Nakse Bananen, Heideroosjes, Travoltas, Antidote, Disturbance,[71] I Against I, De Hardheid, the Hufters, Vitamin X,[72] and Antillectual.[1] Compilations of Dutch punk bands released during this period included the 1998 albums X-treem CD[73] and Bits of Noise 2.[74]

In the 1990s, a Dutch crust punk culture emerged as a reaction to the melodic and more pop-oriented punk bands that the Netherlands had at the time. Dutch crustie bands such as Fleas and Lice and Boycott[75] toured Europe and the United States.

In the early 1990s, the punk band Human Alert was founded in Amsterdam, with illustrator Roel Smit as band member, among others. In 1996 a compilation CD was released with the first generation of punk bands (1977-1982) under the title: "I'm Sure We're Gonna Make It". In 1997, the Rotterdam record label Tocado Records (closed in 2010) was founded,[76] and became known for its series of punk compilation cds named Heel Erg Punk.[77] The first volume of this series featured bands like Debiele Eenheid, The Fuzzbrats, GuidingLine, and No-men. In 1998, the German label Vitaminepillen Records[78] released the double album Groetjes uit Holland[79] with, among others: Heideroosjes, Bambix, Uit De Sloot,[80] De Gatbent,[81] Brezhnev, Rat Patrol, N.R.A. (Niet Reëel Aanbod),[82] and Jabberwocky.[83] In 1999, the Red Ear Label released a Dutch Punk compilation "Schorremorrie - Nederpunk Compilatie 1" that included songs from, among others: Uit De Sloot, De Gatbent, The Outcasted Teens, Leedvermaak, and the Utrecht crust band Mihoen!.[84][85]

2000s[edit]

Around the year 2000, in the UK punk scene, a so-called post-punk revival occurred in the form of UK bands like The Libertines, Ikara Colt, Art Brut and McLusky. Also in the Netherlands, a few bands pursued a harder variant of indie rock, including Pfaff, Voicst, Avec Aisance (aka Avec-A, founded by Yuri Landman), Blues Brother Castro.[86] In addition, pop punk bands achieved greater commercial success, including The Undeclinables, Bambix, Travoltas, and Human Alert. In the hardcore scene, the bands Gewapend Beton[87] and the Bakfietsboys[88] were founded and wrote music with Dutch lyrics. Hardcore band All For Nothing (active 2004-2017),[89][90] in contrast, wrote music with English song titles and lyrics. The Rotterdam record label Stardumb Records, associated with the punk scene, was founded in 2000. In 2000, Out Of Step Records put out the Dutch punk compilation "Rats 'N Dikes" which included bands like Jabberwocky, Absconded,[91] Rat Patrol, Crivits, and many others.

2010s and 2020s[edit]

Beginning in 2010, the Amsterdam publishing house Lebowski began publishing a series of titles related to punk in the 1970s and 1980s. This series included works on music as well as punk culture, and biographies as well as archival work.[92] In 2012, an exhibition entitled "God Save the Queen" about the period 1977-1984 was presented in the Centraal Museum in Utrecht, and described in a publication written with De Groene Amsterdammer.[93][67] In 2016, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of punk in the Netherlands, the EYE Film Museum established a punk exhibit with daily performances by punk bands. Some of those bands appear on the compilation album "Fury!" connected with the exhibit.[94][95] In 2016 the Melkweg also had an expo on Dutch punk.[33] In 2017, Oscar Smit wrote and published a series of four books about the early years of punk in the Netherlands.[96] [97][98][99][100]

Punk and hardcore punk continue to be active musical scenes in the Netherlands. In 2018, Vitamin X toured North America.[101] In 2020 the Heideroosjes released a new album with a single about the covid pandemic; in 2022 they toured the Netherlands.[102][103] New Dutch punk bands founded in this period include: Rites (active since 2017),[104][105] Hang Youth (active since 2015),[106] Hometown Crew (active since 2016),[107] March (formed in 2013, first album 2016),[108] Deathtrap (active since 2016),[109] Voidcrawler (active since 2019),[110] St. Plaster (active since 2019),[111] T.Gondii (active since 2021),[112][113] and Arne S (active since 2022).[114]

