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Emirate of Nekor

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Emirate of Nekor
إمارة بني صالح
710–1015
The Emirate of Nekor (yellow) at the time of the Idrisid dynasty.
The Emirate of Nekor (yellow) at the time of the Idrisid dynasty.
StatusClient state of the Umayyad Caliphate (710–750)
CapitalTemsamane (710–760)
Nekor (760–1015)
Common languagesArabic
Berber
Religion
Sunni Islam (Maliki)
GovernmentEmirate
Emir 
• 710–749
Salih I ibn Mansur
• 947–970
Jurthum ibn Ahmad
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
710
• Disestablished
1015
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Umayyad Caliphate
Caliphate of Qurtubah

The Emirate of Nekor or Salihid Emirate (Arabic: إمارة بني صالح, romanized: ʾImārat Banī Ṣāliḥ) was an emirate centered in the Rif area of present-day Morocco. Its capital was initially located at Temsamane, and then moved to Nekor. The ruling dynasty has been described as either of Himyarite Arab descent[1][2] or of Nafza Berber descent.[3][4] The emirate was founded in 710 CE by Salih I ibn Mansur through a Caliphate grant. Under his guidance, the local Berber (Amazigh) tribes adopted Islam, but later deposed him in favor of one Dawud al-Rundi (unlikely to have been a native of Ronda) from the Nafza tribe. They subsequently changed their mind and reappointed Salih ibn Mansur.[5] His dynasty, the Banu Salih, thereafter ruled the region until about 1015.

Several successive political entities controlled the Rif In the period between the 8th and 14th centuries. The Emirate of Nekor, established at the beginning of the 8th century, ended with the destruction of its capital city Nekor in 1080. The area was integrated subsequently into the dominions of the Almoravids, and then those of the Almohads and the Marīnids.[6]

The Emirate of Nekor was the first autonomous state in the Maghreb and the only one that adhered to Sunni Islam exclusively, specifically the Maliki school.[7] Not much is known about the town of Nekor's archaeology outside the field survey and minor excavations conducted in the 1980s. The town has what may have been a mosque, a possible hammam, or public bathhouse, and two substantial walls. Ceramics excavated there include local productions and others that show its connections with Ifrīqya and al-Andalus.[8]

History

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The Arab conquest of North Africa began in 648, bringing Islam, thereafter the predominant religion of the region. Uqba ibn Nafi (662–683) was the leader of the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. When his troops attacked local mountain Berber tribes, Arab reinforcements appeared in the Rif to join them. One of these groups was led by a South Arabian called Salih I ibn Mansur, who founded the Banu Salih dynasty in 710, ruling until 749. His putative south Arabian origin is disputed by al-Ya'qubi, who associates him with the Nafza Berber tribe in his Kitab al-Buldan (Book of Countries).[5] The Salih family founded the Emirate of Nekor and ruled it for more than three hundred years. Located beside the river Nekor, east of al-Husaima (al-Hoceima), it prospered through trade and commerce.[9]

According to Riffian tradition, Salih ibn Mansur, ancestor of the Salihids, established himself at Temsamane on the coast, where he converted the local Berber groups, the Ghomara and the Sanhaja, to Islam. The new converts soon became apostate and unseated Salih, and took as their leader a certain Dawud al-Rundi al-Nafzi. Salih was nonetheless restored to the throne and upon his death, his son al-Mu'tasim succeeded him. Later, his grandson Sa'id ibn Idris ibn Salih founded in 760 or 761 the town of Nekor to serve as capital of the small state.[5] The Madinat al-Nakur was situated on the banks of the river Nekor in an alluvial valley of the Rif Mountains, 25 km inland from the Mediterranean coast. Under Idrisid rule it controlled productive agricultural territory that reached the coastal plain near modern-day Al Hoceima. The city flourished as it was on established trade routes and served as an entrepôt for goods shipped from Fes and Sijilmasa in the south of the Rif.[10]

In 859, a major long-distance Viking expedition set out for Spain. They tried to land at Galicia and were driven off. Then they sailed down the west coast of the peninsula and up the river Guadalquivir to Seville, where they burned the mosque but were repelled by a large Muslim force there before entering the Mediterranean through the Straits of Gibraltar and burning the mosque at Algeciras,[11] following which they headed south to Nekor, plundered the city for eight days,[12] and defeated a Muslim force that attempted to stop them.[11]

