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Gavrilo Princip

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Gavrilo Princip
Гаврило Принцип
Gavrilo Princip, cell, headshot, bw.jpg
Gavrilo Princip in his prison cell c. 1915
Born(1894-07-25)25 July 1894
Obljaj, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary
(de jure Ottoman Empire)
Died28 April 1918(1918-04-28) (aged 23)
Terezín, Bohemia
Austria-Hungary
Resting placeVidovdan Heroes Chapel, Sarajevo
43°52′0.76″N 18°24′38.88″E / 43.8668778°N 18.4108000°E / 43.8668778; 18.4108000
Known forThe assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which contributed to the outbreak of World War I
Signature
Гаврилин потпис.svg

Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип, pronounced [ɡǎʋrilo prǐntsiːp]; 25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb member of Young Bosnia who sought an end to Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the age of 19, he assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and the Archduke's wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Princip and his accomplices were arrested and implicated as members of a nationalist secret society, aiming to remove Habsburg colonial rule, which initiated the July Crisis and led to the outbreak of World War I.

At his trial, Princip stated that: "I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria."[1] Princip was sentenced to twenty years in prison, the maximum for his age, and was imprisoned at the Terezín fortress. He died on 28 April 1918 from tuberculosis exacerbated by poor prison conditions which had already caused the loss of his right arm.

Early life[edit]

Gavrilo Princip was born in the remote hamlet of Obljaj, near Bosansko Grahovo, on 25 July [O.S. 13 July] 1894. He was the second of his parents' nine children, six of whom died in infancy. Princip's mother Marija wanted to name him after her late brother Špiro, but he was named Gavrilo at the insistence of a local Eastern Orthodox priest, who claimed that naming the sickly infant after the Archangel Gabriel would help him survive.[2]

Gavrilo Princip's parents, Marija and Petar Princip c. 1927
Princip family home in Obljaj

A Serb family, the Princips had lived in northwestern Bosnia for many centuries[3] and adhered to the Serbian Orthodox Christian faith.[4] Princip's parents, Petar and Marija (née Mićić), were poor farmers who lived off the little land that they owned.[5] They belonged to a class of Christian peasants known as kmetovi (serfs), who were often oppressed by their Muslim landlords.[6] Petar, who insisted on "strict correctness," never drank or swore and was ridiculed by his neighbours as a result.[5] In his youth, he fought in the Herzegovina Uprising against the Ottoman Empire.[7] Following the revolt, he returned to being a farmer in the Grahovo valley, where he worked approximately 4 acres (1.6 ha; 0.0063 sq mi) of land and was forced to give a third of his income to his landlord. In order to supplement his income and feed his family, he resorted to transporting mail and passengers across the mountains between northwestern Bosnia and Dalmatia.[8]

Despite his father's initial opposition as he needed a shepherd to guard his sheep, Gavrilo Princip began attending primary school in 1903, aged nine. He overcame a difficult first year and became very successful in his studies, for which he was awarded a collection of Serbian epic poetry by his headmaster.[7] At the age of 13, Princip moved to Sarajevo, where his elder brother Jovan intended to enroll him at Sarajevo's Austro-Hungarian Military Academy.[7] However, by the time Princip reached Sarajevo, Jovan had changed his mind after a shopkeeper advised him not to make his younger brother "an executioner of his own people." Princip was enrolled into the Merchants’ School instead.[9] Jovan paid for his tuition with the money he earned performing manual labour, carrying logs from the forests surrounding Sarajevo to mills within the city.[10] After three years of study, Gavrilo transferred to the Sarajevo Gymnasium.[9]

Radicalisation[edit]

