# Earnings growth

Earnings growth is the annual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of earnings from investments. For more general discussion see: Sustainable growth rate #From a financial perspective; Stock valuation #Growth rate; Valuation using discounted cash flows #Determine the continuing value; Growth stock; PEG ratio.

## Overview

When the dividend payout ratio is the same, the dividend growth rate is equal to the earnings growth rate.

Earnings growth rate is a key value that is needed when the Discounted cash flow model, or the Gordon's model is used for stock valuation.

The present value is given by:

${\displaystyle P=D\cdot \sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {1+g_{i}}{1+k}}\right)^{i}}$ .

where P = the present value, k = discount rate, D = current dividend and ${\displaystyle g_{i}}$ is the revenue growth rate for period i.

If the growth rate is constant for ${\displaystyle i=n+1}$ to ${\displaystyle \infty }$, then,

${\displaystyle P=D\cdot {\frac {1+g_{1}}{1+k}}+D\cdot ({\frac {1+g_{2}}{1+k}})^{2}+...+D\cdot ({\frac {1+g_{n}}{1+k}})^{n}+D\cdot \sum _{i=n+1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {1+g_{\infty }}{1+k}}\right)^{i}}$

The last term corresponds to the terminal case. When the growth rate is always the same for perpetuity, Gordon's model results:

${\displaystyle P=D\times {\frac {1+g}{k-g}}}$.

As Gordon's model suggests, the valuation is very sensitive to the value of g used.[1]

Part of the earnings is paid out as dividends and part of it is retained to fund growth, as given by the payout ratio and the plowback ratio. Thus the growth rate is given by

${\displaystyle g={Plowback\ ratio}\times {return\ on\ equity}}$.

For the S&P 500 Index, the return on equity has ranged between 10 and 15% during the 20th century, the plowback ratio has ranged from 10 to 67% (see payout ratio).

## Other related measures

It is sometimes recommended that revenue growth should be checked to ensure that earnings growth is not coming from special situations like sale of assets.

When the earnings acceleration (rate of change of earnings growth) is positive, it ensures that earnings growth is likely to continue.

## Historical growth rates

According to economist Robert J. Shiller, earnings per share grew at a 3.5% annualized rate over 150 years (inflation-adjusted growth rate was 1.7%).[2] Since 1980, the most bullish period in U.S. stock market history, real earnings growth according to Shiller, has been 2.6%.

The table below gives recent values of earnings growth for S&P 500.

Date Index P/E EPS growth (%) Comment
12/31/2007 1468.36 17.58 1.4
12/31/2006 1418.30 17.40 14.7
12/31/2005 1248.29 17.85 13.0
12/31/2004 1211.92 20.70 23.8
12/31/2003 1111.92 22.81 18.8
12/31/2002 879.82 31.89 18.5
12/31/2001 1148.08 46.50 -30.8 2001 contraction resulting in P/E Peak
12/31/2000 1320.28 26.41 8.6 Dot-com bubble burst: March 10, 2000
12/31/1999 1469.25 30.50 16.7
12/31/1998 1229.23 32.60 0.6
12/31/1997 970.43 24.43 8.3
12/31/1996 740.74 19.13 7.3
12/31/1995 615.93 18.14 18.7
12/31/1994 459.27 15.01 18.0
12/31/1993 466.45 21.31 28.9
12/31/1992 435.71 22.82 8.1
12/31/1991 417.09 26.12 -14.8
12/31/1990 330.22 15.47 -6.9 July 1990-March 1991 contraction.
12/31/1989 353.40 15.45 .
12/31/1988 277.72 11.69 . Bottom (Black Monday was October 19, 1987)

The Federal Reserve responded to decline in earnings growth by cutting the target Federal funds rate (from 6.00 to 1.75% in 2001) and raising them when the growth rates are high (from 3.25 to 5.50 in 1994, 2.50 to 4.25 in 2005).[3]

## P/E ratio and growth rate

Growth stocks generally command a higher P/E ratio because their future earnings are expected to be greater. In Stocks for the Long Run, Jeremy Siegel examines the P/E ratios of growth and technology stocks. He examined Nifty Fifty stocks for the duration December 1972 to Nov 2001. He found that

Portfolio Annualized Returns 1972 P/E Warranted P/E EPS Growth
Nifty Fifty average 11.62% 41.9 38.7 10.14%
S&P 500 12.14% 18.9 18.9 6.98%

This suggests that the significantly high P/E ratio for the Nifty Fifty as a group in 1972 was actually justified by the returns during the next three decades. However, he found that some individual stocks within the Nifty Fifty were overvalued while others were undervalued.

## Sustainability of high growth rates

High growth rates cannot be sustained indefinitely. Ben McClure[4] suggests that period for which such rates can be sustained can be estimated using the following:

Competitive Situation Sustainable period
Not very competitive 1 year
Solid company with recognizable brand name 5 years
Company with very high barriers to entry 10 years

## Relationship with GDP growth

It has been suggested that the earnings growth depends on the nominal GDP, since the earnings form a part of the GDP.[5][6] It has been argued that the earnings growth must grow slower than GDP by approximately 2%.[7] See Sustainable growth rate #From a financial perspective.