Glottolog is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, developed and maintained first at the former Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig , Germany, and since 2015 at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena , Germany.
Glottolog provides a catalogue of the world's languages and language families and a bibliography on the world's less-spoken languages. It differs from the similar catalogue Ethnologue in several respects: it attempts to only accept languages which the editors have been able to confirm both exist and are distinct (varieties which have not been confirmed, but are inherited from another source, are tagged as "spurious " or "unattested ");[1] it attempts only to classify languages into families which have been demonstrated to be valid; bibliographic information is provided, especially for lesser-known languages; and, to a limited extent, alternative names are listed according to the sources which use them. The language names used in the bibliographic entries are identified by ISO 639-3 code or Glottolog's own code (Glottocode); apart from a single point-location on a map at its geographic centre, no ethnographic or demographic information is provided. External links are provided to ISO, Ethnologue and other online language databases.
Edition 2.2 was published online in 2013 and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License . Edition 2.4 was published in 2015 and edition 3.0 in 2017.
Language families [ edit ]
Glottolog is more conservative in its classification than most online databases in establishing membership of languages and groups within families but more liberal in considering unclassified languages to be isolates . Edition 2.4 lists 425 oral-language families, including isolates, and 75 sign-language families and isolates,[2] as follows.
Name
Region[3]
Languages
Atlantic-Congo
Africa, North America
1432
Austronesian
Africa, Eurasia, Oceania , South America
1276
Indo-European
Africa, Australia, Eurasia, North America, Oceania , South America
585
Sino-Tibetan
Eurasia
472
Afro-Asiatic
Africa, Eurasia
372
Nuclear Trans New Guinea
Oceania
315
Pama-Nyungan
Australia, Oceania
240
Otomanguean
North America
178
Austroasiatic
Eurasia
164
Tai-Kadai
Eurasia
96
Dravidian
Eurasia
81
Arawakan
North America, South America
76
Mande
Africa
74
Tupian
South America
71
Uto-Aztecan
North America
68
Central Sudanic
Africa
62
Nuclear Torricelli
Oceania
55
Nilotic
Africa
51
Algic
North America
45
Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit
North America
45
Quechuan
South America
45
Cariban
South America
44
Turkic
Eurasia
44
Uralic
Eurasia
44
Hmong-Mien
Eurasia
39
Panoan
South America
38
Sepik
Oceania
36
Mayan
North America
33
Nuclear-Macro-Je
South America
31
Lower Sepik-Ramu
Oceania
30
Nakh-Daghestanian
Eurasia
30
Chibchan
North America, South America
27
Tucanoan
South America
26
Salishan
North America
25
Timor-Alor-Pantar
Oceania
22
Lakes Plain
Oceania
20
Dogon
Africa
19
Mixe-Zoque
North America
19
Ta-Ne-Omotic
Africa
19
Siouan
North America
18
Morehead-Wasur
Oceania
17
Mongolic
Eurasia
16
Border
Oceania
15
North Halmahera
Oceania
15
Japonic
Eurasia, Oceania
14
Khoe-Kwadi
Africa
14
Angan
Oceania
13
Ndu
Oceania
13
Nubian
Africa
13
Tor-Orya
Oceania
13
Chapacuran
South America
12
Eskimo-Aleut
Eurasia, North America
12
Gunwinyguan
Australia
12
Totonacan
North America
12
Tungusic
Eurasia
12
Iroquoian
North America
11
Miwok-Costanoan
North America
11
Western Daly
Australia
11
Worrorran
Australia
11
Geelvink Bay
Oceania
10
Great Andamanese
Eurasia, Oceania
10
Heiban
Africa
10
Ijoid
Africa
10
Maban
Africa
10
Nyulnyulan
