# Final value theorem

In mathematical analysis, the final value theorem (FVT) is one of several similar theorems used to relate frequency domain expressions to the time domain behavior as time approaches infinity.[1][2][3][4] Mathematically, if ${\displaystyle f(t)}$ in continuous time has (unilateral) Laplace transform ${\displaystyle F(s)}$, then a final value theorem establishes conditions under which

${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)=\lim _{s\,\to \,0}{sF(s)}}$

Likewise, if ${\displaystyle f[k]}$ in discrete time has (unilateral) Z-transform ${\displaystyle F(z)}$, then a final value theorem establishes conditions under which

${\displaystyle \lim _{k\to \infty }f[k]=\lim _{z\to 1}{(z-1)F(z)}}$

An Abelian final value theorem makes assumptions about the time-domain behavior of ${\displaystyle f(t)}$ (or ${\displaystyle f[k]}$) to calculate ${\displaystyle \lim _{s\,\to \,0}{sF(s)}}$. Conversely, a Tauberian final value theorem makes assumptions about the frequency-domain behaviour of ${\displaystyle F(s)}$ to calculate ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)}$ (or ${\displaystyle \lim _{k\to \infty }f[k]}$) (see Abelian and Tauberian theorems for integral transforms).

## Final value theorems for the Laplace transform

### Deducing limt → ∞ f(t)

In the following statements, the notation '${\displaystyle s\to 0}$' means that ${\displaystyle s}$ approaches 0, whereas '${\displaystyle s\downarrow 0}$' means that ${\displaystyle s}$ approaches 0 through the positive numbers.

#### Standard Final Value Theorem

Suppose that every pole of ${\displaystyle F(s)}$ is either in the open left half plane or at the origin, and that ${\displaystyle F(s)}$ has at most a single pole at the origin. Then ${\displaystyle sF(s)\to L\in \mathbb {R} }$ as ${\displaystyle s\to 0}$, and ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)=L}$.[5]

#### Final Value Theorem using Laplace transform of the derivative

Suppose that ${\displaystyle f(t)}$ and ${\displaystyle f'(t)}$ both have Laplace transforms that exist for all ${\displaystyle s>0}$. If ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)}$ exists and ${\displaystyle \lim _{s\,\to \,0}{sF(s)}}$ exists then ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)=\lim _{s\,\to \,0}{sF(s)}}$.[3]: Theorem 2.36 [4]: 20 [6]

Remark

Both limits must exist for the theorem to hold. For example, if ${\displaystyle f(t)=\sin(t)}$ then ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)}$ does not exist, but ${\displaystyle \lim _{s\,\to \,0}{sF(s)}=\lim _{s\,\to \,0}{\frac {s}{s^{2}+1}}=0}$.[3]: Example 2.37 [4]: 20

#### Improved Tauberian converse Final Value Theorem

Suppose that ${\displaystyle f:(0,\infty )\to \mathbb {C} }$ is bounded and differentiable, and that ${\displaystyle tf'(t)}$ is also bounded on ${\displaystyle (0,\infty )}$. If ${\displaystyle sF(s)\to L\in \mathbb {C} }$ as ${\displaystyle s\to 0}$ then ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)=L}$.[7]

#### Extended Final Value Theorem

Suppose that every pole of ${\displaystyle F(s)}$ is either in the open left half-plane or at the origin. Then one of the following occurs:

1. ${\displaystyle sF(s)\to L\in \mathbb {R} }$ as ${\displaystyle s\downarrow 0}$, and ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)=L}$.
2. ${\displaystyle sF(s)\to +\infty \in \mathbb {R} }$ as ${\displaystyle s\downarrow 0}$, and ${\displaystyle f(t)\to +\infty }$ as ${\displaystyle t\to \infty }$.
3. ${\displaystyle sF(s)\to -\infty \in \mathbb {R} }$ as ${\displaystyle s\downarrow 0}$, and ${\displaystyle f(t)\to -\infty }$ as ${\displaystyle t\to \infty }$.

In particular, if ${\displaystyle s=0}$ is a multiple pole of ${\displaystyle F(s)}$ then case 2 or 3 applies (${\displaystyle f(t)\to +\infty }$ or ${\displaystyle f(t)\to -\infty }$).[5]

#### Generalized Final Value Theorem

Suppose that ${\displaystyle f(t)}$ is Laplace transformable. Let ${\displaystyle \lambda >-1}$. If ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }{\frac {f(t)}{t^{\lambda }}}}$ exists and ${\displaystyle \lim _{s\downarrow 0}{s^{\lambda +1}F(s)}}$ exists then

${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }{\frac {f(t)}{t^{\lambda }}}={\frac {1}{\Gamma (\lambda +1)}}\lim _{s\downarrow 0}{s^{\lambda +1}F(s)}}$

where ${\displaystyle \Gamma (x)}$ denotes the Gamma function.[5]

#### Applications

Final value theorems for obtaining ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)}$ have applications in establishing the long-term stability of a system.

