In round brackets, the contemporary cognate for the toponym in the respective language is given. In the square brackets, the most frequently used name in English is given.
Proto-Germanic
(or ancient loan word from
Celtic, Greek or Latin) |
English
and Scots
|
Dutch
and Afrikaans
|
Low German |
(High) German |
Continental
North Germanic
(Danish, Norwegian, Swedish) |
Other Germanic languages |
Loans or remnants in
non-Germanic languages (mainly in Old Northern French) |
*baki[1]
"creek" |
-bach, -beck, -batch, -brook, -brooke, -bech, -beach, -broke, (beck)
(1) Harbrook, Emm Brook, Sparkbrook, Walbrook, Marshbrook, Fullabrook, Sandbach, Comberbach, Brinsabach , Eastbach, etc., (2) Fulbeck, (3) Caldbeck, (4) Holbeck, Wansbeck, Starbeck, Welbeck, Skirpenbeck, Boosbeck, Killingbeck, Pinchbeck, Purbeck, Birkbeck, Swaffham Bulbeck, Leigh Beck, Waterbeck, etc., Pulverbatch, Inglesbatch, Oxbatch, Snailbatch, Wagbatch, Wisbech, Holbeach, Holbeck, Holbrook, Addenbrooke, Kidbrooke, Holbech, Bolingbroke, Stradbroke, Begbroke, Kembroke Hall, Hazelbadge, Burbage, etc. |
-beek (beek)
(5) nl:Roosbeek (Vlaams-Brabant), Bierbeek, Lembeek, Schaarbeek [Schaerbeek], Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, etc. |
-bek, -beck, -brook, -brock,
(1) de:Harbrook, de:Billbrook, Hilkenbrook, Wesuwer Brook, de:Marschbrook, de:Hammerbrook, (2) Fuhlbek (Wehrau (river)),[2] Reinbek, Wandsbek, Hasselbeck, Gladbeck, Havixbeck, Fuhlenbrock, Batenbrock, etc. |
-bach, -bock
de:Sandbach, (6) Wambach, (5) Rohrbach, (3) Kaltenbach, Hasselbach, Bütgenbach (Belgium), de: Schnellbach, Mühlbock [Ołobok], etc. |
-beck, -bekk, -bäck, -bæk
(2) Fulebæk (DK), (4) Holbæk (DK) |
|
- -bec, -becq, -bais, -baix, -bez in Northern French, via Old Norse bekkr, Old Frankish *baki
(2) Foulbec, (3) Caudebec, (4) Houlbec, etc., (5) Robecq / Rebecq/ Rebais, etc., (6) Wambez, Roubaix, Bolbec, Bricquebec, etc.
- -bok in Polish, via East-Germanic
Drybok, Klodobok, Lusobok, Ołobok
|
*berga-[3]
"hill, mountain" |
-bergh -berrow -barrow -berry -berge -bear (barrow)
Sedbergh, Thrybergh, Caldbergh, Bedbergh, Babergh Hundred, Rubergh Hundred, East Bergholt, Bergh Apton, Berghersh, Inkberrow, Bromsberrow, Sedgeberrow, Whitbarrow, Cruckbarrow, Fellbarrow, Wanbarrow, Brockenbarrow, Inkberrow, Rowberrow, Ingleberry, Skelberry, Solberge, Sadberge, Thurlbear |
-berg, -bergen (berg)
(2) Bergen [Mons], Geraardsbergen, Grimbergen, Kortenberg |
(1) Barg, (2)Bargen[4] |
-berg
Heidelberg, Kaisersberg [Kaysersberg], Königsberg [Kaliningrad], Nürnberg [Nuremberg], Bamberg, Bromsberg, Bromberg, Kruckenberg, de:Fellberg, Berghain |
-berg
(2) Bergen |
|
-bergue(s) in Northern French via Old Low Frankish or Old Saxon