Documentaries[edit]

  • Punk Tegendraads 1976-1991 (1990), a documentary by Gérard Bueters[115][116]
  • Punk: Lang leve de lol (1996), a documentary by Alfred Broer
  • VPRO Andere Tijden: Punk (2012)
  • Jimmy Is Punk - The Story of Panic (2020)[22]

Literature[edit]

  • Jerry Goossens and Jeroen Vedder. Het gejuich was massaal: Punk in Nederland 1976-1982. Stichting Popmuziek Nederland Uitgeverij, 1996. ISBN 90-5330-192-5
  • M. Haas., SKG (Stads Kunst Guerrilla) (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2010). ISBN 978-90-488-5240-6
  • M. Haas., Dr. Rat. Godfather van de Nederlandse Graffiti (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2011) ISBN 978-90-488-0851-9
  • Dirk Polak. Mecano: een muzikaal egodocument. (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2011) ISBN 978-90-488-5175-1
  • H. Schellinx, Ultra. Opkomst en Ondergang van de Ultramodernen. Een Unieke Nederlandse Muziekstroming (1978–1983) (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2012) ISBN 978-90-488-1240-0
  • L. Jonker, No Future Nu. Punk in Nederland 1977–2012 (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2012) ISBN 978-90-488-1121-2
  • M. Haas, Bibikov for President. Politiek, Poëzie & Performance 1981–1982 (Amsterdam: Lebowski, 2012) ISBN 978-90-488-1122-9
  • Oscar Smit. De Paradiso Punkjaren deel 1 1977, De Oerknal. Black Olive Press, Amstelveen, 2017. ISBN 978-90-72811-24-0
  • Oscar Smit. De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 2: 1978, Het Jaar Van De Nederpunk. Black Olive Press, Amstelveen, 2018. ISBN 978-90-72811-25-7
  • Oscar Smit. De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 3: 1979, Opkomst Van New Wave, Post-Punk en Poëzie. Black Olive Press, Amstelveen, 2019. ISBN 978-90-72811-26-4
  • Oscar Smit. De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 4: 1979-1981 Nederpunk(s) En Ultra. Black Olive Press, Amstelveen, 2021. ISBN 978-90-72811-27-1

