# Erdős–Turán inequality

In mathematics, the Erdős–Turán inequality bounds the distance between a probability measure on the circle and the Lebesgue measure, in terms of Fourier coefficients. It was proved by Paul Erdős and Pál Turán in 1948.[1][2]

Let μ be a probability measure on the unit circle R/Z. The Erdős–Turán inequality states that, for any natural number n,

${\displaystyle \sup _{A}\left|\mu (A)-\mathrm {mes} \,A\right|\leq C\left({\frac {1}{n}}+\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {|{\hat {\mu }}(k)|}{k}}\right),}$

where the supremum is over all arcs AR/Z of the unit circle, mes stands for the Lebesgue measure,

${\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}(k)=\int \exp(2\pi ik\theta )\,d\mu (\theta )}$

are the Fourier coefficients of μ, and C > 0 is a numerical constant.

## Application to discrepancy

Let s1, s2, s3 ... ∈ R be a sequence. The Erdős–Turán inequality applied to the measure

${\displaystyle \mu _{m}(S)={\frac {1}{m}}\#\{1\leq j\leq m\,|\,s_{j}\,\mathrm {mod} \,1\in S\},\quad S\subset [0,1),}$

yields the following bound for the discrepancy:

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}D(m)&\left(=\sup _{0\leq a\leq b\leq 1}{\Big |}m^{-1}\#\{1\leq j\leq m\,|\,a\leq s_{j}\,\mathrm {mod} \,1\leq b\}-(b-a){\Big |}\right)\\[8pt]&\leq C\left({\frac {1}{n}}+{\frac {1}{m}}\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k}}\left|\sum _{j=1}^{m}e^{2\pi is_{j}k}\right|\right).\end{aligned}}\qquad (1)}

This inequality holds for arbitrary natural numbers m,n, and gives a quantitative form of Weyl's criterion for equidistribution.

A multi-dimensional variant of (1) is known as the Erdős–Turán–Koksma inequality.

## Notes

1. ^ Erdős, P.; Turán, P. (1948). "On a problem in the theory of uniform distribution. I.". Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. 51: 1146–1154. MR 0027895. Zbl 0031.25402.
2. ^ Erdős, P.; Turán, P. (1948). "On a problem in the theory of uniform distribution. II.". Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. 51: 1262–1269. MR 0027895. Zbl 0032.01601.