Isbergues, (1) Berck, Barques, Barc, Bierges |
*brugjō-[5]
"bridge" |
-bridge -brigg (bridge)
Cambridge, Knightsbridge, Woodbridge, Fordingbridge, Seabridge Agbrigg, Felbrigg, Lambrigg, Gillingbrigg, Brigg, Brigroyd |
-brugge (brug)
Brugge [Bruges], Zeebrugge |
|
-brücken, -brück, -bruck -brig
Innsbruck, Osnabrück, Saarbrücken, Brig |
-bro, -bru |
|
|
*burg-[6][7]
"city, fortified town, fort" |
-borough, -bury, -burgh, -brough (borough)
Canterbury, Tilbury, Aldbury, Grimsbury, Limbury, Cissbury, Kentisbury, Holmbury St Mary, Shoeburyness, Irthlingborough, Peterborough, Knaresborough, Middlesbrough, Hemingbrough, Mickleburgh, Aldeburgh, Rumburgh, Happisburgh, Bamburgh, Edinburgh, Salsburgh, Pedlersburgh, Cunningsburgh, Mayburgh Henge |
-burg (burg, burcht)
Aardenburg, Limburg, Middelburg, Tilburg |
-borg
Hamborg [Hamburg] |
-burg
Burg bei Magdeburg, Regensburg, Neuburg, Salzburg, German: Straßburg, Lower Elsassish/Alsatian-German: Strossburi, Luxemburgish -buerg
Lëtzebuerg [Luxembourg] |
-borg
Nordborg, Rendsborg, Sønderborg |
|
-bourg in Northern French, via Old Saxon, Old English, Old Norse and German
Cherbourg, Cabourg, Bourbourg, le Neubourg, Luxembourg, Strasbourg (single Bourg, Borgo, Buergo, etc. or with a following element are common everywhere in the Romance speaking world)
|
*felthuz[8]
"plain, open land, field" |
-field -fold (field)
Huddersfield, Mansfield, Macclesfield, Mirfield, Wakefield, Sheffield, Moorfields, Dogmersfield, Aperfield, Archenfield, Kerfield, Whisterfield, Bentfield Green, Bloomfield, Westerfield, Summerfield, Thunderfield, Bassingfield, Lindfield, Englefield Green, Exfold, Penfold, Chiddingfold |
-veld
Schinveld, Warnsveld |
|
-feld, -felde, -filde (Feld)
Bielefeld, Mansfeld, de:Moorfeld, de:Mirfeld, de:Westerfilde, Sommerfeld, Urfeld, de:Eichsfeld |
|
|
|
*furdi-, *furdu-[9]
"low water crossing" |
-ford, -forth (ford)
Bradford, Guildford, Oxford, Stafford, Watford, Hereford, Sandford, Thetford, Stanford, Arford, Conford, Lemsford, Hannaford, Filford, Wyfordby, Catford, Gosforth, Garforth, Stainforth, Ampleforth, Handforth, Dishforth, Catforth, Shawforth, Birdforth, Yafforth, Hollowforth, Strafforth, Hartforth
-firth (firth)
Burrafirth, Holmfirth, Firth of Forth
|
-foort, -voort, -voorde (voorde)
Amersfoort, Vilvoorde, Eexter-Zandvoort, Zandvoorde, Papenvoort |
-ford, -fordt, -vörde, -forde
Herford, de:Herzford, Bremervörde, de:Diersfordt, de:Conneforde, Osterforde, Lemförde, Buttforde, Bökenförde |
-furt
Dietfurt, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Ochsenfurt, Steinfurt, |
-forth de:Steinforth, de:Bruneforth, de:Kaiforth, de:Honigforth, de:Achelforth, de:Stallforth, Braunsforth |
-fjorden
Oslofjorden, Limfjord |
-fort
Northern French Houllefort |