### Deducing lims → 0 s F(s)

#### Abelian Final Value Theorem

Suppose that ${\displaystyle f:(0,\infty )\to \mathbb {C} }$ is bounded and measurable and ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)=\alpha \in \mathbb {C} }$. Then ${\displaystyle F(s)}$ exists for all ${\displaystyle s>0}$ and ${\displaystyle \lim _{s\,\to \,0^{+}}{sF(s)}=\alpha }$.[7]

Elementary proof[7]

Suppose for convenience that ${\displaystyle |f(t)|\leq 1}$ on ${\displaystyle (0,\infty )}$, and let ${\displaystyle \alpha =\lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)}$. Let ${\displaystyle \epsilon >0}$, and choose ${\displaystyle A}$ so that ${\displaystyle |f(t)-\alpha |<\epsilon }$ for all ${\displaystyle t>A}$. Since ${\displaystyle s\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-st}\,dt=1}$, for every ${\displaystyle s>0}$ we have

${\displaystyle sF(s)-\alpha =s\int _{0}^{\infty }(f(t)-\alpha )e^{-st}\,dt;}$

hence

${\displaystyle |sF(s)-\alpha |\leq s\int _{0}^{A}|f(t)-\alpha |e^{-st}\,dt+s\int _{A}^{\infty }|f(t)-\alpha |e^{-st}\,dt\leq 2s\int _{0}^{A}e^{-st}\,dt+\epsilon s\int _{A}^{\infty }e^{-st}\,dt=I+II.}$

Now for every ${\displaystyle s>0}$ we have

${\displaystyle II<\epsilon s\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-st}\,dt=\epsilon }$.

On the other hand, since ${\displaystyle A<\infty }$ is fixed it is clear that ${\displaystyle \lim _{s\to 0}I=0}$, and so ${\displaystyle |sF(s)-\alpha |<\epsilon }$ if ${\displaystyle s>0}$ is small enough.

#### Final Value Theorem using Laplace transform of the derivative

Suppose that all of the following conditions are satisfied:

1. ${\displaystyle f:(0,\infty )\to \mathbb {C} }$ is continuously differentiable and both ${\displaystyle f}$ and ${\displaystyle f'}$ have a Laplace transform
2. ${\displaystyle f'}$ is absolutely integrable - that is, ${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }|f'(\tau )|\,d\tau }$ is finite
3. ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)}$ exists and is finite

Then

${\displaystyle \lim _{s\to 0^{+}}sF(s)=\lim _{t\to \infty }f(t)}$.[8]

Remark

The proof uses the Dominated Convergence Theorem.[8]

#### Final Value Theorem for the mean of a function

Let ${\displaystyle f:(0,\infty )\to \mathbb {C} }$ be a continuous and bounded function such that such that the following limit exists

${\displaystyle \lim _{T\to \infty }{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}f(t)\,dt=\alpha \in \mathbb {C} }$

Then ${\displaystyle \lim _{s\,\to \,0,\,s>0}{sF(s)}=\alpha }$.[9]

#### Final Value Theorem for asymptotic sums of periodic functions

Suppose that ${\displaystyle f:[0,\infty )\to \mathbb {R} }$ is continuous and absolutely integrable in ${\displaystyle [0,\infty )}$. Suppose further that ${\displaystyle f}$ is asymptotically equal to a finite sum of periodic functions ${\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {as} }}$, that is

${\displaystyle |f(t)-f_{\mathrm {as} }(t)|<\phi (t)}$

where ${\displaystyle \phi (t)}$ is absolutely integrable in ${\displaystyle [0,\infty )}$ and vanishes at infinity. Then

${\displaystyle \lim _{s\to 0}sF(s)=\lim _{t\to \infty }{\frac {1}{t}}\int _{0}^{t}f(x)\,dx}$.[10]

#### Final Value Theorem for a function that diverges to infinity

Let ${\displaystyle f(t):[0,\infty )\to \mathbb {R} }$ and ${\displaystyle F(s)}$ be the Laplace transform of ${\displaystyle f(t)}$. Suppose that ${\displaystyle f(t)}$ satisfies all of the following conditions:

