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Elliott Broidy

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Elliott Broidy
Born1957 (age 69)[1][2]
Westwood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
EducationUniversity of Southern California (BS)
OccupationsBusinessman, Republican fundraiser
Political party
Republican
SpouseRobin Rosenzweig
Children3
Websiteelliottbroidy.com

Elliott Broidy (born 1957) is an American businessman and Republican fundraiser.

He founded Markstone Capital Partners in 2002, a private equity firm investing in Israeli companies. He served as finance chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC) from 2005 to 2008. He was appointed by George W. Bush in 2005 to the U.S. Homeland Security Advisory Council and the board of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Broidy pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge in 2009, paying restitution and resigning from Markstone. He helped prosecutors secure the conviction of former New York State Comptroller Alan Hevesi in a pay to play scheme for the New York state pension fund.[3]

He purchased open-source intelligence provider Circinus LLC in 2014. He served as deputy finance chairman of the RNC from 2017 to April 2018, but resigned after reports of a non-disclosure agreement with former Playboy Playmate Shera Bechard regarding a sexual affair between them. Broidy pleaded guilty in October 2020 to acting as an unregistered foreign agent for Chinese and Malaysian interests lobbying the Trump administration.[4][5] He was pardoned by President Donald Trump on January 19, 2021 for that role.[6] He owns Broidy Capital Holdings, which invests in artificial intelligence, public safety technology, and defense industry.

Early life and education

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Broidy grew up in Los Angeles, the son of a World War II veteran, and a nurse.[7] He is Jewish.[8] He worked his way through the University of Southern California, earning a bachelor's degree in accounting and finance.[2][9]

Career

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Broidy began his career at Arthur Andersen in the tax department, with Muhammad Ali as one of his clients.[10] Later, he worked for Taco Bell founder Glen Bell, before founding investment firm Broidy Capital Management in 1991.[2] He served as a trustee of the Los Angeles City Fire and Police Pension Fund from 2002 to 2009.[11] He founded private equity firm Markstone Capital Partners in 2002 to help invest in Israeli companies with money from several state pension funds.[2]

He cooperated with a corruption investigation of former New York State Comptroller Alan Hevesi, pleading guilty in 2009 to a misdemeanor. Broidy paid restitution to the state, resigned from Markstone, and helped secure the convictions of Hevesi and other pension officials for corruption. [12][13][14]

He purchased defense contractor Circinus in 2015. He promoted his connections to then-president Donald Trump to secure international clients for the business, including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. He encouraged the president to meet with leaders of the two countries, and pushed for the firing of then-Secretary of State Rex Tillerson.[15][16][17]

He pleaded guilty in October 2020 to federal charges of acting as an unregistered foreign agent, for accepting money to advance Chinese and Malaysian interests with the Trump administration. He forfeited over $6 million and cooperated with a federal investigation into other figures, such as Malaysian businessman Jho Low, who was trying to get the United States to end an investigation of Low's involvement with a government development fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad. Broidy also encouraged president Trump to meet with then-prime minister of Malaysia Najib Razak. Broidy met with a Chinese official, Sun Lijun to help secure the extradition of Chinese businessman and asylum-seeking dissident, Guo Wengui.[18][19] President Trump pardoned Broidy on the last day of his first term.[20] He testified at the April 2023 federal trial of Pras, a member of hip-hop group the Fugees, who was charged in connection with Low.[21][22]

Fundraising

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Broidy became interested in politics after the 9/11 attacks. He joined the Republican Jewish Coalition[23] and ultimately became a member of its board of directors. Between 2002 and 2004 he donated more than $300,000 to the George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign.[24] From 2004 to 2006 he raised campaign funds for numerous Republican candidates. In October 2006, he hosted a fundraiser for Bush, where $1 million was raised.[25] Later that year, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff appointed Broidy to the Homeland Security Advisory Council, the Terrorism Task Force, and the New Technology Task Force.[26][27]

Broidy led Republican fundraising efforts from 2005 to 2008 as finance chairman for the Republican National Committee (RNC), including during the 2008 elections. In the 2016 elections, he was a top fundraiser for Trump, Ted Cruz, Lindsey Graham, and Marco Rubio.[28] From April 2017 until April 13, 2018, he was a deputy finance chairman of the RNC.[29] Bruce Bialosky of the Republican Jewish Coalition said, "A lot of people talked a big game, but when he said he could raise big money, he actually did."[2]