*hafnō-[10]
"harbor, port" |
-haven "-avon" (haven)
Shellhaven, Sandhaven, Buckhaven, Newhaven, Whitehaven, Greenhaven, Peacehaven, Cockhaven, Middlehaven, Stonehaven, Littlehaven, Fairhaven, Balhaven, Cuckmere Haven, Orwell Haven, Holland Haven, Anton Haven, Cuckhold's Haven, Milford Haven, East Haven, Upavon, Wychavon |
-haven (haven)
Eemshaven, Ketelhaven, Delfshaven |
-haven (haven)
Bremerhaven, Wilhelmshaven, Cuxhaven |
-hafen (Hafen)
Friedrichshafen |
-hamn, -havn
København [Copenhagen], Åkrahamn |
Faroese: -havn
Tórshavn, Skudeneshavn |
French Le Havre, several le Hable |
*haima-[11]
"homestead, dwelling" |
-ham, -om (home)
Denham, Dunham, Newham, Nottingham, Rotherham, Tottenham, Ickenham, Twickenham, Sydenham, Dagenham, Alkham, Wokingham, Manningham, Edmondsham, Kirkham, Gotham, Egham, Debenham, Bassingham, Foxham, Great Blakenham, Berkhamsted, Walthamstow, Ebbisham, Epsom, Wilsom, Besom, Hollom, Hysom, Allum Green, Cocum, Hoccum, Cottam, Hannam's Hall, Ednam, Dagnam Park, Buckinghamshire, Bodiam, Northiam, Mitchum |
-(g)em, -(h)em, -en, -um -ham (heem, heim)
Alphen, Berchem, Nossegem, Wevelgem, Zaventem, Blijham, ne:Kolham, ne:Dongjum(Donningham), Drogeham, Foxham, Blankenham, Den Ham |
-um,
Alkersum, Nordenham, Bochum, Borkum, Wilsum, Walsum, Fulerum, Loccum, Arnum Bolzum, Achtum, Heyersum |
-(h)am,-heim, -(h)em, -um (Heim)
Crailsheim, Kirchham, Hausham, de:Hundham, de:Borkerham, Mannheim, Pforzheim, Schiltigheim, Bassenheim, Cochem, Waldhambach, Babensham, Egglham |
-heim, -hem, -um, Trondheim, Varnhem, Lerum |
Unknown East-Germanic language:
*Boiohaimum [Bohemia][12] |
-ham, -hem, -ain, -[s]ent in Northern French via Old Low Frankish, Old Norse or Old English
Ouistreham, Étréham, Huppain, Surrain (Surrehain 11th century, then Surreheim 12th century[13]), Inxent (Flemish Enessem) |
*hufa-[14]
"enclosed area, garden" |
-hope, -hop -op -hove
Woolhope, Stanhope, Mithope, Bullinghope, Byerhope, Dinchope, Dryhope, Longhope, Mythop, Northop, Middop, Glossop, Worksop, Warsop, Hove |
-hof, -hoven, -hove (hof)
Wintershoven, Zonhoven, Volckerinckhove, Hove |
-hoft,
Bockhoft, Ahrenshoft |
-hof, -hofen (Hof)
Bechhofen, Diedenhofen [Thionville] |
|
|
(translated into -court in Northern France, compare Bettenhoven, Bettenhoff with Bettencourt, Bethancourt, etc.) |
*hulmaz[15]
"elevation, hill, island" |
-holm, -holme, -hulme (holm)
Grassholm, Denholm, Buckholm, Marholm, Bromholm Priory, Killingholme, Hempholme, Skokholm, Nunburnholme, Hubberholme, Skyreholme, Holmsgarth, Holmwrangle, Holmethorpe, Holmbush, Holmwood, Holmsted, Holmegate, Steep Holm, Cobholm, Levenshulme, Kirkmanshulme |
-holm (holm)
De Holm |
-holm (holm)
Holm, Holm |
-holm (holm)