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Lohman, Kirsty (2015). Punk lives: contesting boundaries in the Dutch punk scene (Thesis). PhD Dissertation, University of Warwick.
  2. ^ "Punk redt Paradiso". Oneindig Noord-Holland. 19 February 2018.
  3. ^ Goossens, Jerry; Vedder, Jeroen (2022). I'm Sure We're Gonna Make It -- Punk In The Netherlands 1976-1982 (translation of Het gejuich was massaal). Korm Plastics. ISBN 9789082422931.
  4. ^ Marc van der Laan for 3voor12 (2022). "Standaardwerk over punk in Nederland krijgt Engelse vertaling; I'm Sure We're Gonna Make It van Jerry Goossens en Jeroen Vedder wordt gepresenteerd in dB's".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "Muziek programma van de Vara, deze afl. Punk in Nederland". VPRO (in Dutch). 4 April 2016.
  6. ^ "Sex Pistols voor het eerst op tv: VARA's Wonderland over opkomst van punk-muziek". IJmuider Courant. 12 January 1978. p. 15.
  7. ^ "Blitzkrieg (1976 – 1978)". bacteria.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  8. ^ "Ivy Green". Discogs. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  9. ^ "Flyin' Spiderz". Discogs. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  10. ^ Stroet, Robert; Kruyver, Martijn (1 February 1979). "Flyin' Spiderz Special". Haarlem, The Netherlands: Watch Out #3 (Zine).
  11. ^ a b Lohman, Kirsty (2018). "Punks against censorship: Negotiating acceptable politics in the Dutch fanzine Raket". Ripped, torn and cut. Manchester University Press. pp. 264–280. ISBN 978-1-5261-2059-5.
  12. ^ "Interview: Guus Boers, vocalist for The Flyin' Spiderz". bacterial.nl. 29 August 2020.
  13. ^ Kristian Kanstadt and Hugo Kaagman. "Koekrand in the 70s and 80s Dutch Zine Archive".
  14. ^ The Rondos (24 November 2020). "Raket in the 70s and 80s Dutch Zine Archive".
  15. ^ Kaagman, Hugo; Ozon, Diana (May 1979). Koecrandt 31, Interview met Paul Tornado (in Dutch).
  16. ^ a b Jonker, Leonor (2011). No future nu: punk in Nederland 1977-2012 (in Dutch). Overamstel Uitgevers. ISBN 978-9048811212.
  17. ^ Ondergewaardeerde Liedjes (31 July 2018). "Paul Tornado – Van Agt Casanova".
  18. ^ "Biografie Flyin' Spiderz". muziekencyclopedie.nl.
  19. ^ De Tollenaere, Herman; Witsenburg, Jos; Stamhuis, Jan; Van Egmond, Ruud; Gommans, John (1 October 1978). "Flyin' Spiderz: "Wij studere sinds twee jaar social zaken en maken sinds twee jaar muziek tussen Nederpunk en Rock & Roll". Leiden, The Netherlands: Pin #4 (zine).
  20. ^ Kaagman, Hugo; Ozon, Diana (May 1979). Koecrandt 31, Interview Jesus and the Gospelfuckers; me vader is een lul! (in Dutch).
  21. ^ Brus, Erik (2012). Gehavende stad: muziek en literatuur in Rotterdam van 1960 tot nu. Overamstel Uitgevers. ISBN 978-9048840618.
  22. ^ a b Louder than War (28 March 2022). "New punk documentary 'Jimmy Is A Punk' about Dutch punk band and the 1977 punk scene in Holland".
  23. ^ Epitaph Records via Discogs (1996). "I'm Sure We're Gonna Make It -- Dutch Punkrock '77 - '82". Discogs.
  24. ^ "Subway". Discogs. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  25. ^ "The Boobs (1979 – 1981)". bacteria.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  26. ^ "Two-Two-'79". Discogs. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  27. ^ a b Lohman, Kirsty (2019). "'Nothing Like the Rest of Holland': The Groningen Punk Scene". The Punk Reader: Research Transmissions from the Local and the Global: 49–68.
  28. ^ "The one and only". Dutch Graffiti Library. 6 May 2022.
  29. ^ "Plurex Records". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  30. ^ "Tits". Discogs. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  31. ^ a b Lowie, Ewout (17 February 2016). "Hoe punk in Nederland begon" (in Dutch). Vice.
  32. ^ "Torso". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  33. ^ a b Foster, Richard (16 March 2017). "In de Nederlandse punkscene ging het gek genoeg minder om de muziek: De muzikale erfenis van Nederlandse punk is bijna spoorloos" (in Dutch). Vice.
  34. ^ a b Ruigrok, Paul; Gulmans, Mirjam (31 January 2009). "No Future" (in Dutch). Andere Tijden.
  35. ^ "Noxious" (in Dutch). Discogs.