In 1910, angry against the conditions under which his country lived, Princip came to revere Bogdan Žerajić, a Bosnian Serb revolutionary from Herzegovina like him who attempted to assassinate Marijan Varešanin, the Austro-Hungarian Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, before taking his own life.[10] In 1911, Princip graduated from the fourth grade and joined Young Bosnia (Serbian: Mlada Bosna), a society with members from all three major Bosnian ethnic groups,[11] that sought the liberation of Bosnia from Austria-Hungarian rule and the unification of all South Slavs in a common nation, on the model of the newly independent Kingdom of Serbia.[9] Because the local authorities had forbidden students to form organizations and clubs, Princip and other members of Young Bosnia met in secret. During their meetings, they discussed literature, ethics and politics.[10]

On 18 February 1912 Princip took part in a demonstration against the Habsburg authority in Sarajevo, it was organised by Luka Jukić a Croat student from Bosnia,[a] the demonstrators burned a Hungarian flag and many were injured and arrested by the Police. During the scuffle Princip was hit with a sabre and his clothes were torn.[14] The following day the students declared a general strike, for the first time in Bosnian history, Croats, Serbs and Moslems took part together.[14] A student present that day claimed that "Princip went from class to class, threatening with his knuckle-duster all the boys who wavered in coming to the new demonstrations."[15] As a result of his conduct and his involvement in the demonstrations against Austro-Hungarian authorities, Princip was expelled from school.[7] In the spring of 1912 he decided to go to Belgrade, making the 280-kilometre (170 mi) journey on foot. According to one account, he fell to his knees and kissed the ground upon crossing the border into Serbia. In June 1912, he went to the First Belgrade Gymnasium to try to pass the fifth grade.[16]

Three-man assassination team Trifko Grabež, Milan Ciganović and Princip in Kalemegdan Park, May 1914

When war broke out between the Balkan Alliance and Turkey in October 1912, Princip went to a recruitment office first in Belgrade then after being rejected in Prokuplje in southern Serbia to volunteer his service like many Young Bosnians trying to enlist.[16] After taking one look at him Major Vojislav Tankosić, the commander of all Komite units, rejected him for being too small and looking too weak.[17] Humiliated, Princip returned first to Belgrade and soon after to Sarajevo. He spent the next several months moving back and forth between Sarajevo and Belgrade. [16] In Belgrade he met Živojin Rafajlović, one of the founders of the Serbian Chetnik Organization, who sent him (along with 15 other Young Bosnia members) to the Chetnik training centre in Vranje.[18][failed verification] There, they met with school manager Mihajlo Stevanović-Cupara. He lived in Cupara's house, which is today located on Gavrilo Princip Street in Vranje.[citation needed] Princip practiced shooting, using bombs and the blade, after which training was completed and he returned to Belgrade.[19][better source needed] On 2 May 1913, while Princip was staying in Sarajevo, Governor Potiorek declared a state of emergency, suspended the 1910 constitution of Bosnia and Hercegovina, implemented martial law, seized control of all schools, and prohibited all Serb public, cultural and educational societies.[20] In the summer of 1913 he passed the fifth and sixth grades of high school.[21]

In early 1914 Princip left Sarajevo for Belgrade stopping briefly in his village to see his parents.[22] While in Belgrade preparing for his sixth-class examinations in the First Belgrade High School, Princip was shown by his friend Nedeljko Čabrinović a newspaper cutting announcing Archduke Franz Ferdinand visit to Bosnia in June.[23] Princip decided to lead a group of assassins back to Bosnia and attack the Archduke during his official visit to Sarajevo.[24] He convinced Čabrinović and his old schoolfriend Trifko Grabež to join the plot. They also talked about killing Potiorek the provincial governor as a means of protest against the emergency régime. To find weapons Princip asked his Bosnian Muslim friend, Djulaga Bukovac, a veteran of the Balkan wars.[25] Bukovac introduced them to Milan Ciganović, another Bosnian expatriate who had fought under Major Tankošić during the Second Balkan War. Ciganović was also a freemason[b] and an associate of the Black Hand, the secretive, ultra-nationalist Serbian group responsible for the regicide of 1903.[27] Ciganović then approached Tankosić, another black hand member of Bosnian descent, from whom he obtained the weapons.[28] On 27 May 1914, Ciganović supplied the three young Bosnians with five Browning pistols, six grenades and several vials of poison.[29] Ciganović took the would-be assassins to Topčider forest, just outside the centre of Belgrade, training them on how to use the weapons, Princip proved to be the best marksman[26] The three-man assassination team left Belgrade on 28 May 1914, taking a river boat that took them to Šabac, they then split up crossing separately the border into Bosnia.[26] Each of them was carrying two bombs tied around their waist as well as revolvers, ammunition and a bottle of cyanide in their pockets.[30] Before leaving Serbia Princip wrote to his former roommate in Sarajevo, Young Bosnian Danilo Ilić, to notify him of his assassination plan asking him to recruit more people. Ilić recruited Mehmed Mehmedbašić, a Bosnian Muslim carpenter, and Cvetko Popović and Vaso Čubrilović, both Bosnian Serb students aged eighteen and seventeen.[31]