Holm, Holm |
-holm (holm)
Stockholm, Holm |
Faroese: -hólmur (hólmur)
Gáshólmur |
-homme, le Houlme, le Hom in Old Norman
Robehomme, le Houlme |
| W.Gmc. *kirika from Greek kyriake |
-kirk (church)
Colkirk, Falkirk, Ormskirk, Chadkirk, Peakirk, Romaldkirk, Halkirk, Woodkirk, Algarkirk, Laithkirk, Whitkirk, Oswaldkirk, Bradkirk Hall, Houndkirk Moor, Kirkcambeck, Kirkcudbright, Kirkwall, Kirkby, kirklees, Whitchurch, Stokenchurch, Baschurch, Dymchurch, Hornchurch, Offchurch, Churchover, Churchstoke, Churcham |
-kerk, -kerke (kerk)
Duinkerke [Dunkirk], Middelkerke, Nijkerk, Ridderkerk, Koudekerk aan den Rijn, Adinkerke, Koolkerke, Kaaskerke, Klemskerke, Grijpskerk, Oldekerk, Niekerk |
-kerk, (Kirche)
Aldekerk |
-kirche, -kirchen (Kirche)
Feldkirch, Neunkirchen, Gelsenkirchen, Kirchweyhe, Kirchham |
|
|
-crique, -kerque in Northern French
Yvecrique, Criquetot, Dunkerque (Dunkirk) |
*landom[16]
"land, ground, soil" |
-land (land)
England, Ireland, Scotland, Sunderland, Northumberland, Shetland, Lothingland, Bishop Auckland, Holland, Breckland, Upholland, Rutland, Hartland, Kessingland, Westmoorland, Heligoland, Leyland, Buckland, Kingsland, Westlands, West Midlands, Fenland, Litherland, Thurgoland, Dormansland, Leesland, Thurland Castle, Backaland, West Heogaland, Swaisland, Wringsland, Sealand, Ecklands, Austerlands |
-land (land)
Friesland, Holland, Nederland [Netherlands], Zeeland, Gelderland, Westland, Nuland, Dirksland, Duiveland, Sint Philipsland, Flevoland, Hamaland, Heuvelland, Rilland, Kempenland, Reiderland, Engeland, Nieuwlande, Lageland, Pajottenland |
-land (land) |
-land (land)
Deutschland, Moormerland, Wangerland, Blockland, Holtland, Ammerland, Sauerland, Westerland, Saarland, Seeland, Munsterland, Vierlande, [Germany], Emsland, Burg-Reuland, Rheinland, Carinerland, Muttland, Südbrookmerland, Thurland, Neuholland, Oberneuland, Helgoland, Baselland, Arelerland |
-land (land)
Jylland, Nordland, [Jutland], Sjaelland, Hjelmeland, Jørpeland, Iveland, Froland, Gogland, Oppland |
|
-land, -lan in Northern French
château d'Ételan, Heuland, le Tingland, le Vatland, etc. |
*rotha
"clearing" |
-royd, -rode, -rod, -rith, -road, -royde
Ackroyd, Murgatroyd, Kebroyd, Hangingroyd, Boothroyd, Oldroyd, Mytholmroyd, Dockroyd, Odd Rode, Bergerode, North Rode, Wivelrod, Blackrod, Heyrod, Gollinrod, Ormerod, Harrod, Walkerith, Huntroyde Hall, Cockroad |
-rade, -ray, -rode, -rooi (rode)
Asenray, Gijzenrooi, Landsrade, Middelrode, Nieuwrode, Nistelrode, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Stamproy |
|
-rade, -rath, -rode, -roth -rod -rith
Overath, Radebeul, Radevormwald, Roth, Wernigerode, Heyerode, Darlingerode, Ivenrode, Hainrode, Rainrod, Rumrod, Wallmerod, Karith |