1. ${\displaystyle f(t)}$ is infinitely differentiable at zero
2. ${\displaystyle f^{(k)}(t)}$ has a Laplace transform for all non-negative integers ${\displaystyle k}$
3. ${\displaystyle f(t)}$ diverges to infinity as ${\displaystyle t\to \infty }$

Then ${\displaystyle sF(s)}$ diverges to infinity as ${\displaystyle s\to 0^{+}}$.[11]

#### Final Value Theorem for improperly integrable functions (Abel's theorem for integrals)

Let ${\displaystyle h:[0,\infty )\to \mathbb {R} }$ be measurable and such that the (possibly improper) integral ${\displaystyle f(x):=\int _{0}^{x}h(t)\,dt}$ converges for ${\displaystyle x\to \infty }$. Then

${\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }h(t)\,dt:=\lim _{x\to \infty }f(x)=\lim _{s\downarrow 0}\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-st}h(t)\,dt.}$

This is a version of Abel's theorem.

To see this, notice that ${\displaystyle f'(t)=h(t)}$ and apply the final value theorem to ${\displaystyle f}$ after an integration by parts: For ${\displaystyle s>0}$,

${\displaystyle s\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-st}f(t)\,dt={\Big [}-e^{-st}f(t){\Big ]}_{t=o}^{\infty }+\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-st}f'(t)\,dt=\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-st}h(t)\,dt.}$

By the final value theorem, the left-hand side converges to ${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }f(x)}$ for ${\displaystyle s\to 0}$.

To establish the convergence of the improper integral ${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }f(x)}$ in practice, Dirichlet's test for improper integrals is often helpful. An example is the Dirichlet integral.

#### Applications

Final value theorems for obtaining ${\displaystyle \lim _{s\,\to \,0}{sF(s)}}$ have applications in probability and statistics to calculate the moments of a random variable. Let ${\displaystyle R(x)}$ be cumulative distribution function of a continuous random variable ${\displaystyle X}$ and let ${\displaystyle \rho (s)}$ be the Laplace–Stieltjes transform of ${\displaystyle R(x)}$. Then the ${\displaystyle n}$-th moment of ${\displaystyle X}$ can be calculated as

${\displaystyle E[X^{n}]=(-1)^{n}\left.{\frac {d^{n}\rho (s)}{ds^{n}}}\right|_{s=0}}$

The strategy is to write

${\displaystyle {\frac {d^{n}\rho (s)}{ds^{n}}}={\mathcal {F}}{\bigl (}G_{1}(s),G_{2}(s),\dots ,G_{k}(s),\dots {\bigr )}}$

where ${\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}(\dots )}$ is continuous and for each ${\displaystyle k}$, ${\displaystyle G_{k}(s)=sF_{k}(s)}$ for a function ${\displaystyle F_{k}(s)}$. For each ${\displaystyle k}$, put ${\displaystyle f_{k}(t)}$ as the inverse Laplace transform of ${\displaystyle F_{k}(s)}$, obtain ${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }f_{k}(t)}$, and apply a final value theorem to deduce ${\displaystyle \lim _{s\,\to \,0}{G_{k}(s)}=\lim _{s\,\to \,0}{sF_{k}(s)}=\lim _{t\to \infty }f_{k}(t)}$. Then

${\displaystyle \left.{\frac {d^{n}\rho (s)}{ds^{n}}}\right|_{s=0}={\mathcal {F}}{\Bigl (}\lim _{s\,\to \,0}G_{1}(s),\lim _{s\,\to \,0}G_{2}(s),\dots ,\lim _{s\,\to \,0}G_{k}(s),\dots {\Bigr )}}$

and hence ${\displaystyle E[X^{n}]}$ is obtained.

### Examples

#### Example where FVT holds

For example, for a system described by transfer function

${\displaystyle H(s)={\frac {6}{s+2}},}$

and so the impulse response converges to

${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }h(t)=\lim _{s\to 0}{\frac {6s}{s+2}}=0.}$

That is, the system returns to zero after being disturbed by a short impulse. However, the Laplace transform of the unit step response is

${\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {1}{s}}{\frac {6}{s+2}}}$

and so the step response converges to

${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }g(t)=\lim _{s\to 0}{\frac {s}{s}}{\frac {6}{s+2}}={\frac {6}{2}}=3}$

and so a zero-state system will follow an exponential rise to a final value of 3.

#### Example where FVT does not hold

For a system described by the transfer function

${\displaystyle H(s)={\frac {9}{s^{2}+9}},}$

the final value theorem appears to predict the final value of the impulse response to be 0 and the final value of the step response to be 1. However, neither time-domain limit exists, and so the final value theorem predictions are not valid. In fact, both the impulse response and step response oscillate, and (in this special case) the final value theorem describes the average values around which the responses oscillate.

