East Chadic languages

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East Chadic
Geographic
distribution		southern Chad and northern Cameroon
Linguistic classificationAfro-Asiatic
Subdivisions
  • East Chadic A
  • East Chadic B
Glottologeast2632
East Chadic per Newman (1977)

The three dozen East Chadic languages of the Chadic family are spoken in Chad and Cameroon.[1]

Speakers of various East Chadic languages are locally known as Hadjarai peoples.[2][3] The largest East Chadic language is Nancere.[4]

Languages[edit]

The branches of East Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format.[5]

The East Chadic B classification follows that of Lovestrand (2012).

Peust (2018), however, has a somewhat different phylogenetic classification for East Chadic.[4] The most striking change is the repositioning of Mokilko (B.2) from East Chadic B to East Chadic A, where it now constitutes the first branch to separate, followed by Lele-Nancere (A.2.1). Within East Chadic B, he treats the Mubi group (B.1.2) as the first primary branching, with all the rest forming a subgroup divided between Dangla (B.1.1) in the north and Barain plus Sokoro (B.3 and B.4) in the south.

East Chadic A is distributed primarily in Tandjilé and neighbouring regions. East Chadic B is distributed primarily in Guéra and neighbouring regions.[10]

Numerals[edit]

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[11]

Classification Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A, A.1 Somrai mə́n sə́r súbù wōdə̄ jì kubì wúrɡə́ súbù (4 + 3) ? də̀ná sə́r (10–2) də̀ná mə́n (10–1) mwàtʃ
A, A.1 Tumak mə̀n hɛ̀ sùb wōrī ùsì ùɡì ɗáksùb wāwār (2 x 4) ? bìsāmə̄n (10–1) ? kwàr
A, A.2 Gabri pɔ̀n wɔ̄ sùbū pɔ́rbú bày jī jūrɡú mārɡə́ tə́nɡɛ̄sə́ mɔ̀tʃ
A, A.2, 1 Kimré pɔn wɔ subu pɔrbu bai dʒi dʒurɡəm marɡə diŋɡɛsə mwɔdʒ
A, A.2, 1 Lele pínà sò súbà pórìŋ bày ménèŋ mátòlíŋ juruɡù célà ɡoro
A, A.2, 1 Nancere pə̀nà sùwœ̀ sàb pə̄rí bày mə̀nə̀ màtàl pə̄rpə̄ndə̄ tʃélə̄ ɡùwàrə̀
A, A.3 Kera mə́ná ɓásí sóópe wááɗe wííɗíw / suŋku mə́ná kə́nə́kí sééɗa ásəɡə̀n támbə̀là mánhòr / suŋku ɓásí
A, A.3 Kwang (Kwong) mɪn rai sɪpai wuɗai wiʔyɪm sɪdəəŋ bʊkʊr kauda bɪdaamna rukop
B, B.1, 1 Bidiya (Bidiyo) (1) ke siɗi subaŋ paɗaŋ beeyʼeŋ peŋkeyʼ (5 + 1) pisiɗaŋ (5 + 2) porpoɗ (2 x 4) peŋda orro
B, B.1, 1 Bidiyo (Bidiya) (2) keʔeŋ (masculine), kaɗya (feminine) siɗì subaŋ paaɗaŋ bèeʔeŋ pénkeʔ (5 + 1) píisit (5 + 2) porpoɗ (2 x 4) penda ɔ̀rrɔ̀
B, B.1, 1 Dangla (Dangaléat) ɾákkí sɛ́ɛrɔ́ súbbà pooɗí bɛɛɗyì bidyɡèɗy pɛ̀ɛ́sírà póɗpóɗ parkà ɔ̀rɔ̀kì
B, B.1, 1 Mawa (1) pəni ɾap sup paːt bij byaːpat (5 + 1) ? byamat patpat (2 x 4) kwapinikara (10–1) ? kwaːjan
B, B.1, 1 Mawa (2) pənni rap sup pat bii biaapan (5 + 1) ? biamat patpat (2 x 4) kuapinikara (10–1) ? kuayan
B, B.1, 1 Migama (1) káƴì séèrà súbbà póoɗí béeƴá bízɡíƴÍ pàysárà póppóɗí (2 x 4) párnàkáƴÍ (10–1) ʔórrò
B, B.1, 1 Migama (2) káɗyì séèrà súbbà póoɗí béeɗyá bízɡíɗyì pàysárà póppóɗí (2 x 4) pârnàkáɗyì (10 -1) ʔôrrò
B, B.1, 1 Mogum kɛ̀ (m), kā (f) sɛ̀ sup poot bey mik payse porpide barkɛt orrok
B, B.1, 1 Ubi piina muɗu suɓa poɗa bɛɛja bɛɛpɛne (5 + 1) bɛɛmuɗu (5 + 2) porpoɗa (2 x 4) kojpane (litː 'koj = hand') orok
B, B.1, 2 Mubi (1) fíní sìr súɓà fádà bíɗyà ìstàlà béesír fàrbàt férbínì kúrúk
B, B.1, 2 Mubi (2) fini sir suba fada bija istala besir farbad [farbat] ferbine kuruk
B, B.1, 2 Zerenkel pínné siirí sùbbà páɗɗá bíƴƴá istala bèèsiri paarpaɗì paarpinò kúrúkí
B, B.2 Mukulu sò(ò) / só(ó) sìré áɗó pìɗé páá(t) zóó(t) sárá(t) ɡéssírè ɡéssá(t) kòòmá(t)
B, B.3 Barein paniŋ sidi subu pudu dawsu dasumaniŋ (5 + 1) dasisidi (5 + 2) dasusubu (5 + 3) dasumpudu (5 + 4) kur
B, B.3 Sokoro kéttì / ker̃í móɗù súbà paʔáɗà biʔà bépini bémoɗù béʃíba bépʌɗʌ̀ ór̃kà

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Glottolog 4.7 – East Chadic". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  2. ^ Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Press. p. 213. ISBN 0-313-27918-7.
  3. ^ Chapelle, Jean (1981). Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 178–179. ISBN 2-85802-169-4.
  4. ^ a b Peust, Carsten (2018). "The subgrouping of East Chadic". Folia Orientalia (55). doi:10.24425/for.2018.124686.
  5. ^ Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms); Buso deleted as a separate branch per Hammarström (2015)
  6. ^ a b Languages in both the Nancere and Gabri branches go by the names of Kimre and Gabri. The two branches together are sometimes also called Gabri.
  7. ^ Lovestrand, Joseph (2012). "Classification and description of the Chadic languages of the Guéra (East Chadic B)" (PDF). SIL Electronic Working Papers 2012-004. SIL International.
  8. ^ Kujargé appears to have ties with the Mubi languages, but perhaps not genetic ones. Its classification is uncertain.
  9. ^ Previously classified as Dangla
  10. ^ Oxfam and Office National de Développement Rural (ONDR). 2016. Atlas de la vulnérabilité dans le Guera. Première partie: synthèse regional. 2nd edition (updated from 2013 edition). PASISAT (Projet d'Appui à l'Amélioration du Système d'Information sur la Sécurité Alimentaire au Tchad).
  11. ^ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Afro-Asiatic Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
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