In 2016, Broidy served as a vice chairman of the Trump Victory Committee, a joint fundraising committee of the Donald Trump campaign and the RNC.[30] In addition, he served as a vice-chairman of the Presidential Inaugural Committee.[31] In April 2017, Broidy was named one of three national deputy finance chairmen of the RNC.[32][33]

Following these allegations, Broidy resigned as deputy finance chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC).[29][34] To ensure that Bechard would not disclose the relationship, the $1.6 million payments beginning in 2017 to McDougal, which was arranged by Michael Cohen and came from accounts that Cohen had established to receive very large sums from Viktor Vekselberg associated firms in the Renova Group and others.[34][35][36] Both Vekselberg, who is very close to Vladimir Putin, and his Renova Group fell under United States sanctions on April 6, 2018, which froze up to $2 billion worth of Vekselberg's assets ($2,564,272,462 adjusted for inflation).[37][38]

On April 13, 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported that Broidy had a sexual relationship with Playboy Playmate Shera Bechard, resulting in a pregnancy in late 2017.[39][40] The model later had an abortion. Donald Trump's personal lawyer Michael Cohen negotiated for Broidy to pay $1.6 million for the woman's silence. The settlement was falsely characterized at the time as a personal injury settlement.[41][29] In response to the Journal article, Broidy issued a statement acknowledging that he had had a "consensual relationship with a Playboy Playmate", that Cohen had contacted him after being approached by the woman's attorney, Keith M. Davidson, and that Broidy had then hired Cohen to work out a non-disclosure agreement.[42] Broidy resigned his post at the RNC the same day the article appeared.[43] A few days later Cohen confirmed in court that Broidy was one of the three clients he had given legal advice to in the previous year.[44] Some columnists have since speculated that Donald Trump was really the person who had the affair with Bechard, with Broidy agreeing to provide cover for Trump.[45][46][47] Broidy's lawyer, Chris Clark, stated that Broidy will withhold forthcoming payments to Bechard due to an alleged breach of the non-disclosure agreement on her part.[48] On July 6, 2018, Bechard filed a lawsuit against Broidy and the attorney Michael Avenatti, in relation to the cessation of the settlement payments.[49][50][51] Bechard has alleged in a complaint that Broidy was physically, sexually, and emotionally abusive of her.[52][53] Broidy has denied the allegations.[53] On September 7, 2018, California Superior Court Judge Elizabeth White granted Broidy's request to strike allegations from the case going forward that were not relevant to the breach-of-contract dispute.[54]

In November 2018, The New York Times reported that federal prosecutors accused Broidy of involvement in a scheme to launder millions of dollars into the United States to help Jho Low end a Justice Department investigation into the embezzlement of billions of dollars from 1MDB.[55]

In 2019, Broidy filed lawsuits accusing a former CIA officer, Kevin Chalker, and three lobbyists of aiding Qatar in hacking and distributing his communications to damage his reputation. Broidy alleged that Chalker's firm, Global Risk Advisors, carried out the hack for Qatar, but Chalker, whose company was contracted for 2022 FIFA World Cup security, denied involvement. A separate lawsuit targeted lobbyists Nick Muzin, Joey Allaham, and Gregory Howard, claiming they disseminated the hacked information to undermine Broidy's political influence. All denied involvement.[56] In 2023, Broidy withdrew claims against Allaham, who admitted knowledge of the hack but denied participation. By April 2024, Broidy dropped both lawsuits.[56]

Beginning in March 2018, Broidy was implicated in a criminal investigation launched by the Prosecutor General of Ukraine for Broidy's June 12, 2014, deal to provide political support for VTB Bank and Investment Capital Ukraine (ICU), which acts as a financial advisor to President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko.[57][58] Broidy was to receive five payments of $2.5 million each through the British Virgin Islands firm with a Dubai address, Quillas Equities SA, which has Yuri Soloviev as a large shareholder according to the Panama Papers. Yuri Soloviev is a member of the management board for VTB and is the first deputy president and chairman of its management board.[57][59] Yuri Soloviev's Quillas Equities has accounts in the Swiss Pictet Bank through which money transfers often occur to the VTB-owned bank in Cyprus, RCB Cyprus.[60] In early 2014, VTB fell under numerous international sanctions due to Russia attacking Ukraine.[60]