There are two checks performed in Control theory which confirm valid results for the Final Value Theorem:

1. All non-zero roots of the denominator of ${\displaystyle H(s)}$ must have negative real parts.
2. ${\displaystyle H(s)}$ must not have more than one pole at the origin.

Rule 1 was not satisfied in this example, in that the roots of the denominator are ${\displaystyle 0+j3}$ and ${\displaystyle 0-j3}$.

## Final value theorems for the Z transform

### Deducing limk → ∞ f[k]

#### Final Value Theorem

If ${\displaystyle \lim _{k\to \infty }f[k]}$ exists and ${\displaystyle \lim _{z\,\to \,1}{(z-1)F(z)}}$ exists then ${\displaystyle \lim _{k\to \infty }f[k]=\lim _{z\,\to \,1}{(z-1)F(z)}}$.[4]: 101

## Final value of linear systems

### Continuous-time LTI systems

Final value of the system

${\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {x} }}(t)=\mathbf {A} \mathbf {x} (t)+\mathbf {B} \mathbf {u} (t)}$
${\displaystyle \mathbf {y} (t)=\mathbf {C} \mathbf {x} (t)}$

in response to a step input ${\displaystyle \mathbf {u} (t)}$ with amplitude ${\displaystyle R}$ is:

${\displaystyle \lim _{t\to \infty }\mathbf {y} (t)=\mathbf {CA} ^{-1}\mathbf {B} R}$

### Sampled-data systems

The sampled-data system of the above continuous-time LTI system at the aperiodic sampling times ${\displaystyle t_{i},i=1,2,...}$ is the discrete-time system

${\displaystyle {\mathbf {x} }(t_{i+1})=\mathbf {\Phi } (h_{i})\mathbf {x} (t_{i})+\mathbf {\Gamma } (h_{i})\mathbf {u} (t_{i})}$
${\displaystyle \mathbf {y} (t_{i})=\mathbf {C} \mathbf {x} (t_{i})}$

where ${\displaystyle h_{i}=t_{i+1}-t_{i}}$ and

${\displaystyle \mathbf {\Phi } (h_{i})=e^{\mathbf {A} h_{i}}}$, ${\displaystyle \mathbf {\Gamma } (h_{i})=\int _{0}^{h_{i}}e^{\mathbf {A} s}\,ds}$

The final value of this system in response to a step input ${\displaystyle \mathbf {u} (t)}$ with amplitude ${\displaystyle R}$ is the same as the final value of its original continuous-time system. [12]

## Notes

1. ^ Wang, Ruye (2010-02-17). "Initial and Final Value Theorems". Retrieved 2011-10-21.
2. ^ Alan V. Oppenheim; Alan S. Willsky; S. Hamid Nawab (1997). Signals & Systems. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-814757-4.
3. ^ a b c Schiff, Joel L. (1999). The Laplace Transform: Theory and Applications. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4757-7262-3.
4. ^ a b c d Graf, Urs (2004). Applied Laplace Transforms and z-Transforms for Scientists and Engineers. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag. ISBN 3-7643-2427-9.
5. ^ a b c Chen, Jie; Lundberg, Kent H.; Davison, Daniel E.; Bernstein, Dennis S. (June 2007). "The Final Value Theorem Revisited - Infinite Limits and Irrational Function". IEEE Control Systems Magazine. 27 (3): 97–99. doi:10.1109/MCS.2007.365008.
6. ^ "Final Value Theorem of Laplace Transform". ProofWiki. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
7. ^ a b c Ullrich, David C. (2018-05-26). "The tauberian final value Theorem". Math Stack Exchange.
8. ^ a b Sopasakis, Pantelis (2019-05-18). "A proof for the Final Value theorem using Dominated convergence theorem". Math Stack Exchange.
9. ^ Murthy, Kavi Rama (2019-05-07). "Alternative version of the Final Value theorem for Laplace Transform". Math Stack Exchange.
10. ^ Gluskin, Emanuel (1 November 2003). "Let us teach this generalization of the final-value theorem". European Journal of Physics. 24 (6): 591–597. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/24/6/005.
11. ^ Hew, Patrick (2020-04-22). "Final Value Theorem for function that diverges to infinity?". Math Stack Exchange.
12. ^ Mohajeri, Kamran; Madadi, Ali; Tavassoli, Babak (2021). "Tracking Control with Aperiodic Sampling over Networks with Delay and Dropout". International Journal of Systems Science. 52 (10): 1987–2002. doi:10.1080/00207721.2021.1874074.