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Glochidion

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Glochidion
Glochidion ramiflorum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Embryophytes
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Spermatophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Subfamily: Phyllanthoideae
Tribe: Phyllantheae
Genus: Glochidion
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Species[1]

169; see full list

Synonyms[1]
Synonymy
  • Agyneia L. (1771), nom. rej.
  • Bradleia Banks ex Gaertn. (1791)
  • Coccoglochidion K.Schum. (1905)
  • Diasperus L. ex Kuntze (1891), nom. illeg.
  • Episteira Raf. in Sylva (1838)
  • Glochidionopsis Blume (1826)
  • Glochisandra Wight (1852)
  • Gynoon A.Juss. (1823)
  • Lobocarpus Wight & Arn. (1834)
  • Phyllanthodendron Hemsl. (1898)
  • Tetraglochidion K.Schum. (1905)
  • Zarcoa Llanos (1857)

Glochidion is a genus of flowering plants in the family Phyllanthaceae, known as cheese trees or buttonwood in Australia, and leafflower trees in the scientific literature. It comprises about 170 species, distributed from Madagascar to the Pacific Islands. Glochidion species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Aenetus eximia and Endoclita damor.[2] The Nicobarese people have attested to the medicinal properties found in G. calocarpum, saying that its bark and seed are most effective in curing abdominal disorders associated with amoebiasis.[3]

Glochidion are of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because they have a specialized mutualism with moths in the genus Epicephala (leafflower moths), in which the moths actively pollinate the flowers—thereby ensuring that the tree may produce viable seeds—but also lay eggs in the flowers' ovaries, where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment.[4][5][6] Other species of Epicephala are pollinators, and in some cases, non-pollinating seed predators, of certain species of plants in the genera Phyllanthus[7][8] and Breynia,[9][10] both closely related to Glochidion.[11] This relationship is similar to those between figs and fig wasps and yuccas and yucca moths.

Although the genus Glochidion is native only to the Old World, the East Asian species Glochidion puberum has become naturalized at several locations in the U.S. state of Alabama.[12][13]

In a 2006 revision of the Phyllanthaceae, it was recommended that Glochidion be subsumed in Phyllanthus.[14] New combinations in Phyllanthus have been published for Madagascar[15] and the Pacific Islands,[16] but most remain to be published.

Selected species

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As of February 2025, Plants of the World Online accepts 169 species.[1] Selected species include:

Formerly placed here

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References

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  1. 1 2 3 "Glochidion J.R.Forst. & G.Forst". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2025. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
  2. ↑ PLANTS Profile . USDA.gov. Accessed June 2, 2012.
  3. ↑ Hammer, K.; Pignone, D.; Cifarelli, S.; Perrino, P. (1990). "Barilla (Salsola soda, Chenopodiaceae)". Economic Botany. 44 (3): 411. Bibcode:1990EcBot..44..410H. doi:10.1007/bf03183925. JSTOR 4255259. S2CID 32113455.
  4. ↑ Kato, M.; Takimura, A.; Kawakita, A. (2003). "An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 100 (9): 5264–5267. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.5264K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0837153100. PMC 154333. PMID 12695568.
  5. ↑ Hembry, D. H.; Okamoto, T.; Gillespie, R. G. (2012). "Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists". Biology Letters. 8 (2): 258–261. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0771. PMC 3297384. PMID 21900312.
  6. ↑ Luo, S.-X.; Yao, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, D.; Hembry, D. H. (2017). "A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 189 (4): 422–435. Bibcode:2017ANat..189..422L. doi:10.1086/690623. hdl:10150/623805. PMC 6103454. PMID 28350503. S2CID 3922814. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-24. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  7. ↑ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004). "Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 410–415. Bibcode:2004AmJB...91..410K. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.410. PMID 21653396.
  8. ↑ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2009). "Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1656): 417–426. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1226. PMC 2664352. PMID 18948251.
  9. ↑ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004). "Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (9): 1319–1325. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.9.1319. PMID 21652364.
  10. ↑ Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Li, H.; Hu, B.; Yang, X.; Wang, Z. (2012). "Diffuse coevolution between two Epicephala species (Gracillariidae) and two Breynia species (Phyllanthaceae)". PLOS ONE. 7 (7) e41657. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741657Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041657. PMC 3407192. PMID 22848559.
  11. ↑ Kathriarachchi, H.; Samuel, R.; Hoffmann, P.; Mlinarec, J.; Wurdack, K. J.; Ralimanana, H.; Stuessy, T. F.; Chase, M. W. (2006). "Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae: Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 93 (4): 637–655. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.4.637. PMID 21646224.
  12. ↑ Fearn, M. L.; Urbatsch, L. E. (2001). "Glochidion puberum (Euphorbiaceae) naturalized in southern Alabama". SIDA, Contributions to Botany. 19: 711–714.
  13. ↑ "Glochidion puberum in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. Archived from the original on 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  14. ↑ Hoffmann, Petra; Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Wurdack, Kenneth J. (2006). "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae". Kew Bulletin. 61 (1): 37–53.
  15. ↑ Hoffmann, P.; McPherson, G. (2003). "Transfer of Madagascan Glochidion to Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae sl or Phyllanthaceae)". Novon. 13 (3): 307–310.
  16. ↑ Wagner, Warren L.; Lorence, David H. (2011). "A nomenclator of Pacific oceanic island Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), including Glochidion". PhytoKeys (4): 67–94. Bibcode:2011PhytK...4...67W. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.4.1581. PMC 3174446. PMID 22171182.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Glochidion%". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS) database (listing by % wildcard matching of all taxa relevant to Australia). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
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