Boards of directors

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In 2006, President Bush appointed Broidy to the board of trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.[61]

Broidy served on the board of governors and the endowment committee of Hebrew Union College and the board of trustees of the Hillel Foundation, as well as the Center for Investment Studies at the Marshall School of Business at his alma mater, the University of Southern California.[26] He served on the board of governors of the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and the board of trustees of the Simon Wiesenthal Center.[27] The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States gave Broidy the 2008 Raoul Wallenberg Award for his Jewish philanthropy.[13]

After multiple scandals and criminal charges, Broidy was forced to resign from several of these boards and political appointments.[29][43]

In November 2025, Broidy announced the acquisition of an original whiteprint of the crematoria designed for the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp for $1.5 million. The purchase was described as a commemorative act honoring approximately 1.5 million Jewish children murdered during the Holocaust. Proceeds from the acquisition were designated to support the development of a "global early childhood curriculum promoting empathy, altruism and anti-extremism".[62] Broidy stated that the artifact would be exhibited at institutions dedicated to Holocaust education and the fight against antisemitism prior to its ultimate donation to a public institution.[63]

Films

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Broidy was the executive producer of the independent films Sugar and Snake & Mongoose, both released in 2013.[64]

Personal life

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Broidy is married to Robin Rosenzweig, a former senior executive of 20th Century Studios,[65] with whom he has three children.[27] They lived in Holmby Hills until moving to Bel Air in 2005. They moved to Beverly Hills in 2012.[2]