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand[edit]

Main article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
An artist rendition used in the press showing Gavrilo Princip fatally shooting the royal couple.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie Chotek arrived in Sarajevo by train shortly before 10 a.m. on 28 June 1914. Their car was the third car of a six-car motorcade heading towards Town Hall.[32] Their car's top was rolled back in order to allow the crowds a good view of its occupants.[33]

Princip and the five other conspirators lined the route. They were spaced out along the Appel Quay, each one with instructions to assassinate the Archduke when the royal car reached their position. The first conspirator on the route to see the royal car was Muhamed Mehmedbašić. Standing by the Austro-Hungarian Bank, Mehmedbašić lost his nerve and allowed the car to pass without taking action. At 10:15 a.m., when the motorcade passed the central police station, nineteen-year-old student Nedeljko Čabrinović hurled a hand grenade at the Archduke's car. The driver accelerated when he saw the object flying towards him, and the bomb, which had a 10-second delay, exploded under the fourth car. Two of the occupants were seriously wounded.[34] After Čabrinović's failed attempt, the motorcade sped away and Princip and the remaining conspirators failed to act due to the motorcade's high speed.[35]

After the Archduke gave his scheduled speech at Town Hall, he decided to visit the victims of Čabrinović's grenade attack at the Sarajevo Hospital.[36] In order to avoid the city centre, General Oskar Potiorek decided that the royal car should travel straight along the Appel Quay to the hospital. However, Potiorek forgot to inform the driver, Leopold Lojka, about this decision.[36] On the way to the hospital, Lojka incorrectly turned onto a side street where Princip had positioned himself in front of a local delicatessen. After realizing his mistake, Lojka braked and began to reverse. As he did so the engine stalled and the gears locked. Princip stepped forward, drew his FN Model 1910,[37][38] and at point-blank range fired twice into the car, first hitting the Archduke in the neck, and then hitting the Duchess in the abdomen.[39][40] They both died shortly after.[40]

Arrest and trial[edit]

Princip, seated centre of first row, during the trial.
Princip's Browning gun, presented as evidence during the trial.

Princip attempted to shoot himself, but the pistol was wrestled from his hand before he had a chance to fire another shot.[41] The trial opened on 12 October and lasted until 23 October 1914. Princip and twenty-four people were indicted. All six assassins, except Mehmedbašić, were under twenty at the time of the assassination, while the group was dominated by Bosnian Serbs, four of the indictees were Bosnian Croats, all of them were Austro-Hungarian citizens, none from Serbia.[42] The state's attorney charged twenty-two of the accused with high treason and first-degree murder and three with complicity in the murder. Princip stated that he regretted the killing of the Duchess and meant to kill Potiorek, but was nonetheless proud of what he had done.[43][44] During his trial Princip insisted that, even though he was an ethnic Serb, his commitment was to freeing all south Slavs. All the chief conspirators mentioned the revolutionary destruction of Austria-Hungary and the liberation of the South Slavs as the motivation behind their act.[45]