-rud, -rød, -röd, -ryd, Buskerud, Birkerød, Kajerød, Bergeröd, Tolvsrød |
|
Rœulx, Rœux, Ruitz in Northern French[17] Swiss: Cormérod (Kormerat) |
*stainaz[18]
"stone" |
-stan, -stam, -stein, -stone (stone)
Stanlow, Stanmore, Stanfree, Stanground, Stambermill, Waterstein, Dangstein, Stamford, Stonehaven, Staines, Stanwick, Stenhousemuir |
-steen (steen)
Steenokkerzeel, Steenkwijk |
-steen (steen)
Sleswig-Holsteen [Schleswig-Holstein] |
-stein (Stein)
Schleswig-Holstein, Stein, Steinfurt, Stein-Wingert |
-sten |
|
-stain, -étan in Northern French
Grestain, Roche Gélétan, Étaimpuis, Estaimpuis (Dutch Steenput) |
*thurpa-[19]
"farm, settlement" |
-thorp, -thorpe -throp -trop -thrup -drup -drop
Cleethorpes, Scunthorpe, Mablethorpe, Casthorpe, Catthorpe, Boothorpe, Ibthorpe, Cutthorpe, Swanthorpe, Ingmanthorpe, Copmanthorpe, Thorpeness, Heythrop, Winthrop, Colethrop, Casthrope House, Knostrop, Wilstrop, Westrop, Etrop, Upthrup, Pindrup, Staindrop, Newdrop, Souldrop, Burdrop, Huntingdrop, Throop |
-dorp (dorp)
Hazerswoude-Dorp, Opdorp |
-dorp, -trop (dorp)
Dusseldorp [Düsseldorf], Bottrop, Waltrop, Frintrop, Uentrop, Hiltrop, Castrop-Rauxel, Huttrop |
-dorf, -torf (Dorf)
Dorf |
-torp, -arp, -rup Kattarp, Kastrup, Olofstorp |
Lorrain -troff Bénestroff (German Bensdorf) |
-tourp(s), -tour, Torp in Old Norman
Clitourps, Saussetour, le Torp-Mesnil |
Lat vīcus[20]
"dwelling place, village" |
-wich
Ipswich, Norwich, Harwich, Aldwych, Lower Ledwyche, Lutwyche Hall, Heckmondwike, Warwick, Alnwick, Gatwick, Lerwick, Hawick, Fenwick, Berwick, Gippeswyk Park, Walwick, Glodwick, Hardwicke, Rumboldswyke, Ankerwycke Yew, Lowick, Shopwyke, Casewick, Borthwick, Breiwick, Edgwick, Keckwick, Muggleswick, Osbaldwick, Barnoldswick, Smethwick, Withernwick, Plardiwick, Sesswick, Marwick Hall, Wick, Hamwick Green, Hackney Wick, East wick, Feldwicke Cottage, Marchweeke, Northweek, Highweek, |
-wijk (wijk)
Ewijk, Waalwijk, Harderwijk, Oisterwijk, Noordwijk, Beverwijk, Noorderwijk, Meeswijk, Wervik |
-wig, -wich -wick
Sleswig-Holsteen [Schleswig-Holstein], Kettwig, Dellwig, Sleswick, Brunswick, de:Suderwich, de:Suderwick, Schüttwich, Oer-Erkenschwick, de:Berwicke, Lowick, de:Harwick, de:Crosewick, de:Ellewick, de:Wennewick, de:Holtwick, de:Kockelwick, de:Marwick, Am Halswick, Feldwicker Weg |
-wig, -wiek (Weich)
Schleswig-Holstein, Prorer Wiek, Wyk |
|
|
Craywick, Salperwick, French Flanders |
*walhaz[21][22]
"stranger, non-Germanic person" |
wal- (Welsh)
Cornwall, Wales, Walsall, Walsden |
wal- (Waal)
Wallonië [Wallonia] |
|
wal-
Wallis [Valais] |
|
Unknown Germanic language:
Wallachia |
Germanic wal- became:
- gal- in Gaelic, via Old English
Galloway
- gaul- in French, via Frankish
Gaul
|