# Generalized additive model for location, scale and shape

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The Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) is an approach to statistical modelling and learning. GAMLSS is a modern distribution-based approach to (semiparametric) regression. A parametric distribution is assumed for the response (target) variable but the parameters of this distribution can vary according to explanatory variables using linear, nonlinear or smooth functions. In machine learning parlance, GAMLSS is a form of supervised machine learning.

In particular, the GAMLSS statistical framework enables flexible regression and smoothing models to be fitted to the data. The GAMLSS model assumes the response variable has any parametric distribution which might be heavy or light-tailed, and positively or negatively skewed. In addition, all the parameters of the distribution [location (e.g., mean), scale (e.g., variance) and shape (skewness and kurtosis)] can be modeled as linear, nonlinear or smooth functions of explanatory variables.

## Overview of the model

The generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) is a statistical model developed by Rigby and Stasinopoulos and later expanded to overcome some of the limitations associated with the popular generalized linear models (GLMs) and generalized additive models (GAMs). For an overview of these limitations see Nelder and Wedderburn (1972)[1] and Hastie and Tibshirani's book.[2]

In GAMLSS the exponential family distribution assumption for the response variable, (${\displaystyle y}$), (essential in GLMs and GAMs), is relaxed and replaced by a general distribution family, including highly skew and/or kurtotic continuous and discrete distributions.

The systematic part of the model is expanded to allow modeling not only of the mean (or location) but other parameters of the distribution of y as linear and/or nonlinear, parametric and/or additive non-parametric functions of explanatory variables and/or random effects.

GAMLSS is especially suited for modelling a leptokurtic or platykurtic and/or positively or negatively skewed response variable. For count type response variable data it deals with over-dispersion by using proper over-dispersed discrete distributions. Heterogeneity also is dealt with by modeling the scale or shape parameters using explanatory variables. There are several packages written in R related to GAMLSS models.[3]

A GAMLSS model assumes independent observations ${\displaystyle y_{i}}$ for ${\displaystyle i=1,2,\dots ,n}$ with probability (density) function ${\displaystyle f(y_{i}|\mu _{i},\sigma _{i},\nu _{i},\tau _{i})}$ conditional on ${\displaystyle (\mu _{i},\sigma _{i},\nu _{i},\tau _{i})}$ a vector of four distribution parameters, each of which can be a function of the explanatory variables. The first two population distribution parameters ${\displaystyle \mu _{i}}$ and ${\displaystyle \sigma _{i}}$ are usually characterized as location and scale parameters, while the remaining parameter(s), if any, are characterized as shape parameters, e.g. skewness and kurtosis parameters, although the model may be applied more generally to the parameters of any population distribution with up to four distribution parameters, and can be generalized to more than four distribution parameters.

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g_{1}(\mu )=\eta _{1}=X_{1}\beta _{1}+\sum _{j=1}^{J_{1}}{h}_{j1}(x_{j1})\\g_{2}(\sigma )=\eta _{2}=X_{2}\beta _{2}+\sum _{j=1}^{J_{2}}{h}_{j2}(x_{j2})\\g_{3}(\nu )=\eta _{3}=X_{3}\beta _{3}+\sum _{j=1}^{J_{3}}{h}_{j3}(x_{j3})\\g_{4}(\tau )=\eta _{4}=X_{4}\beta _{4}+\sum _{j=1}^{J_{4}}{h}_{j4}(x_{j4})\end{aligned}}}

where μ, σ, ν, τ and ${\displaystyle \eta _{k}}$ are vectors of length ${\displaystyle n}$, ${\displaystyle \beta _{k}^{T}=(\beta _{1k},\beta _{2k},\ldots ,\beta _{J'_{k}k})}$ is a parameter vector of length ${\displaystyle J'_{k}}$, ${\displaystyle X_{k}}$ is a fixed known design matrix of order ${\displaystyle n\times J'_{k}}$ and ${\displaystyle h_{jk}}$ is a smooth non-parametric function of explanatory variable ${\displaystyle x_{jk}}$, ${\displaystyle j=1,2,\ldots ,J_{k}}$ and ${\displaystyle k=1,2,3,4}$.

