NAGly receptor
N-arachidonyl glycine receptor also known as G-protein coupled receptor 18 (GPR18) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR18 gene.[5][6] Along with the other previously "orphan" receptors GPR55 and GPR119, GPR18 has been found to be a receptor for endogenous lipid neurotransmitters, several of which also bind to cannabinoid receptors.[7][8][9]
Research supports the hypothesis that GPR18 is the abnormal cannabidiol receptor and N-arachidonoyl glycine, the endogenous lipid metabolite of anandamide, initiates directed microglial migration in the CNS through activation of GPR18,[10] though recent evidence demonstrates that NAGly was not shown to be a GPR18 agonist in rat sympathetic neurons.[11]
Resolvin D2 (RvD2), a member of the specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) class of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites, is an activating ligand for GPR18; RvD2 and its activation of GPR18 contribute to the resolution of inflammatory responses as well as inflammation-based and other diseases in animal models and are proposed to do so in humans.[12] Furthermore, RvD2 is a metabolite of the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); the metabolism of DHA to RvD2 and RvD2's activation of GPR18 is proposed to one among many other mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory and other beneficial effects attributed to omega-3 fatty acid-rich diets[13]
Ligands
- Agonists
Ligands found to bind to GPR18 as agonists include:[10][14]
- N-Arachidonoylglycine (NAGly)
- Abnormal cannabidiol (Abn-CBD)
- AM-251 - partial agonist
- Cannabidiol - partial agonist
- O-1602
- Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) - THC is actually a more potent agonist at GPR18 than at CB1 or CB2, with Ki of 0.96nM at GPR18, 8.1nM at GPR55, 25.1nM at CB1 and 35.2nM at CB2.[15]
- Anandamide (N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine, AEA)
- Arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA)[16]
- Resolvin D2 (RvD2) [17]
- Antagonists
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125245 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000050350 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Gantz I, Muraoka A, Yang YK, Samuelson LC, Zimmerman EM, Cook H, Yamada T (Sep 1997). "Cloning and chromosomal localization of a gene (GPR18) encoding a novel seven transmembrane receptor highly expressed in spleen and testis". Genomics. 42 (3): 462–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4752. PMID 9205118.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: GPR18 G protein-coupled receptor 18".
- ^ Kohno M, Hasegawa H, Inoue A, Muraoka M, Miyazaki T, Oka K, Yasukawa M (September 2006). "Identification of N-arachidonylglycine as the endogenous ligand for orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR18". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 347 (3): 827–32. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.175. PMID 16844083.
- ^ Burstein S (December 2008). "The elmiric acids: biologically active anandamide analogs". Neuropharmacology. 55 (8): 1259–64. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.11.011. PMC 2621443. PMID 18187165.
- ^ Bradshaw HB, Lee SH, McHugh D (September 2009). "ORPHAN ENDOGENOUS LIPIDS AND ORPHAN GPCRS: A GOOD MATCH". Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 89 (3–4): 131–4. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.04.006. PMC 2740803. PMID 19379823.
- ^ a b McHugh D, Hu SS, Rimmerman N, Juknat A, Vogel Z, Walker JM, Bradshaw HB (2010). "N-arachidonoyl glycine, an abundant endogenous lipid, potently drives directed cellular migration through GPR18, the putative abnormal cannabidiol receptor". BMC Neurosci. 11: 44. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-44. PMC 2865488. PMID 20346144.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Lu VB, Puhl HL, Ikeda SR (Jan 2013). "N-Arachidonyl glycine does not activate G protein-coupled receptor 18 signaling via canonical pathways". Molecular Pharmacology. 83 (1): 267–82. doi:10.1124/mol.112.081182. PMC 3533477. PMID 23104136.
- ^ Shinohara M, Serhan CN (2016). "Novel Endogenous Proresolving Molecules:Essential Fatty Acid-Derived and Gaseous Mediators in the Resolution of Inflammation". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 23 (6): 655–64. doi:10.5551/jat.33928. PMID 27052783.
- ^ Calder PC (2015). "Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance". Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1851 (4): 469–84. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.010. PMID 25149823.
- ^ McHugh D, Page J, Dunn E, Bradshaw HB (May 2011). "Δ(9) -THC and N-arachidonyl glycine are full agonists at GPR18 and cause migration in the human endometrial cell line, HEC-1B". Br J Pharmacol. 165 (8): no. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01497.x. PMID 21595653.
- ^ Ashton JC (2012). "The atypical cannabinoid o-1602: Targets, actions, and the central nervous system". Central nervous system agents in medicinal chemistry. 12 (3): 233–239. doi:10.2174/187152412802430156. PMID 22831390.
- ^ McHugh D, Bradshaw HB (2012). "GPR18 and NAGly Signaling: New Members of the Endocannabinoid Family or Distant Cousins?". In Abood ME (ed.). endoCANNABINOIDS: actions at non-CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptors. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-4668-2.
- ^ Chiang N, Dalli J, Colas RA, Serhan CN (2015). "Identification of Resolvin D2 Receptor Mediating Resolution of Infections and Organ Protection". J. Exp. Med. 212 (8): 1203–1217. doi:10.1084/jem.20150225. PMID 26195725.
- ^ Rempel, V; et al. (2014). "Bicyclic imidazole-4-one derivatives: a new class of antagonists for the orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR18 and GPR55". Med. Chem. Commun. 5: 632–649. doi:10.1039/C3MD00394A.
Further reading
- Christian SL, McDonough J, Liu Cy CY, Shaikh S, Vlamakis V, Badner JA, Chakravarti A, Gershon ES (2002). "An evaluation of the assembly of an approximately 15-Mb region on human chromosome 13q32-q33 linked to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia". Genomics. 79 (5): 635–56. doi:10.1006/geno.2002.6765. PMID 11991713.
- Kohno M, Hasegawa H, Inoue A, Muraoka M, Miyazaki T, Oka K, Yasukawa M (2006). "Identification of N-arachidonylglycine as the endogenous ligand for orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR18". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 347 (3): 827–32. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.175. PMID 16844083.
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