References

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  1. ↑ "Federal grand jury probing GOP fundraiser Elliott Broidy". NBC News. July 8, 2019. Retrieved 2026-04-29.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Finnegan, Michael (August 11, 2018). "A tale of two scandals, with a rich Trump donor, kickbacks and a Playboy playmate". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  3. ↑ Freifeld, Karen (November 26, 2012). "LA money manager gets no jail in NY corruption case". Reuters. Retrieved April 22, 2026.
  4. ↑ "Recent FARA Cases". 26 July 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  5. ↑ Hsu, Spencer S. (20 October 2020). "Major RNC, Trump fundraiser Elliott Broidy pleads guilty to acting as unregistered foreign agent". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  6. ↑ "Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding Executive Grants of Clemency – The White House". Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  7. ↑ Raziel, Benjamin (2026-06-18). "From Beverly Hills to Capitol Hill: Three American Jews Honored". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2026-06-29.
  8. ↑ Jewish Telegraphic Agency staff (March 22, 2018). "Jewish Republican donor took $2.7m from UAE lobbyist to influence Trump – report: Elliott Broidy, deputy finance chair of the Republican National Committee, paid by adviser to Emirates government amid Qatar row". The Times of Israel. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  9. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P. (August 13, 2019). "How a Trump Ally Tested the Boundaries of Washington's Influence Game". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
  10. ↑ Rotich, Judy J. (2025-01-22). "Muhammad Ali's Accountant Tells His Story For The First Time!". Athlon Sports. Retrieved 2025-09-01.
  11. ↑ Coutts, Sharona (May 8, 2009). "Pension Scandal Prompts Two Resignations in LA". ProPublica. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
  12. ↑ Freifeld, Karen (November 26, 2012). "LA money manager gets no jail in NY corruption case". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
  13. 1 2 Karmin, Craig; Lattman, Peter (December 4, 2009). "Hevesi Linked to Pay-to-Play as Broidy Admits Guilt". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
  14. ↑ "Guilty Plea in Fraud Case Tied to New York Pension". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 4, 2009. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  15. ↑ Mazzeti, Mark; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Haberman, Maggie (March 3, 2018). "Mueller's Focus on Adviser to United Arab Emirates Indicates Widening of Inquiry". The New York Times.
  16. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P.; Kirkpatrick, David D. (March 25, 2018). "Fund-Raiser Held Out Access to Trump as a Prize for Prospective Clients". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  17. ↑ David D. Kirkpatrick; Mark Mazzetti (21 March 2018). "How 2 Gulf Monarchies Sought to Influence the White House". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  18. ↑ "Major RNC, Trump fundraiser Elliott Broidy pleads guilty to acting as unregistered foreign agent". The Washington Post. 2020-10-20. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2026-03-17.
  19. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P. (2020-10-20). "Elliott Broidy Pleads Guilty in Foreign Lobbying Case". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-03-17.
  20. ↑ Haberman, Maggie; Vogel, Kenneth P.; Lipton, Eric; Schmidt, Michael S. (January 20, 2021). "With Hours Left in Office, Trump Grants Clemency to Bannon and Other Allies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-09-08.
  21. ↑ "GOP fundraiser says he got millions to illegally lobby Trump administration". The Washington Post. 2023-04-04. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2026-03-17.
  22. ↑ "Ex-Trump Fundraiser Tells Pras Michel Jury of 1MDB Plot". Bloomberg. 4 April 2023.
  23. ↑ "Board of Directors". Republican Jewish Coalition. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  24. ↑ Robbins, Tom (December 8, 2009). "The Peggy Lipton Affair Brings Down Another Mogul". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 2015-05-24. Retrieved 2014-11-24.
  25. ↑ Snyder, Gabriel (October 4, 2006). "Inside Move: H'wood picks side in campaign fund fight". Variety. Archived from the original on September 19, 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
  26. 1 2 "Board of Advisors". USC Marshall School of Business. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
  27. 1 2 3 "ELLIOTT BROIDY APPOINTED TO SIMON WIESENTHAL CENTER BOARD OF TRUSTEES". Simon Wiesenthal Center. February 23, 2009.
  28. ↑ Butler, Desmond; LoBianco, Tom (May 21, 2018). "The princes, the president and the fortune seekers". AP News. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Ballhaus, Rebecca; Bykowicz, Julie (April 13, 2018). "Elliott Broidy Quits RNC Post After Report on Payment to Ex-Model". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  30. ↑ "Announcement of 2016 Trump Victory Leadership Team". Gop.com. May 24, 2016. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  31. ↑ McCaskill, Nolan D. (November 15, 2016). "Trump announces inauguration team leaders". Politico. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  32. ↑ Hammond, Joseph (April 3, 2017). "Republican Party adds Experienced Fundraisers Ahead of 2018 Elections". American Media Institute. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  33. ↑ Bernstein, Andrea (May 26, 2017). "The President, His Business Partner, and the Fundraiser | Money Talking". WNYC. Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
  34. 1 2 Palazzolo, Joe; Rothfeld, Michael (April 13, 2018). "Trump Lawyer Michael Cohen Negotiated $1.6 Million Settlement for Top Republican Fundraiser: The 2017 deal was on behalf of Elliott Broidy, a businessman who faced allegations he impregnated a former Playboy model, and resembles one Mr. Cohen arranged with Stormy Daniels". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  35. ↑ Prokop, Andrew (May 8, 2018). "We just learned that a Russian oligarch's company sent $500,000 to Michael Cohen: And Robert Mueller wants to know why". Vox. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  36. ↑ Helderman, Rosalind S.; Hamburger, Tom; Brown, Emma (May 8, 2018). "Trump's attorney Michael Cohen was hired by U.S. affiliate of Russian company". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  37. ↑ Neghaiwi, Brenna Hughes (April 21, 2018). "U.S. sanctions on Vekselberg have $1.5-$2 billion assets frozen: sources". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  38. ↑ "Treasury Designates Russian Oligarchs, Officials, and Entities in Response to Worldwide Malign Activity". United States Department of Treasury. April 6, 2018. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