For centile estimation the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group have recommended GAMLSS and the Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) distributions[4] for the construction of the WHO Child Growth Standards.[5][6]

## What distributions can be used

The form of the distribution assumed for the response variable y, is very general. For example an implementation of GAMLSS in R[7] has around 50 different distributions available. Such implementations also allow use of truncated distributions and censored (or interval) response variables.[7]

## References

1. ^ Nelder, J.A.; Wedderburn, R.W.M (1972). "Generalized linear models". J. R. Stat. Soc. A. 135 (3): 370–384. doi:10.2307/2344614. JSTOR 2344614.
2. ^ Hastie, TJ; Tibshirani, RJ (1990). Generalized additive models. London: Chapman and Hall.
3. ^ Stasinopoulos, D. Mikis; Rigby, Robert A (December 2007). "Generalized additive models for location scale and shape (GAMLSS) in R". Journal of Statistical Software. 23 (7). doi:10.18637/jss.v023.i07.
4. ^ Rigby, Robert; Stasinopoulos, D. Mikis (February 2004). "Smooth Centile Curves for Skew and Kurtotic data Modelled Using the Box-Cox Power Exponential Distribution". Statistics in Medicine. 23 (19): 3053–3076. doi:10.1002/sim.1861. PMID 15351960.
5. ^ Borghi, E.; De Onis, M.; Garza, C.; Van Den Broeck, J.; Frongillo, E. A.; Grummer-Strawn, L.; Van Buuren, S.; Pan, H.; Molinari, L.; Martorell, R.; Onyango, A. W.; Martines, J. C.; WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006). "Construction of the World Health Organization child growth standards: Selection of methods for attained growth curves". Statistics in Medicine. 25 (2): 247–265. doi:10.1002/sim.2227. PMID 16143968.
6. ^ WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006) WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization.
7. ^ a b R packages for GAMLSS can be downloaded from here

## Further reading

• Beyerlein, A., Fahrmeir, L., Mansmann, U., Toschke., A. M. (2001) "Alternative regression models to assess increase in childhood BM". IBMC Medical Research Methodology, 2008, 8(59) doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-59
• Cole, T. J., Stanojevic, S., Stocks, J., Coates, A. L., Hankinson, J. L., Wade, A. M. (2009), "Age- and size-related reference ranges: A case study of spirometry through childhood and adulthood", Statistics in Medicine, 28(5), 880-898.Link
• Fenske, N., Fahrmeir, L., Rzehak, P., Hohle, M. (25 September 2008), "Detection of risk factors for obesity in early childhood with quantile regression methods for longitudinal data", Department of Statistics: Technical Reports, No.38 Link
• Hudson, I. L., Kim, S. W., Keatley, M. R. (2010), "Climatic Influences on the Flowering Phenology of Four Eucalypts: A GAMLSS Approach Phenological Research". In Phenological Research, Irene L. Hudson and Marie R. Keatley (eds), Springer Netherlands Link
• Hudson, I. L., Rea, A., Dalrymple, M. L., Eilers, P. H. C. (2008), "Climate impacts on sudden infant death syndrome: a GAMLSS approach", Proceedings of the 23rd international workshop on statistical modelling pp. 277–280. Link
• Nott, D (2006). "Semiparametric estimation of mean and variance functions for non-Gaussian data". Computational Statistics. 21 (3–4): 603–620. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.117.6518. doi:10.1007/s00180-006-0017-9.
• Serinaldi, F (2011). "Distributional modeling and short-term forecasting of electricity prices by Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape". Energy Economics. 33 (6): 1216–1226. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2011.05.001.
• Serinaldi, F.; Cuomo, G. (2011). "Characterizing impulsive wave-in-deck loads on coastal bridges by probabilistic models of impact maxima and rise times". Coastal Engineering. 58 (9): 908–926. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.05.010.
• Serinaldi, F., Villarini, G., Smith, J. A., Krajewski, W. F. (2008), "Change-Point and Trend Analysis on Annual Maximum Discharge in Continental United States", American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2008, abstract #H21A-0803*
• van Ogtrop, F. F.; Vervoort, R. W.; Heller, G. Z.; Stasinopoulos, D. M.; Rigby, R. A. (2011). "Long-range forecasting of intermittent streamflow". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions. 8 (1): 681–713. doi:10.5194/hessd-8-681-2011.
• Villarini, G.; Serinaldi, F. (2011). "Development of statistical models for at-site probabilistic seasonal rainfall forecast". International Journal of Climatology: n/a. doi:10.1002/joc.3393.
• Villarini, G.; Serinaldi, F.; Smith, J. A.; Krajewski, W. F. (2009). "On the stationarity of annual flood peaks in the continental United States during the 20th century". Water Resources Research. 45 (8). doi:10.1029/2008wr007645.
• Villarini, G.; Smith, J. A.; Napolitano, F. (2010). "Nonstationary modeling of a long record of rainfall and temperature over Rome". Advances in Water Resources. 33 (10): 1256–1267. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.03.013.