Fluvastatin
| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Lescol, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a694010 |
| Pregnancy category | |
| Routes of administration | By mouth (capsules, tablets) |
| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 24–30%[3][1] |
| Protein binding | >98%[1] |
| Metabolism | Hepatic: CYP2C9 (75%), CYP3A4 (20%), CYP2C8 (5%)[1][2] |
| Elimination half-life | 1–3 hours (capsule), 9 hours (XR formulations)[1][2] |
| Excretion | Faeces (95%), urine (5%)[1] |
| Identifiers | |
| |
| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.224.327 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C24H26FNO4 |
| Molar mass | 411.466 g/mol |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| |
| |
| (verify) | |
Fluvastatin (INN,[4] trade names Lescol, Canef, Vastin) is a member of the statin drug class, used to treat hypercholesterolemia and to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Contents
Adverse effects[edit]
Adverse effects are comparable to other statins. Common are nausea, indigestion, insomnia and headache. Myalgia (muscle pain), and rarely rhabdomyolysis, characteristic side effects for statins, can also occur.[5]
Interactions[edit]
Contrary to lovastatin, simvastatin and atorvastatin, fluvastatin has no relevant interactions with drugs that inhibit the liver enzyme CYP3A4, and a generally lower potential for interactions than most other statins. Fluconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP2C9, does increase fluvastatin levels.[5]
Pharmacology[edit]
Mechanism of action[edit]
Fluvastatin works by blocking the liver enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which facilitates an important step in cholesterol synthesis.[3]
Pharmacodynamics[edit]
In a Cochrane systematic review the dose-related magnitudes of fluvastatin on blood lipids was determined. Over the dose range of 10 to 80 mg/day total cholesterol was reduced by 10.7% to 24.9%, LDL cholesterol by 15.2% to 34.9%, and triglycerides by 3% to 17.5%.[6]
Pharmacokinetics[edit]
The drug is quickly and almost completely (98%) absorbed from the gut. Food intake slows down absorption, but does not decrease it. Due to its first-pass effect, bioavailability is lower: about 24–30%[1][3] according to different sources. Over 98% of the substance is bound to plasma proteins.[3]
Several cytochrome P450 enzymes (mainly CYP2C9, but also CYP3A4 and CYP2C8)[7] are involved in the metabolism of fluvastatin, which makes is less liable to interactions than most other statins. The main metabolite is inactive and is called "N-desisopropyl propionic acid" in the literature.[3][5]
93–95% of the drug is excreted via the feces, less than 2% of which in form of the original substance.[3]
Research[edit]
Fluvastatin has also been shown to exhibit antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus in a study with 31 patients. This effect has been described as modest, variable, and often short-lived, by the authors.[8] Data from the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) publication[9] was used to determine the effects of fluvastatin, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on LDL cholesterol lowering and reduction of myocardial infarction. In two RCTs an average dose of 72 mg/day fluvastatin reduced LDL cholesterol by 31.9%, and reduced myocardial infarction, relative risk, 0.68 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.85) as compared to placebo. In five RCTs a mean atorvastatin dose of 26 mg/day reduced LDL cholesterol by 44.0% and reduced myocardial infarction, relative risk, 0.67 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.77) as compared to placebo. In four RCTs a mean rosuvastatin dose of 16 mg/day reduced LDL cholesterol by 48.8% and reduced myocardial infarction, relative risk, 0.82 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.93) as compared to placebo. Thus despite reducing LDL cholesterol by a much lesser amount with fluvastatin than atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, fluvastatin reduced myocardial infarction similarly to atorvastatin and to a greater degree than rosuvastatin.[6]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Neuvonen, PJ; Backman, JT; Niemi, M (2008). "Pharmacokinetic comparison of the potential over-the-counter statins simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin and pravastatin". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 47 (7): 463–74. doi:10.2165/00003088-200847070-00003. PMID 18563955.
- ^ a b "Lescol, Lescol XR (fluvastatin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f Haberfeld, H, ed. (2015). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag.
- ^ "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary Names (Rec. INN): List 30" (PDF). World Health Organization. 1990. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
- ^ a b c Dinnendahl, V, Fricke, U, eds. (2012). "Arzneistoff-Profile" (in German). 2 (26 ed.). Eschborn, Germany: Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7741-9846-3.
- ^ a b Adams, Stephen P.; Sekhon, Sarpreet S.; Tsang, Michael; Wright, James M. (2018-03-06). Fluvastatin for lowering lipids. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012282.pub2.
- ^ Lescol Monograph on Drugs.com.
- ^ Bader T, Fazili J, Madhoun M, et al. (April 2008). "Fluvastatin Inhibits Hepatitis C Replication in Humans". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103 (6): 1383–9. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01876.x. PMID 18410471.
- ^ Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT). (2005). "Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins". Lancet. 366 (9493): 1267–1278. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67394-1. ISSN 0140-6736.