“I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria . . . The plan was to unite all south Slavs. It was understood that Serbia as the free part of the south Slavs had the moral duty to help in the unification, to be to the south Slavs as the Piedmont was to Italy . . . In my opinion every Serb, Croat and Slovene should be an enemy of Austria” ”

— Gavrilo Princip to the courtroom, [1]

The Austro-Hungarian authorities tried to hide the fact that the conspirators included Croats and Moslems, going as far as changing the name of one of them in the press reports,[42] in order to portray the entire scheme as being of Serbian origin and carried out only by Serbs.[46] Since it provided the weapons to the assassins and helped them cross the border the Black Hand was implicated in the assassination, this did not prove that the Serbian government knew about the assassination let alone approved of it[c] but was enough for Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July Ultimatum which led up to the outbreak of World War I.[47] According to David Fromkin what the killings gave Vienna was not a reason, but an excuse, for destroying Serbia.[48]

Princip was nineteen years old at the time and too young to receive the death penalty, as he was twenty-seven days shy of the twenty-year minimum age limit required by Habsburg Law.[42] Instead, he received the maximum sentence of twenty years in prison.[49]

Imprisonment and death[edit]

Princip's Cell at the Terezín fortress

Princip was chained to a wall in solitary confinement at the Small Fortress in Terezín, where he lived in harsh conditions and suffered from tuberculosis.[50][47] The disease ate away his bones so badly that his right arm had to be amputated.[51] In January 1916, Princip unsuccessfully attempted to hang himself with a towel.[52] From February to June 1916, Princip met with Martin Pappenheim, a psychiatrist in the Austro-Hungarian army, four times.[52] Pappenheim wrote that Princip believed the World War was bound to happen, independent of his actions, and that he "cannot feel himself responsible for the catastrophe."[50]

Gavrilo Princip died on 28 April 1918, three years and ten months after the assassination. At the time of his death, weakened by malnutrition and disease, he weighed around 40 kilograms (88 lb; 6 st 4 lb).[53][54]

Fearing his bones might become relics for Slavic nationalists, Princip's prison guards secretly took the body to an unmarked grave, but a Czech soldier assigned to the burial remembered the location, and in 1920 Princip and the other "Heroes of Vidovdan" were exhumed and brought to Sarajevo, where they were buried together beneath the Vidovdan Heroes Chapel "built to commemorate for eternity our Serb heroes" at the Holy Archangels Cemetery[55] which includes a citation from the Montenegrin poet Njegoš: "Blessed is he who lives forever. He had something to be born for."[56]

Legacy[edit]

Long after his death, Princip's legacy is still disputed and he remains a historically significant but polarising figure. For the Habsburg Monarchy and its supporters he was a murderous terrorist; Royal Yugoslavia portrayed him as a Yugoslav hero; during World War II, Nazis and Croatian fascist Ustasha viewed him as a degenerate criminal and a left-wing anarchist; for socialist Yugoslavia he represented a youthful hero of armed resistance, a freedom fighter who fought to liberate all the peoples of Yugoslavia from Imperial rule, fighting for the workers and the oppressed.[57] In the 90s Princip became, wrongly, a Serbian nationalist acting for the creation of a Greater Serbia.[58] Political movements and regimes have either valorised or demonised him in order to promote their ideology.[58]

Today he is still celebrated as a hero by numerous Serbs and regarded as a terrorist by many Croats and Bosniaks.[58][59] Asim Sarajlić, a senior MP of the Bosniak nationalist Party of Democratic Action, stated in 2014 that Princip brought an end to "a golden era of history under Austrian rule" and that "we are strongly against the mythology of Princip as a fighter of freedom."[57] Many of Bosnia's Serbs continue to venerate his memory, Nenad Samardžija, the Serb governor of East Sarajevo, said in 2014 that "we once all lived in one state (Yugoslavia), and we never looked on it as any kind of terrorist act" but "a movement of young people who wanted to liberate themselves from colonial slavery."[60]

Memorials and commemoration[edit]

The plaque marking today the assassination site.
The Vidovdan Heroes Chapel at the Holy Archangels Cemetery outside Sarajevo where Princip was buried in 1920 along with his co-conspirators.