Nekor was surrounded by a wall of coarse brick that also enclosed gardens and pomegranate and pear orchards.[5] The city had many markets and shops, as well as baths, a large mosque, and an oratory (musalla[13]). According to the historian Ahmed Tahiri it contains the oldest urban structure dating from the medieval period in the west of the Maghreb, built with the earliest Islamic construction methods. He considers the Viking invasion of 859 (Tahiri says 858) and the sacking of Nekor as a demarcation line in its urban evolution, and that afterwards, urban and rural architecture in the area became more defensive in orientation. The rivalry between the Fatimid and the Umayyad Caliphates spurred the development of a new architectural layout in the city.[14]

Fatimid troops sacked the city twice, in 917 and in 934. According to J.D. Latham, 'Abd al-Rahman III, the Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, had observed with growing concern the increasing prestige and power of the Fatimids in the Rif, this region perilously close to al-Andalus. In 927 he began his policy of defensive expansion by occupying Melilla and by 928-929, he opened negotiations with the Idrisids. In retaliation Musa ibn Abi'l-Afiya attacked and vanquished the Umayyad's vassal, al-Mu'ayyad, the Salihid ruler of Nekor, situated between Melilla and Tétouan. The troops of Musa, a Berber chieftain of the Miknasa tribe[15] besieged, sacked, and burned Nekor in 931.[15] With a fleet of forty vessels, the Umayyads launched a naval assault from Ceuta against Nekor and its port, al-Mazamma, and attacked Nekor, devastating the city which was garrisoned by three thousand men.[14]

The relationship between the ruling family of the Salihid Emirate of Nekor and the local Berber tribal structure made it a predominantly Berber state, one aligned with the Umayyads of al-Andalus. The Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I had obtained the territory through iqta', the Isamic practice of tax farming. His son 'Abd al-Malik bestowed the region of Nekor as a gift to the Banu Salih ibn Mansur. The family settled there and intermarried with the local population of Berbers, who came to acknowledge them as their emirs.[16]

According to the Arab Andalusi geographer al-Bakri, Salih ibn Mansur was renowned for converting the Berber tribes of northern Africa to Islam. All the Arab chroniclers credit Salih ibn Mansur and the dynasty he founded with the Islamization of the Rif. His grandson Sa'id ibn Idris ibn Salih ibn Mansur built the city of Nekor in 760 or 761[17] to serve as the capital of the small state.[5] He died after reigning over it for thirty-seven years. Emir Sa'id ibn Idris had ten sons. The third one, Salih ibn Sa'id, assumed rule of the emirate upon his father's death. According to the narrative of al-Bakri, Salih's reign was filled with conflicts and wars with his brothers. He imprisoned his brother Idris and had him executed. Salih ruled for twenty-eight years. When he died his youngest son, Sa'id ibn Salih, was elected emir.[18] The bond between the Emirate of Nekor and the Umayyads was strengthened by the fact that the Banu Salih professed the same Islamic creed as the Umayyad caliphs, that of the Maliki school.[19]

Al-Bakri says several ports of the Moroccan Rif in the Emirate of Nekor – including Badia, Buquya, and Balish,[20] the port of the Sanhaja (Aẓnag) Berber confederation – were controlled by Berber tribes. These coastal communities developed with mixed populations of Berber, Arab, and Andalusi (converted or Mozarab) descent. The Berbers were taxed by the Salihid emirs, and paid their taxes with the income they earned by exploiting marine resources on the coast and consequently controlling its maritime activity.[21]

