Europe '51

Europe '51
Directed by	Roberto Rossellini
Written by	Roberto Rossellini Sandro De Feo Mario Pannunzio Ivo Perilli Brunello Rondi
Produced by	Roberto Rossellini Carlo Ponti Dino De Laurentiis
Starring	Ingrid Bergman Alexander Knox
Cinematography	Aldo Tonti
Edited by	Jolanda Benvenuti
Music by	Renzo Rossellini
Distributed by	I.F.E. Releasing Corporation
Release dates	4 December 1952 (Italy) 1953 (Germany) November 3, 1954 (U.S.)
Running time	113 minutes
Country	Italy
Languages	English, Italian

Europe '51 (Italian: Europa '51, Italian pronunciation: [euˈrɔpa tʃinkwanˈtuno], also known as The Greatest Love) is a 1952 Italian neorealist film directed by Roberto Rossellini, starring Alexander Knox and Ingrid Bergman as a woman who's declared insane after her son's suicide.

Background

Long fascinated by Francis of Assisi, Roberto Rossellini decided to create a film that placed a person of the saint's character in post-war Italy and showed what the consequences would be. The film's sets were designed by Virgilio Marchi, a veteran Futurist architect.

Synopsis

Industrialist George Girard (Alexander Knox) and his wife Irene (Ingrid Bergman) are a wealthy couple living in post-war Rome with their son Michele (Sandro Franchina), and they host so many parties that their son feels neglected. During a dinner party, Michele constantly tries to get his mother's attention, but Irene is more interested in being a good hostess to her guests than an attentive mother, and as a result Michele attempts suicide by falling several stories down a stairwell, fracturing his hip.

At the hospital, Irene promises never to leave Michele and to be more attentive, but he dies soon after from a blood clot. Irene is bedridden for 10 days for depression, and when she finally comes out of it, she enlists the help of her cousin Andrea Casatti (Ettore Giannini) to help her overcome her grief. Andrea is a publisher and a Communist, and determines she needs to see "the other Rome," and takes her to the poorer parts of the city.

Irene leaps to help when Andrea mentions a poor family whose son needs expensive medicine, and she immediately decides to help, donating her money to help the child. Irene is struck by the dreadful living conditions in the slums. She meets a penniless woman named Passerotto (Giulietta Masina) in a shack by a river and helps her care for a large brood of ragged kids. Irene secures a factory job for Passerotto, and even fills in for her for the first day. She's horrified by the factory's working conditions, which she sees as slavery. Irene then cares for a prostitute who is dying of tuberculosis.

A priest (Alfred Browne) who befriends her, likewise, eventually backs away from her when his appeals to her to submit to God are not reciprocated, and Irene has a long conversation with him about the "true mercies" of God while the poor suffer needlessly and no one does anything about it.

As a result of helping these people, she spends less and less time at home. George and Irene's mother are concerned about her unexplained absences from the house, and George accuses her of having an affair with Andrea, which causes her to leave him. She is eventually picked up by the police after helping a boy who had committed a theft evade arrest (she had told him to turn himself in). Irene is so shocked by George's overreaction that she doesn't try to argue with him, but her husband and the authorities decide to put her in a mental institution, and he abandons her.

She is finally brought before the review board on whether she will stay there permanently. It is decided that her philosophy of helping people is dangerous for the fragile post-war society, and therefore she becomes locked up there permanently. The people she has helped, along with many she hasn't, stand outside her cell window, praying to her as their new "patron saint." The last image is of Irene's face looking down at them through the bars with a hint of a smile.

Cast

• Ingrid Bergman as Irene Girard (dubbed in Italian by Lydia Simoneschi)
• Alexander Knox as George Girard
• Ettore Giannini as Andrea Casatti
• Giulietta Masina as Passerotto
• Marcella Rovena as Mrs. Puglisi
• Tina Perna as Cesira
• Sandro Franchina as Michele Girard
• Maria Zanoli as Mrs. Galli
• Teresa Pellati as Ines
• Silvana Veronese
• William Tubbs as Professor Alessandrini
• Alberto Plebani as Mr. Puglisi
• Eleonora Barracco
• Alfonso Di Stefano
• Alfred Browne as Hospital Priest

Awards

Ingrid Bergman won the 1953 Silver Ribbon award from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists for her performance. In addition, Roberto Rossellini won the International Award and was nominated for the Golden Lion award at the 1952 Venice Film Festival.

Release

The film upon its limited release was censored by the Italian government, and the subsequent released versions of this film since have been either censored or heavily re-edited worldwide, such as:

• An opening reference to a union labor strike was removed.
• Rossellini included dialogue to the effect that the poor family's father is unemployable because he worked for Mussolini's all-Fascist railroad union.
• In some versions during a party the parents are hosting, the son simply commits suicide by leaping from a window.
• The English-language release skipped over huge sections of dialogue, especially when Irene tries to voice her theory to the priest that one's love should reach beyond one's family or social group.

When the Los Angeles-based film festival Filmex showed it in 1974 as a part of its classic films series, they were given (and inadvertently ended up screening) a 16mm print of a film titled The Greatest Love, a clumsily edited and badly English dubbed version of the film that removed any references to labor strikes and once again abridged key dialogues between Ingrid Bergman's character and the priest.

In 2013, the video company The Criterion Collection released it as part of a three-Blu-ray set titled 3 Films By Roberto Rossellini starring Ingrid Bergman. Criterion's version of the film was completely restored from surviving elements and is finally intact, and a new English subtitle translation was included. As part of its extra features, it shows some of the many glaring edits and omissions that were done to the film and how passages were altered to eliminate controversial content.

Film historian David Thomson has described it as "genuine social realism" and that it "suggests with pitiless clarity that the middle class cannot cleanse its conscience simply by enjoying Bicycle Thieves".

External links

• Europe '51 at IMDb
• Europe '51 at AllMovie
• Europe '51 at the TCM Movie Database
• Europe ’51: The Greatest of These . . . an essay by Fred Camper at the Criterion Collection