Australia
10
Saharan
Africa
10
Songhay
Africa
10
Surmic
Africa
10
Chocoan
South America
9
Cochimi-Yuman
North America
9
Dagan
Oceania
9
Sko
Oceania
9
South Bougainville
Oceania
9
Kiowa-Tanoan
North America
8
Kwerbic
Oceania
8
Mailuan
Oceania
8
Narrow Talodi
Africa
8
Tuu
Africa
8
Bosavi
Oceania
7
Daju
Africa
7
Huitotoan
South America
7
Inland Gulf
Oceania
7
Koiarian
Oceania
7
Matacoan
South America
7
Muskogean
North America
7
Pomoan
North America
7
Tacanan
South America
7
Arawan
South America
6
Baining
Oceania
6
Barbacoan
South America
6
Chumashan
North America
6
East Strickland
Oceania
6
Goilalan
Oceania
6
Kadugli-Krongo
Africa
6
Kartvelian
Eurasia
6
Kiwaian
Oceania
6
Kxa
Africa
6
Left May
Oceania
6
Marind
Oceania
6
Nambiquaran
South America
6
South Bird's Head Family
Oceania
6
Wakashan
North America
6
Yeniseian
Eurasia
6
Zaparoan
South America
6
Abkhaz-Adyge
Eurasia
5
Caddoan
North America
5
Chukotko-Kamchatkan
Eurasia
5
Guahibo
South America
5
Guaicuruan
South America
5
Lengua-Mascoy
South America
5
Mirndi
Australia
5
Misumalpan
North America
5
Nimboran
Oceania
5
Nuclear Eleman
Oceania
5
Pauwasi
Oceania
5
Sahaptian
North America
5
South Omotic
Africa
5
Tirio
Oceania
5
West Bird's Head
Oceania
5
Xincan
North America
5
Yanomam
South America
5
Yareban
Oceania
5
Yuat
Oceania
5
Chinookan
North America
4
Chonan
South America
4
Eastern Jebel
Africa
4
Eastern Trans-Fly
Oceania
4
Huavean
North America
4
Iwaidjan Proper
Australia
4
Jivaroan
South America
4
Kamakanan
South America
4
Koman
Africa
4
Maiduan
North America
4
Mangarrayi-Maran
Australia
4
Maningrida
Australia
4
Mao
Africa
4
Nadahup
South America
4
North Bougainville
Oceania
4
Sentani
Oceania
4
Suki-Gogodala
Oceania
4
Tama
Africa
4
Tangkic
Australia
4
Turama-Kikori
Oceania
4
Walio
Oceania
4
Yokutsan
North America
4
Yukaghir
Eurasia
4
Arafundi
Oceania
3
Aymara
South America
3
Bororoan
South America
3
Cahuapanan
South America
3
Charruan
South America
3
Dizoid
Africa
3
East Bird's Head
Oceania
3
Giimbiyu
Australia
3
Jarrakan
Australia
3
Kalapuyan
North America
3
Katla-Tima
Africa
3
Kawesqar
South America
3
Kayagar
Oceania
3
Kolopom
Oceania
3
Kuliak
Africa
3
Kwalean
Oceania
3
Mairasi
Oceania
3
Mongol-Langam
Oceania
3
Peba-Yagua
South America
3
Puri
South America
3
Saliban
South America
3
Shastan
North America
3
Tsimshian
North America
3
West Bomberai
Oceania
3
Yangmanic
Australia
3
Zamucoan
South America
3
Amto-Musan
Oceania
2
Araucanian
South America
2
Awin-Pa
Oceania
2
Baibai-Fas
Oceania
2
Bayono-Awbono
Oceania
2
Boran
South America
2
Bulaka River
Oceania
2
Bunaban
Australia
2
Chimakuan
North America
2
Coosan
North America
2
Doso-Turumsa
Oceania
2
Eastern Daly
Australia
2
East Kutubu
Oceania
2
Etrusco-Rhaetian
Eurasia
2
Furan
Africa
2
Garrwan
Australia
2
Haida
North America
2
Harakmbut
South America
2
Hatam-Mansim
Oceania
2
Hibito-Cholon
South America
2
Huarpean
South America
2
Hurro-Urartian
Eurasia
2
Inanwatan
Oceania
2
Jarawa-Onge
Eurasia
2
Jicaquean
North America
2
Kakua-Nukak
South America
2
Kariri
South America
2
Katukinan
South America
2
Kaure-Narau
Oceania
2
Keresan
North America
2
Konda-Yahadian
Oceania
2
Koreanic
Eurasia
2
Kresh-Aja
Africa
2
Kwomtari
Oceania
2
Lencan
North America
2
Lepki-Murkim
Oceania
2
Limilngan
Australia
2
Manubaran
Oceania
2
Marrku-Wurrugu
Australia
2
Mombum
Oceania
2
Monumbo
Oceania
2
Namla-Tofanma
Oceania
2
North-Eastern Tasmanian
Australia
2
Northern Daly
Australia
2
Nyimang
Africa
2
Pahoturi
Oceania
2
Palaihnihan
North America
2
Piawi
Oceania
2
Rashad
Africa
2
Senagi
Oceania
2
Somahai
Oceania
2
South-Eastern Tasmanian
Australia
2
Southern Daly
Australia
2
Tarascan
North America
2
Taulil-Butam
Oceania
2