The house where Princip lived in Sarajevo was destroyed during World War I. After the war, it was rebuilt as a museum in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia was conquered by Germany in 1941 and Sarajevo became part of the Independent State of Croatia. The Croatian Ustaše destroyed the house again. After the establishment of Communist Yugoslavia in 1944, the house of Gavrilo Princip became a museum again and there was another museum dedicated to him within the city of Sarajevo.[56] During the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, the house of Gavrilo Princip was destroyed and then rebuilt for the third time in 2015.[61] Princip's pistol was confiscated by the authorities and eventually given, along with the Archduke's bloody undershirt, to Anton Puntigam, a Jesuit priest who was a close friend of the Archduke and had given the Archduke and his wife their last rites. The pistol and shirt remained in the possession of the Austrian Jesuits until they were offered on long-term loan to the Museum of Military History in Vienna in 2004. It is now part of the permanent exhibition there.[51] During the Yugoslavian era, Latin Bridge, the site of the assassination, was renamed Princip's Bridge in remembrance, it reverted to its old name Latinska Cuprija in 1992.[62][63] In Sarajevo about a half-dozen memorials to Gavrilo Princip have been erected on the site and torn down with each change in power.[36]

In 1917, a pillar was constructed at the corner of where the assassination took place. It was destroyed the following year. In the 1940s, a plaque commemorating Princip was removed when the German Army invaded, and after World War II, a new plaque went up which claimed that "Gavrilo Princip threw off the German occupiers." During the Bosnian War, embossed footprints marking where Princip fired the fatal shots were torn out.[64]

As the centenary of the assassination neared, an apolitical plaque was put up at the corner where the assassination took place, which states: "From this place on 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sofia."[36][65] On 21 April 2014, a bust of Princip was unveiled in Tovariševo,[66] and on the centenary itself, a statue was erected in East Sarajevo.[67][68] A year later, a statue of Princip was unveiled in Belgrade by the President of Serbia Tomislav Nikolić and the President of Republika Srpska Milorad Dodik, as a gift from Republika Srpska to Serbia.[69] At the unveiling Nikolić gave a speech, saying in part: "Princip was a hero, a symbol of liberation ideas, tyrant-killer, idea-holder of liberation from slavery, which spanned through Europe."[69]

