# Friis formulas for noise

Friis formula or Friis's formula (sometimes Friis' formula), named after Danish-American electrical engineer Harald T. Friis, refers to either of two formulas used in telecommunications engineering to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio of a multistage amplifier. One relates to noise factor while the other relates to noise temperature.

## The Friis formula for noise factor

Friis's formula is used to calculate the total noise factor of a cascade of stages, each with its own noise factor and power gain (assuming that the impedances are matched at each stage). The total noise factor can then be used to calculate the total noise figure. The total noise factor is given as

 ${\displaystyle F_{total}=F_{1}+{\frac {F_{2}-1}{G_{1}}}+{\frac {F_{3}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}}}+{\frac {F_{4}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}}+...+{\frac {F_{n}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}...G_{n-1}}}}$

where ${\displaystyle F_{i}}$ and ${\displaystyle G_{i}}$ are the noise factor and available power gain, respectively, of the i-th stage, and n is the number of stages. Note that both magnitudes are expressed as ratios, not in decibels.

### Consequences

An important consequence of this formula is that the overall noise figure of a radio receiver is primarily established by the noise figure of its first amplifying stage. Subsequent stages have a diminishing effect on signal-to-noise ratio. For this reason, the first stage amplifier in a receiver is often called the low-noise amplifier (LNA). The overall receiver noise "factor" is then

${\displaystyle F_{receiver}=F_{LNA}+{\frac {(F_{rest}-1)}{G_{LNA}}}}$

where ${\displaystyle F_{rest}}$ is the overall noise factor of the subsequent stages. According to the equation, the overall noise factor, ${\displaystyle F_{receiver}}$, is dominated by the noise factor of the LNA, ${\displaystyle F_{LNA}}$, if the gain is sufficiently high. The resultant Noise Figure expressed in dB is:

${\displaystyle NF_{receiver}=10\log(F_{receiver})}$

### Derivation

For a derivation of Frii's formula for the case of three cascaded amplifiers (${\displaystyle n=3}$) consider the image below.

A source outputs a signal of power ${\displaystyle S_{i}}$ and noise of power ${\displaystyle N_{i}}$. Therefore the SNR at the input of the receiver chain is ${\displaystyle {\text{SNR}}_{i}=S_{i}/P_{i}}$. The signal of power ${\displaystyle S_{i}}$ gets amplified by all three amplifiers. Thus the signal power at the output of the third amplifier is ${\displaystyle S_{o}=S_{i}\cdot G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}$. The noise power at the output of the ampifier chain consists of four parts:

• The amplified noise of the source (${\displaystyle N_{i}\cdot G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}$)
• The output referred noise of the first amplifier ${\displaystyle N_{a1}}$ amplified by the second and third amplifier (${\displaystyle N_{a1}\cdot G_{2}G_{3}}$)
• The output referred noise of the second amplifier ${\displaystyle N_{a2}}$ amplified by the third amplifier (${\displaystyle N_{a2}\cdot G_{3}}$)
• The output referred noise of the third amplifier ${\displaystyle N_{a3}}$

Therefore the total noise power at the output of the amplifier chain equals

${\displaystyle N_{o}=N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a2}G_{3}+N_{a3}}$

and the SNR at the output of the amplifier chain equals

${\displaystyle {\text{SNR}}_{o}={\frac {S_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a2}G_{3}+N_{a3}}}}$.

The total noise factor may now be calculated as quotient of the input and output SNR:

${\displaystyle F_{total}={\frac {{\text{SNR}}_{i}}{{\text{SNR}}_{o}}}={\frac {\frac {S_{i}}{N_{i}}}{\frac {S_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a1}G_{2}G_{3}+N_{a2}G_{3}+N_{a3}}}}=1+{\frac {N_{a1}}{N_{i}G_{1}}}+{\frac {N_{a2}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}}}+{\frac {N_{a3}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}}}$

Using the definitions of the noise factors of the amplifiers we get the final result:

${\displaystyle F_{total}=\underbrace {1+{\frac {N_{a1}}{N_{i}G_{1}}}} _{=F_{1}}+\underbrace {\frac {N_{a2}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}}} _{={\frac {F_{2}-1}{G_{1}}}}+\underbrace {\frac {N_{a3}}{N_{i}G_{1}G_{2}G_{3}}} _{={\frac {F_{3}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}}}}=F_{1}+{\frac {F_{2}-1}{G_{1}}}+{\frac {F_{3}-1}{G_{1}G_{2}}}}$.

## The Friis formula for noise temperature

Friis's formula can be equivalently expressed in terms of noise temperature:

 ${\displaystyle T_{eq}=T_{1}+{\frac {T_{2}}{G_{1}}}+{\frac {T_{3}}{G_{1}G_{2}}}+...}$

## Printed references

• J.D. Kraus, Radio Astronomy, McGraw-Hill, 1966.

## Online references

• RF Cafe [1] Cascaded noise figure.
• Microwave Encyclopedia [2] Cascade analysis.
• Friis biography at IEEE [3]