Teberan
Oceania
2
Temein
Africa
2
Tequistlatecan
North America
2
Ticuna-Yuri
South America
2
Uru-Chipaya
South America
2
Western Tasmanian
Australia
2
Wintuan
North America
2
Yawa
Oceania
2
Yuki-Wappo
North America
2
Abinomn
Oceania
1
Abun
Oceania
1
Adai
North America
1
Aewa
South America
1
Aikanã
South America
1
Ainu (Japan)
Eurasia
1
Alsea
North America
1
Andaqui
South America
1
Andoque
South America
1
Anem
Oceania
1
Ap Ma
Oceania
1
Arutani
South America
1
Atacame
South America
1
Atakapa
North America
1
Banaro
Oceania
1
Bangime
Africa
1
Basque
Eurasia
1
Beothuk
North America
1
Berta
Africa
1
Betoi
South America
1
Bilua
Oceania
1
Birri
Africa
1
Bogaya
Oceania
1
Burmeso
Oceania
1
Burushaski
Eurasia
1
Camsá
South America
1
Candoshi-Shapra
South America
1
Canichana
South America
1
Cayubaba
South America
1
Cayuse
North America
1
Chimariko
North America
1
Chiquitano
South America
1
Chitimacha
North America
1
Chono
South America
1
Coahuilteco
North America
1
Cofán
South America
1
Comecrudo
North America
1
Cotoname
North America
1
Cuitlatec
North America
1
Culli
South America
1
Damal
Oceania
1
Dem
Oceania
1
Dibiyaso
Oceania
1
Duna
Oceania
1
Elamite
Eurasia
1
Elseng
Oceania
1
Esselen
North America
1
Fasu
Oceania
1
Fulniô
South America
1
Gagadu
Australia
1
Guachi
South America
1
Guaicurian
North America
1
Guamo
South America
1
Guató
South America
1
Gule
Africa
1
Gumuz
Africa
1
Guriaso
Oceania
1
Hadza
Africa
1
Hattic
Eurasia
1
Hruso
Eurasia
1
Iberian
Eurasia
1
Irántxe
South America
1
Itonama
South America
1
Jalaa
Africa
1
Jirajaran
South America
1
Kaki Ae
Oceania
1
Kamula
Oceania
1
Kanoê
South America
1
Kapori
Oceania
1
Karankawa
North America
1
Karok
North America
1
Kehu
Oceania
1
Kembra
Oceania
1
Kenaboi
Eurasia
1
Kibiri
Oceania
1
Kimki
Oceania
1
Klamath-Modoc
North America
1
Kol (Papua New Guinea)
Oceania
1
Kosadle
Oceania
1
Kujarge
Africa
1
Kunama
Africa
1
Kungarakany
Australia
1
Kunza
South America
1
Kuot
Oceania
1
Kusunda
Eurasia
1
Kutenai
North America
1
Kwaza
South America
1
Laal
Africa
1
Lafofa
Africa
1
Laragia
Australia
1
Lavukaleve
Oceania
1
Leco
South America
1
Lule
South America
1
Máku
South America
1
Maratino
North America
1
Massep
Oceania
1
Matanawí
South America
1
Mato Grosso Arára
South America
1
Mawes
Oceania
1
Maybrat
Oceania
1
Meroitic
Africa
1
Mimi-Gaudefroy
Africa
1
Minkin
Australia
1
Mochica
South America
1
Molale
North America
1
Molof
Oceania
1
Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)
Oceania
1
Morori
Oceania
1
Mosetén-Chimané
South America
1
Movima
South America
1
Mpur
Oceania
1
Muniche
South America
1
Mure
South America
1
Nara
Africa
1
Natchez
North America
1
Nihali
Eurasia
1
Nivkh
Eurasia
1
Odiai
Oceania
1
Omurano
South America
1
Ongota
Africa
1
Oti
South America
1
Otomaco
South America
1
Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport
Australia
1
Páez
South America
1
Pankararú
South America
1
Papi
Oceania
1
Pawaia
Oceania
1
Payagua
South America
1
Pele-Ata
Oceania
1
Pirahã
South America
1
Puelche
South America
1
Puinave
South America
1
Pumé
South America
1
Puquina
South America
1
Purari
Oceania
1
Pyu
Oceania
1
Ramanos
South America
1
Salinan
North America
1
Sandawe
Africa
1
Sapé
South America
1
Sause
Oceania
1
Savosavo
Oceania
1
Sechuran
South America
1
Seri
North America
1
Shabo
Africa
1
Shom Peng
Eurasia
1
Siuslaw
North America
1
Suarmin
Oceania
1
Sulka
Oceania
1
Sumerian
Eurasia
1
Tabo
Oceania
1
Taiap
Oceania
1
Takelma
North America
1
Tallán
South America
1
Tambora
Oceania
1
Tanahmerah
Oceania
1
Taruma
South America
1
Taushiro
South America
1
Timote-Cuica
South America
1
Timucua
North America
1
Tinigua
South America
1
Tiwi
Australia
1