On 11 November 2018, Anita Hohenberg great-granddaughter of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Branislav Princip, grandnephew of Gavrilo Princip, shook hands in a symbolic act of reconciliation in Graz, Austria.[70]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ On 8 June 1912 Luka Jukić would attempt to assassinate the Governor of Croatia, Count Slavko Cuvaj,[12] this would have a considerable influence on Princip.[13]
  2. ^ The fact that Ciganović was a freemason would later lead the Austro-Hungarian authorities to argue that the plot to kill the Archduke was also hatched by the Freemasons[26]
  3. ^ After the war it was revealed that the Serbian government heard about a plot to assassinate the archduke and had immediately issued orders for border guards to be on the lookout for young Bosnians.[29]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 341.
  2. ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 187–188.
  3. ^ Fromkin 2007, pp. 121–122.
  4. ^ Roider 2005, p. 935.
  5. ^ a b Fabijančić 2010, p. xxii.
  6. ^ Schlesser 2005, p. 93.
  7. ^ a b c d Kidner et al. 2013, p. 756.
  8. ^ Schlesser 2005, p. 95.
  9. ^ a b c Roider 2005, p. 936.
  10. ^ a b c Schlesser 2005, p. 96.
  11. ^ Butcher 2015, p. 18.
  12. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 262.
  13. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 277.
  14. ^ a b Dedijer 1966, p. 265.
  15. ^ Malcolm 1994, p. 154.
  16. ^ a b c Dedijer 1966, p. 196.
  17. ^ Glenny 2012, p. 250.
  18. ^ The Times documentary history of the war.
  19. ^ Irić 2013.
  20. ^ Schlesser 2005, p. 97.
  21. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 197.
  22. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 284.
  23. ^ Sageman 2017, p. 343.
  24. ^ Butcher 2015, p. 251.
  25. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 288.
  26. ^ a b c Butcher 2015, p. 253.
  27. ^ Butcher 2015, p. 252.
  28. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 292.
  29. ^ a b Butcher 2015, p. 255.
  30. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 295.
  31. ^ Butcher 2015, p. 269.
  32. ^ Prague Guide ~ Prague Tours ~ Private Guided Tours 1900.
  33. ^ Donnelley 2012, p. 33.
  34. ^ Dedijer 1966, ch. XIV, footnote 21.
  35. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 15.
  36. ^ a b c d NPR.org 2014.
  37. ^ Manfried Rauchensteiner, Manfred Litscher (ed.): Das Heeresgeschichtliche Museum in Wien. [Museum of Military History in Vienna] Graz, Wien 2000, page 63.
  38. ^ Belfield 2011, p. 241.
  39. ^ Greenspan 2014.
  40. ^ a b Remak 1959, pp. 137–142.
  41. ^ Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). "Who's Who – Gavrilo Princip". www.firstworldwar.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  42. ^ a b c Butcher 2015, p. 279.
  43. ^ the Guardian 2017.
  44. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 346.
  45. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 336.
  46. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 342.
  47. ^ a b Johnson 1989, pp. 52–54.
  48. ^ Fromkin 2007, p. 154.
  49. ^ Butcher 2015, p. 280.
  50. ^ a b "Gavrilo Princip Speaks: 1916 Conversations with Martin Pappenheim | Carl Savich". 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  51. ^ a b Foy.
  52. ^ a b The British Library 2017.
  53. ^ "101st Anniversary of the Sarajevo Assassination that caused the World War I". Sarajevo Times. 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  54. ^ DeVoss, David. "Searching for Gavrilo Princip" (PDF). Smithsonian Magazine. August 2000: 42–53. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2004.
  55. ^ Pokop.ba. "Sveti Arhangeli Georgije i Gavrilo" (in Bosnian). Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  56. ^ a b "GAVRILO PRINCIP – SOME THINGS NEVER CHANGE". Meet the Slavs. 29 June 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  57. ^ a b MacDowall 2014.
  58. ^ a b c Institute for War and Peace Reporting 2014.
  59. ^ Dzidic et al. 2014.
  60. ^ Robinson & Sito-Sucic 2014.
  61. ^ Rodna kuća Gavrila Principa: Obnovljena i zaboravljena Archived 10 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Serbian)
  62. ^ Slobodan G. Markovich. "Anglo-American Views of Gavrilo Princip" (PDF). Balcanica XLVI (2015). p. 298. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2017 – via Institute for Balkan Studies.
  63. ^ Maja Slijepčević (October 2016). "From the Monument of Assassination Towards Gavrilo Princip's Monuments" (PDF). Heritage of the First World War: Representations and Reinterpretations (International Symposium). p. 71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2020 – via University of Ljubljana.
  64. ^ NPR.org2 2014.
  65. ^ Kuper, Simon (21 March 2014). "Sarajevo: the crossroads of history". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  66. ^ "DA SE NE ZABORAVI: Meštani Tovariševa sami podigli spomenik Principu!" [NOT FORGETTING: villagers themselves erected a monument to Princip!]. Telegraf. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  67. ^ Monument to Gavrilo Princip unveiled in East Sarajevo Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, B92, 27 June 2014 (retrieved 22 June 2015)
  68. ^ Serbia: Belgrade's monument to Franz Ferdinand assassin Archived 3 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 8 June 2015 (retrieved 22 June 2015)
  69. ^ a b "Ne dozvoljavam vređanje poklanih Srba" [I do not allow insults to slaughtered Serbs]. B92. 28 June 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  70. ^ Coquille et al. 2018.

Sources[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

Websites[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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