The Salihids ruled over Nekor and the Berber tribes around it until about 1015, when Ya'la ibn al-Fatuh of the Azdaja tribe, now extinct, gained control of the emirate. His descendants defended the city and maintained their rule until the city was destroyed in 1080–1081 for the fourth and last time by the Almoravid leader Yusuf ibn Tashfin. With the destruction of the city by the Almoravids, the iqta' or fief of Nakur, created in 710 for Salih ibn Mansir by al-Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik, caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ceased to exist.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Picard, Christophe (2018). Sea of the Caliphs. Harvard University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-674-66046-5.
  2. ^ Cook, Michael A. (2025-10-28). A History of the Muslim World: From Its Origins to the Dawn of Modernity. Princeton University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-691-23659-9.
  3. ^ Dwight, Reynolds (December 30, 2020). The Musical Heritage Of Al-Andalus. London, United-Kingdom: Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 9781000289527.
  4. ^ Tahiri, Ahmed (1998). إمارة بني صالح في بلاد نكور الأصول التاريخية وبواكير النمو الحضاري والعمراني بالغرب الإسلامي [The Emirate of Banū Ṣāliḥ in the Land of Nakūr: Its Historical Origins and the Early Beginnings of Civilizational and Urban Development in the Western Islamic World] (in Arabic). Morocco, Casablanca: Dar al-Najāḥ al-Jadīdah (دار النجاح الجديدة). pp. 29, 251.
  5. ^ a b c d e Pellat, Charles (1993). "Nakūr". In Bosworth, C.E.; Van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. VII. pp. 941–943.
  6. ^ Coletti, Caterina Maria (1 November 2018). "Risultati e aspetti problematici della ricerca archeologica a Melilla e nel Rif (Marocco settentrionale)". Antiquités africaines. l'Afrique du Nord de la protohistoire à la conquête arabe (in Italian). 54 (54): 37. doi:10.4000/antafr.966.
  7. ^ Cook, Michael A. (2025-10-28). A History of the Muslim World: From Its Origins to the Dawn of Modernity. Princeton University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-691-23659-9.
  8. ^ Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (2017). "Introduction". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). The Aghlabids and their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa. BRILL. p. 27. ISBN 978-90-04-35604-7.
  9. ^ Cucco, Stefan Festini (2025). Rifian Society, Culture and Politics in Mediterranean Morocco. Taylor & Francis. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-040-11943-3.
  10. ^ Trakadas, Athena (2009). "Early Islamic ports of Morocco: location and economical considerations". In Christides, V.; Monferrer-Sala, J.P.; Papadopoulos, Th. (eds.). East and West. Essays on Byzantine and Arab Worlds in the Middle Ages. Gorgias Press. pp. 159–162.
  11. ^ a b Price, Neil (2008). "Spain, North Africa and the Mediterranean". In Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (eds.). The Viking World. Routledge. pp. 465–466. ISBN 978-1-134-31826-1.
  12. ^ García Losquiño, Irene (2023). "Vikings in the Spanish Mediterranean: Measuring Impact Through Local Responses" (PDF). In Price, Neil; Eriksen, Marianne Hem; Jahnke, Carsten (eds.). Vikings in the Mediterranean: Proceedings of an International Conference co-organized by the Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish Institutes at Athens, 27-30 November 2019. Athens: Norwegian Institute at Athens. p. 70. ISBN 978-618-85360-4-3.
  13. ^ Hillenbrand, R. (1993). Bosworth, C.E.; Van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. VII. pp. 658–659.
  14. ^ a b Tahiri, Ahmed (2002). "Proceso de urbanización en el Rif: situación actual y perspectivas de investigación (Siglos VIII-X)". II Congreso Internacional La Ciudad en al-Andalus y el Magreb (in Spanish). Fundación El legado andalusì. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-84-932051-7-1.
  15. ^ a b Latham, J.D. (1993). "Musa b. Abi'l-Afiya". In Bosworth, C.E.; Van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. VII. pp. 641–642.
  16. ^ Monès, H. (1988). "The conquest of North Africa: The Berbers after the Arab conquest" (PDF). In El Fasi, Mohammed; Hrbek, Ivan (eds.). General History of Africa III: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. Vol. 3. International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 243. ISBN 92-3-101 709-8.
  17. ^ Hart, David M. (1976). The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History. Tucson: Published for the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research [by] University of Arizona Press. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-8165-0452-7.
  18. ^ Rozmus, Dariusz (1996). "A More Precise Dating of the as-Saqaliba Rebellion in the Medieval Maghrib". Folia Orientalia. 32: 159. ISSN 0015-5675.
  19. ^ Cressier, Patrice (2017). "Nakur: un émirat rifain pro-omeyyade contemporain des Aghlabides". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). The Aghlabids and their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa. BRILL. p. 502. ISBN 978-90-04-35604-7.
  20. ^ Huici Miranda, A. (1986). "Bālish". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2 ed.). BRILL. p. 997. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.
  21. ^ Picard, Christophe (2018). Sea of the Caliphs: The Mediterranean in the Medieval Islamic World. Harvard University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-674-66046-5.
  22. ^ Hart, David M. (1976). The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif: An Ethnography and History. Tucson: Published for the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research [by] University of Arizona Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-8165-0452-7.
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