Tonkawa
North America
1
Touo
Oceania
1
Trumai
South America
1
Tunica
North America
1
Tuxá
South America
1
Umbugarla
Australia
1
Urarina
South America
1
Usku
Oceania
1
Vilela
South America
1
Wadjiginy
Australia
1
Wageman
Australia
1
Waorani
South America
1
Warao
South America
1
Washo
North America
1
Wiru
Oceania
1
Xukurú
South America
1
Yale
Oceania
1
Yámana
South America
1
Yana
North America
1
Yele
Oceania
1
Yerakai
Oceania
1
Yetfa
Oceania
1
Yuchi
North America
1
Yuracaré
South America
1
Yurumanguí
South America
1
Yuwana
South America
1
Zuni
North America
1
LSFic
(sign)
32
ASLic
(sign)
20
BSLic
(sign)
10
Arab Sign
6
Russian Sign
6
CSLic
(sign)
5
DGSic
(sign)
4
JSLic
(sign)
3
Old Chiangmai-Bangkok-Haiphong Sign
3
Spanish Sign Language
3
Paraguay-Uruguay Sign
2
Providencia-Cayman Sign
2
Afghan Sign Language
1
Albanian Sign Language
1
Argentine Sign Language
1
Armenian Sign Language
1
Bamako Sign Language
1
Brazilian Sign Language
1
Burkina Faso Sign Language
1
Ecuadorian Sign Language
1
Estonian Sign Language
1
Guatemalan Sign Language
1
Hausa Sign Language
1
Indian Sign Language
1
Kenyan Sign Language
1
Lyons Sign Language
1
Maltese Sign Language
1
Mauritian Sign Language
1
Mofu-Gudur Sign Language
1
Mozambican Sign Language
1
Nepalese Sign Language
1
Pakistan Sign Language
1
Penang Sign Language
1
Persian Sign Language
1
Rennellese Sign Language
1
Salvadoran Sign Language
1
Saudi Arabian Sign Language
1
Sri Lankan Sign Language
1
Tanzanian Sign Language
1
Tijuana Sign Language
1
Turkish Sign Language
1
Venezuelan Sign Language
1
Yoruba Sign Language
1
Zambian Sign Language
1
Zimbabwe Sign Language
1
Adamorobe Sign Language
1
Alipur Sign Language
1
Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
1
Ban Khor Sign Language
1
Bengkala Sign Language
1
Bribri Sign Language
1
Brunca Sign Language
1
Bura Sign Language
1
Chatino Sign Language
1
Enga Sign Language
1
Ghandruk Sign Language
1
Ghardaia Sign Language
1
Guinea-Bissau Sign Language
1
Inuit Sign Language
1
Jamaican Country Sign Language
1
Jhankot Sign Language
1
Jumla Sign Language
1
Kajana Sign Language
1
Keresan Pueblo Indian Sign Language
1
Mardin Sign Language
1
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
1
Mbour Sign Language
1
Nanabin Sign Language
1
Nicaraguan Sign Language
1
Old Kentish Sign Language
1
Original Costa Rican Sign Language
1
Tebul Sign Language
1
Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language
1
Yolngu Sign Language
1
Yucatec Maya Sign Language
1
Creoles are classified with the language that supplied their basic lexicon .
In addition to languages classified into families, Glottolog recognizes 79 pidgins (including one sign pidgin), 24 mixed languages , 8 artificial languages , 9 speech registers (including 3 auxiliary sign systems ), 118 attested but unclassifiable languages (including 2 sign languages), 61 unattested languages, and 270 spurious languages (such as retired ISO entries, and including 3 sign languages) kept for bookkeeping purposes.
References [ edit ]
^ See for example the bookkeeping section for ISO languages that Glottolog has deemed to be spurious distinctions. This discrimination does not apply to dialects, many of which have been inherited from MultiTree or other sources without verification.
^ Sign languages are listed together, including those grouped typologically as village sign languages , as are pidgins and unclassified languages, but without a claim that they are necessarily related.
^ Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of Papua (New Guinea) and Austronesia ), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania.
External links [ edit ]