  36. ^ "Onutrechtse Toestanden". Discogs. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  37. ^ "Miami Beach Girls". Discogs. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  38. ^ "Dangerous Pyjamas". Discogs. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  39. ^ "Bizon Kidz". Discogs. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  40. ^ "Zero-Zero". Discogs. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  41. ^ "Neo Pogos". Discogs. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  42. ^ "The Rapers". Discogs. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  43. ^ "Cold War Embryos". Discogs. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  44. ^ "Pitfall". Discogs. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  45. ^ "Disorder". Discogs. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  46. ^ "Avengers". Discogs. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  47. ^ "Wielingen Walgt". Discogs. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  48. ^ "The Vernon Walters". Discogs. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  49. ^ "Union Morbide". Discogs. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  50. ^ "Back catalogue: Hardcore/Punk band Union Morbide - Digital release of Eyes Of (EP): Dutch 90s punk recording finally sees the light of day and gets saved from oblivion". TCBYML Record Label. 27 July 2018.
  51. ^ "Massagraf". Discogs. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  52. ^ "De Vrolijke Krisis" (in Dutch). Nederlands Instituut voor Beeld en Geluid. 30 November 1982. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018.
  53. ^ "Parkhof 11-4-81". Discogs. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  54. ^ "Pandemonium". Discogs. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  55. ^ McNaughton, Allan (15 November 2015). "Jos of SEEIN RED on the Reversal of His Hearing Loss". Maximum Rocknroll.
  56. ^ "Betray". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  57. ^ "Crivits". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  58. ^ "Feeding The Fire". Discogs. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  59. ^ Haenfler, Ross (2006). Straight edge: Clean-living youth, hardcore punk, and social change. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813538521.
  60. ^ Schellinx, Harold (2012). Ultra: Opkomst en ondergang van de Ultramodernen, een unieke Nederlandse muziekstroming (1978-1983). Overamstel Uitgevers. ISBN 978-9048842995.
  61. ^ Foster, Richard (2017). "'Afwijkende Mensen': Understanding the Dutch ultra scene". Postgraduate Voices in Punk Studies: Your Wisdom, Our Youth. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-8168-5.
  62. ^ Pisters, J. M. J. A. (15 January 2015). Bachelor Geschiedenis: Ultra= No Future? Een studie naar de Nederlandse jeugdcultuur van de vroege jaren tachtig (Thesis) (in Dutch). Radboud University.
  63. ^ "The Young Lions". Discogs. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  64. ^ Foster, Richard (23 July 2014). "DIGGING UP DUTCH UNDERGROUNDS: AN INTERVIEW WITH ROB SCHOLTE (ARTIST) AND OF THE YOUNG LIONS AND SUSPECT". Rob Scholte Museum.
  65. ^ "Fahrenheit 451". Discogs. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  66. ^ Boots, Jaap (2014). Donderweg: mijn leven in de fast lane van de popmuziek (in Dutch). Ambo/Anthos uitgevers. ISBN 9789026326202.
  67. ^ a b Foster, Richard (2020). "Mapping Subcultures from Scratch: Moving Beyond the Mythology of Dutch Post-Punk". Researching Subcultures, Myth and Memory. Palgrave Studies in the History of Subcultures and Popular Music. pp. 215–232. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41909-7_11. ISBN 978-3-030-41908-0. S2CID 226450254.
  68. ^ Vollaard, Jan (21 May 1991). "Punk was voorbij toen kunst er aandacht voor kreeg" (in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad.
  69. ^ IJmker, Lianne (15 January 2019). Master thesis: The Mainstream and the others: A comparative study of the identification of Dutch youth groups in modern youth culture [1985-2018] (Thesis) (in Dutch). Utrecht University.
  70. ^ "Misselijk". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  71. ^ "Disturbance". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  72. ^ "Vitamin X". Discogs. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  73. ^ "X-treem CD". Discogs. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  74. ^ "Bits Of Noise 2". Discogs. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  75. ^ "Boycot". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  76. ^ "Tocado Records". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  77. ^ "Heel Erg Punk C.D Vol.1". Discogs. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  78. ^ "Interviews:Vitaminepillen Records". Ox Fanzine. 1999.