  39. ↑ Palazzolo, Joe; Rothfeld, Michael (April 13, 2018). "Trump Lawyer Michael Cohen Negotiated $1.6 Million Settlement for Top Republican Fundraiser". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  40. ↑ Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Rutenberg, Jim (April 13, 2018). "R.N.C. Official Who Agreed to Pay Playboy Model $1.6 Million Resigns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 16, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
  41. ↑ Lee, MJ; Sara, Sidner; Scannell, Kara; Foran, Clare. "Michael Cohen facilitated $1.6 million agreement on behalf of GOP fundraiser". CNN. Archived from the original on 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
  42. ↑ Nashrulla, Tasreem (April 13, 2018). "A Top GOP Official Admitted He Had An Affair With A Playboy Model And Gave Her Money To Terminate Her Pregnancy". Buzzfeed. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  43. 1 2 Isenstadt, Alex (April 13, 2018). "RNC fundraiser resigns after report of $1.6 million Playmate payoff". Politico. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  44. ↑ Voreacos, David (April 16, 2018). "Cohen Says He Gave Legal Advice to Three Clients in Past Year". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2018-05-13. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  45. ↑ Campos, Paul (May 8, 2018). "Theory: Playboy Model Who Got $1.6 Million Had Affair With Trump, Not Broidy". New York magazine. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  46. ↑ Campos, Paul (May 22, 2018). "Here's More Evidence Broidy May Have Been Covering for Trump in Playmate Affair". New York magazine. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  47. ↑ Bunch, Will (May 22, 2018). "Is this Playboy model keeping the biggest secret of the Trump presidency?". Philly.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  48. ↑ Rothfeld, Michael; Palazzolo, Joe (July 1, 2018). "Top GOP Fundraiser to Stop Hush Payments Over Affair". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 2, 2018. Now Mr. Broidy, who worked on the RNC with Mr. Cohen, will withhold the third installment of $200,000 that was due Sunday, in response to an alleged breach of the nondisclosure agreement, according to Chris Clark, a lawyer for Mr. Broidy.
  49. ↑ Dillon, Nancy (July 6, 2018). "Ex-Playboy model sues Trump donor Elliott Broidy and Michael Avenatti over hush-money pact tied to secret pregnancy". NY Daily News. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  50. ↑ Rothfeld, Michael; Palazzolo, Joe (July 6, 2018). "Ex-Playmate Files Suit Against GOP Donor Elliott Broidy Over Hush-Money Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  51. ↑ Stris, Peter K.; Brannen, Elizabeth R.; Berkowitz, Dana; Stokes, John; Martin, Shaun P. (July 6, 2018). "PLAINTIFF'S MEMORANDUM OF POINTS AND AUTHORITIES IN SUPPORT OF EX PARTE APPLICATION TO CONDITIONALLY SEAL THE COMPLAINT FOR 45 DAYS" (PDF). Stris & Maher LLP via The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2018.
  52. ↑ The Associated Press. "Ex-Playboy centrefold says fundraiser for Trump urged her to get abortion". CTV News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2018-09-08. A former Playboy model's lawsuit against a top fundraiser for President Donald Trump and other Republicans revealed embarrassing details of their sexual affair and said she feared for her safety after he impregnated her, according to previously censored allegations unsealed Friday.
  53. 1 2 Ali, Yashar (September 7, 2018). "Ex-Mistress Accuses Longtime RNC Leader Elliott Broidy Of Physical, Sexual Abuse, Complaint Shows". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 5, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  54. ↑ Petterssen, Edvard (September 7, 2018). GOP Fundraiser Elliott Broidy Accused of Coercing Woman Into Having Abortion; Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2020
  55. ↑ Vogel, Kenneth P. (2018-11-30). "Trump Fund-Raiser Received Laundered Foreign Money, Prosecutors Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
  56. 1 2 Mazzetti, Mark; Vogel, Kenneth P. (9 April 2024). "Former Trump Fund-Raiser Drops Suits over Hack of Emails". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2024-11-29. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
  57. 1 2 Thorne, Will; Jordan, Will (March 20, 2018). "Trump donor Elliott Broidy named in Ukraine criminal probe: Republican fundraiser Elliott Broidy under scrutiny over alleged deal with sanctioned Russian bank VTB". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  58. ↑ "Broidy Capital Management Consulting Agreement". June 12, 2014. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  59. ↑ "Члены правления Банк ВТБ (ПАО)" [Members of the Management Board VTB Bank (PJSC)] (in Russian). VTB. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  60. 1 2 Bigus, Denys; Shleynov, Roman (April 5, 2016). "A high-profile Russian partner of Ukraine's top banker". OCCRP. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  61. ↑ "RNC Announces Additions To RNC Finance Leadership Team". Gop.com. April 3, 2017. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  62. ↑ Smith, Megan (2025-12-12). "Rare Auschwitz Artifact Acquired". bocaratonobserver.com. Retrieved 2026-01-10.
  63. ↑ Raziel, Benjamin (2025-12-29). "Turning a Blueprint of Death into a Plan of Defiance". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2026-01-10.
  64. ↑ Krantz, Michael (March 28, 2018). "How a little-known Republican fundraiser allegedly profited off Trump's presidency and worked to convince him to change US foreign policy in the Middle East". Business Insider. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  65. ↑ Davis, Patti (March 18, 2001). "Battle Takes Shape in the Toniest of War Grounds". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
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