Google DeepMind

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Google DeepMind
Type Subsidiary
Founded 2011
Headquarters
Founder(s)
CEO Larry Page
Industry Artificial Intelligence
Owner Google
Employees 75 (estimated) [2]
Website deepmind.com

Google DeepMind is a British artificial intelligence company. Founded in 2011 as DeepMind Technologies, it was acquired by Google in 2014.

History[edit]

2011 to 2014[edit]

In 2011 the start-up was founded by Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman.[3][4] Hassabis and Legg first met at UCL's Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit.[5]

Since then major venture capital firms Horizons Ventures and Founders Fund have invested in the company,[6] as well as entrepreneur Scott Banister[7] and Elon Musk.[8] Jaan Tallinn was an early investor and an advisor to the company.[9] In 2014, DeepMind received the "Company of the Year" award by Cambridge Computer Laboratory.[10]

The company has created a neural network that learns how to play video games in a similar fashion to humans[11] and a neural network that may be able to access an external memory like a conventional Turing machine, resulting in a computer that appears to possibly mimic the short-term memory of the human brain.[12]

Acquisition by Google[edit]

On 26 January 2014, Google announced[13] that it had agreed to acquire DeepMind Technologies. The acquisition reportedly took place after Facebook ended negotiations with DeepMind Technologies in 2013.[14] Following the acquisition, the company was renamed Google DeepMind.[1]

Estimates of the cost of acquisition vary, from $400 million[15] to over £500 million.[16][17][18][19][20]

One of DeepMind's conditions for Google was that they establish an AI Ethics board.[21]

Research[edit]

DeepMind Technologies's goal is to "solve intelligence",[22] which they are trying to achieve by combining "the best techniques from machine learning and systems neuroscience to build powerful general-purpose learning algorithms". [22] They are trying to formalize intelligence[23] in order to not only implement it into machines, but also understand the human brain, as Demis Hassabis explains:

[...] Attempting to distil intelligence into an algorithmic construct may prove to be the best path to understanding some of the enduring mysteries of our minds.

—Demis Hassabis, Nature (journal), 23 February 2012[24]

Currently the company's focus is on publishing research on computer systems that are able to play games, and developing these systems, ranging from strategy games such as Go[25] to arcade games. According to Shane Legg human-level machine intelligence can be achieved "when a machine can learn to play a really wide range of games from perceptual stream input and output, and transfer understanding across games[...]."[26] Research describing an AI playing seven different Atari video games (Pong, Breakout, Space Invaders, Seaquest, Beamrider, Enduro, and Q*bert) reportedly led to their acquisition by Google.[11]

Deep reinforcement learning[edit]

As opposed to other AI's, such as IBM's Deep Blue or Watson, which were developed for a pre-defined purpose and only function within its merit, DeepMind claims that their system is not pre-programmed: it learns from experience, using only raw pixels as data input.[1][27] They test the system on video games, notably early arcade games, such as Space Invaders or Breakout.[27][28] Without altering the code, the AI begins to understand how to play the game, and after some time plays, for a few games (most notably Breakout), a more efficient game than any human ever could.[28] For most games though (Space Invaders, Ms Pacman, Q*Bert for example), DeepMind plays well below the current World Record. The application of DeepMind's AI to video games is currently for games made in the 1970s and 1980s, with work being done on more complex 3D games such as Doom, which first appeared in the early 1990s.[28]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Mnih1, Volodymyr; Kavukcuoglu1, Koray; Silver, David (26 February 2015). "Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature14236. Retrieved 25 February 2015. 
  2. ^ "Forbes Report - Acquisition". Forbes. Retrieved 27 January 2014. 
  3. ^ "Google Buys U.K. Artificial Intelligence Company DeepMind". Bloomberg. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 
  4. ^ "Google makes £400m move in quest for artificial intelligence". Financial Times. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 
  5. ^ "Demis Hassabis: 15 facts about the DeepMind Technologies founder". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2014. 
  6. ^ "DeepMind buy heralds rise of the machines". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 October 2014. 
  7. ^ "DeepMind Technologies Investors". Retrieved 12 October 2014. 
  8. ^ http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/elon-musk-artificial-intelligence-potentially-more-dangerous-nukes-1459710
  9. ^ "Recode.net - DeepMind Technologies Acquisition". Retrieved 27 January 2014. 
  10. ^ "Hall of Fame Awards: To celebrate the success of companies founded by Computer Laboratory graduates.". Cambridge University. Retrieved 12 October 2014. 
  11. ^ a b "The Last AI Breakthrough DeepMind Made Before Google Bought It". The Physics arXiv Blog. Retrieved 12 October 2014. 
  12. ^ Best of 2014: Google's Secretive DeepMind Startup Unveils a "Neural Turing Machine", MIT Technology Review
  13. ^ "Google to buy artificial intelligence company DeepMind". Reuters. 26 January 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014. 
  14. ^ "Google beats Facebook for Acquisition of DeepMind Technologies". Retrieved 27 January 2014. 
  15. ^ "Computers, gaming". The Economist. 28 February 2015. 
  16. ^ "Google Acquires UK AI startup Deepmind". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2014. 
  17. ^ "Report of Acquisition, TechCrunch". TechCrunch. Retrieved 27 January 2014. 
  18. ^ Oreskovic, Alexei. "Reuters Report". Reuters. Retrieved 27 January 2014. 
  19. ^ "Google Acquires Artificial Intelligence Start-Up DeepMind". The Verge. Retrieved 27 January 2014. 
  20. ^ "Google acquires AI pioneer DeepMind Technologies". Ars Technica. Retrieved 27 January 2014. 
  21. ^ "Inside Google's Mysterious Ethics Board". Forbes. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014. 
  22. ^ a b "DeepMind Technologies Website". DeepMind Technologies. Retrieved 11 October 2014. 
  23. ^ Shane Legg; Joel Veness (29 September 2011). "An Approximation of the Universal Intelligence Measure" (PDF). Retrieved 12 October 2014. 
  24. ^ Demis Hassabis (23 February 2012). "Model the brain’s algorithms" (PDF). Nature. Retrieved 12 October 2014. 
  25. ^ Shih-Chieh Huang; Martin Müller (12 July 2014). "Investigating the Limits of Monte-Carlo Tree Search Methods in Computer Go". Springer. 
  26. ^ "Q&A with Shane Legg on risks from AI". 17 June 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2014. 
  27. ^ a b Volodymyr Mnih; Koray Kavukcuoglu; David Silver; Alex Graves; Ioannis Antonoglou; Daan Wierstra; Martin Riedmiller (12 December 2013). "Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning" (PDF). Retrieved 12 October 2014. 
  28. ^ a b c Deepmind artificial intelligence @ FDOT14. 19 April 2014. 

External links[edit]

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