  79. ^ "Groetjes uit Holland". Discogs. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  80. ^ "Uit De Sloot". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  81. ^ "De Gatbent". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  82. ^ "Niet Reëel Aanbod". Discogs. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  83. ^ "Jabberwocky". Discogs. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  84. ^ "Mihoen!". Discogs. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  85. ^ "V.A.: SCHORREMORRIE -nederpunk compilatie 1-CD (Review)" (in German). Plastic Bomb #29. 1999.
  86. ^ "Blues Brother Castro". Discogs. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  87. ^ "Gewapend Beton". Discogs. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  88. ^ "bakfietsboys". Discogs. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  89. ^ "All For Nothing". Discogs. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  90. ^ "ALL FOR NOTHING: INTERVIEW WITH THE HARDCORE BAND". Away From Life. 15 November 2015.
  91. ^ "Absconded". Discogs. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  92. ^ Foster, Richard (2020). "Mapping Subcultures from Scratch: Moving Beyond the Mythology of Dutch Post-Punk". Researching Subcultures, Myth and Memory. Palgrave Studies in the History of Subcultures and Popular Music. Amstelveen: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 215–232. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41909-7_11. ISBN 978-3-030-41908-0. S2CID 226450254.
  93. ^ "God Save the Queen" (in Dutch). Centraal Museum. 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018.
  94. ^ "Films, bands & more FURY! PUNK CULTURE". Eye Filmmuseum. 26 May 2016.
  95. ^ Fortuin, Fiona (15 March 2017). "Wat is er na 40 jaar nog over van punk in Nederland?" (in Dutch). Vice.
  96. ^ de Tollenaere, Herman (10 January 2022). "Book Launch: 'The Paradiso Punk Years'". Punktuation Magazine. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023.
  97. ^ Smit, Oscar (2017). De Paradiso Punkjaren deel 1 1977, De Oerknal. Amstelveen: Black Olive Press. ISBN 9789072811240.
  98. ^ Smit, Oscar (2018). De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 2: 1978, Het Jaar Van De Nederpunk. Amstelveen: Black Olive Press. ISBN 9789072811257.
  99. ^ Smit, Oscar (2019). De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 3: 1979, Opkomst Van New Wave, Post-Punk en Poëzie. Amstelveen: Black Olive Press. ISBN 9789072811264.
  100. ^ Smit, Oscar (2021). De Paradiso Punk Jaren Deel 4: 1979-1981 Nederpunk(s) En Ultra. Amstelveen: Black Olive Press. ISBN 9789072811271.
  101. ^ "VITAMIN X: North American Tour From Dutch Hardcore/Punk Icons Underway; Age Of Paranoia LP Out Now On Southern Lord". Southern Lord. 1 October 2018.
  102. ^ "Heideroosjes op Pukkelpop 2022: waren we nog maar de pukkelpuber van weleer" (in Dutch). De Morgen. 19 August 2022.
  103. ^ "Punkers Heideroosjes zijn weer terug: op 22 oktober 2022 spelen ze in de Effenaar" (in Dutch). Eindhoven Dagblad. 30 September 2021.
  104. ^ "Rites". Discogs. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  105. ^ Ramirez, Carlos (4 August 2019). "International Hardcore Bands You Need to Know About: Rites". No Echo.
  106. ^ Twan Stoffels (6 October 2014). "'DOE HET ZELF' van HANG YOUTH is hun vierde controversiële punkalbum binnen één maand" (in Dutch). Vice. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  107. ^ "Hometown Crew". Discogs. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  108. ^ "March". Discogs. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  109. ^ "Deathtrap". Discogs. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  110. ^ "Voidcrawler". Discogs. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  111. ^ "St. Plaster". Discogs. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  112. ^ "T. Gondii". Discogs. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  113. ^ "Premiere: T.Gondii & Sex Howitzers – Split 7" Of Dutch Hardcore Punk Drops 1st June". Sleeping Shaman Webzine. 27 May 2021.
  114. ^ "Arne S". Discogs. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  115. ^ Bueters, Gérard (1991). "Punk tegendraads 1976-1991" (in Dutch).
  116. ^ van Garderen, Fred (21 May 1991). "Punk is niet dood, er zit alleen een luchtje an". Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant (in Dutch).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Punk&oldid=1200203084"