Hadith of the Twelve Successors
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The Hadith of the Twelve Successors (Arabic: حديث الاثني عشر خليفة, translit.: Hadith Al-Ithna Ashar Khalifah) is a Sahih Hadith in Islam, in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad said on several occasions, referenced in both Sunni and Shiah sources from at least 37 chains of narrators in over 100 hadiths, that there will only be twelve Caliphs/Khalifah (successors) to him, all of whom are from Quraysh, that there will be impostor caliphs to guard against, and that after the last of the twelve caliphs, the earth will be swallowed (i.e. the Day of Judgement will occur).
Contents
- 1 Hadith
- 2 List of Narrations
- 3 List of Caliphs
- 3.1 Sunnies
- 3.2 Shiah Imams/Caliphs
- 4 Secular View
- 5 Shia view
- 6 Sunni Views
- 7 Sufi view
- 8 Links to the Bible
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Hadith[edit]
A version of the hadith with most details mentioned in it:
- The Prophet Muhammad said:
- "Islam shall neither pass away nor be deviated while there are my 12 Caliphs/Khalifahs (successors) from my nation in it, all of them will be from Quraysh. When the last of them passes away, the Hour will be established and the earth will be destroyed (swallowed) with all its inhabitants."
List of Narrations[edit]
Reports of Muhammad talking about the Twelve Successors from Sunni and Shia texts:
- The Messenger of Allah said: This affair (Islam) shall neither pass nor will come to an end while my twelve caliphs pass in it. All of them will be from Quraysh.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
- The Messenger of Allah said: This religion shall survive till the Hour is established, and there are twelve caliphs (ruling) upon you. All of them will be from Quraysh.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
- The Messenger of Allah said: Surely Islam will always remain mighty while there are my twelve caliphs in it. All of them will be of the Quraysh.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
- The Messenger of Allah said: This affair (Islam) shall always remain upright till there are twelve chiefs. All of them will be from Quraysh.[26][27][28][29]
- The Prophet said, "There will be twelve Muslim rulers (who will lead the Islamic world)." He then said a sentence which I did not hear. My father said, "All of them (those rulers) will be from Quraysh."[30]
- I joined the company of the Holy Prophet with my father and I heard him say: This Caliphate will not end until there have been twelve Caliphs among them. The narrator said: Then he (the Prophet) said something that I could not follow. I said to my father: What did he say? He said: He has said: All of them will be from the Quraysh.[31]
- I heard the Messenger of Allah say: The affairs of the people will continue to be conducted (well) as long as they are governed by twelve men. Then the Holy Prophet said words which were obscure to me. I asked my father: What did the Messenger of Allah say? He said: All of the (twelve men) will be from the Quraysh.[32]
- I heard the Messenger of Allah say: Islam will continue to be triumphant until there have been twelve Caliphs. All of them (the twelve Caliphs) will be from the Quraysh.[33]
- The Holy Prophet said: This order will continue to be dominant until there have been twelve Caliphs. The narrator says: Then he said something which I could not understand, and I said to my father: What did he say? My father told me that he said that all of them (Caliphs) would be from the Quraysh.[34]
- It has been reported on the authority of Jabir b. Samura who said: I went with my father to the Messenger of Allah and I heard him say: This religion would continue to remain powerful and dominant until there have been twelve Caliphs. Then he added something which I couldn't catch on account of the noise of the people. I asked my father: What did he say? My father said: He has said that all of them will be from the Quraysh.[35]
- It has been narrated on the authority of Amir b. Sa'd b. Abu Waqqas who said: I wrote (a letter) to Jabir b. Samura and sent it to him through my servant Nafi', asking him to inform me of something he had heard from the Messenger of Allah. He wrote to me (in reply): I heard the Messenger of Allah say on Friday evening, the day on which al-Aslami was stoned to death (for committing adultery): The Islamic religion will continue until the Hour has been established, or you have been ruled over by twelve Caliphs, all of them being from the Quraysh. also heard him say: A small force of the Muslims will capture the white palace, the police of the Persian Emperor or his descendants. I also heard him say: Before the Day of Judgment there will appear (a number of) impostors. You are to guard against them. I also heard him say: When Allah grants wealth to any one of you, he should first spend it on himself and his family (and then give it in charity to the poor). I heard him (also) say: I will be your forerunner at the Cistern (expecting your arrival).[36]
- The Messenger of Allah said: There will be twelve caliphs for this nation.[37]
- The Messenger of Allah said: Surely this religion will always overcome its opponents and no enemy or deserter can ever harm it while there are twelve caliphs from my nation in it. All of them will be from Quraysh.[38]
- Masrooq rates that someone asked Abdullah Ibn Masood, "O Abaa Abd al-Rahmaan, did you ask the Messenger of Allah how many caliphs will rule this nation?" Abdullah Ibn Masood replied, "Yes, we did ask the Messenger of Allah and he replied, "Twelve, like the number of chiefs (nuqabaa) of Bani Israel""[39]
- The Prophet said: "This religion remains standing until there are twelve vicegerents over you, all of them agreeable to the nation, all of them from Quraysh."[40]
- The Prophet said: "There will be after me twelve Amirs, all of them from Quraysh."[41]
- The Prophet said: There will be twelve caliphs after me, all of them will be from Quraysh.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]
- The Messenger of Allah said: This affair (Islam) shall always remain mighty impregnable (against evil) and victorious against all its opponents while it is ruled by twelve, all of them will be from Quraysh.[58][59][60][61][62]
- The Messenger of Allah said: This affair shall always remain mighty and victorious over its opponents while there are twelve. All of them will be from Quraysh.[63]
- The Messenger of Allah said: This affair (Islam) shall always remain righteous while there are twelve chiefs. All of them will be from Quraysh.[64][65]
- The Prophet said: This affair shall always remain closely united till there are twelve caliphs in it all of them will be from Quraysh.[66]
- The Prophet said: This affair (Islam) will always survive while there are twelve chiefs in it. All of them will be from Quraysh.[67][68][69][70][71]
- The Messenger of Allah said: There will be twelve strong supports for this nation. Whoever forsakes them will not harm them. All of them will be from Quraysh.[72][73][74]
- The Messenger of Allah said: This affair (Islam) shall always overcome the one who opposes it. No enemy or opponent will harm it while there will be twelve caliphs from Quraysh.[75][76][77]
- The Messenger of Allah said: Surely this affair (Islam) shall always remain dominant. No opponent can harm it while there are twelve chiefs. All of them will be from Quraysh.[78]
- The Messenger of Allah said: This affair of this nation (Islam) shall always be dominant while there are twelve chiefs or caliphs. They are all from Quraysh.[79][80][81]
- The Messenger of Allah said: The affair of this nation shall always remain straight and dominant over its enemy while there are twelve caliphs amongst them. All of them will be from the Quraysh.[82][83][84][85]
- The Messenger of Allah said: There will be twelve strong people from the Quraysh. The one who bears enmity against them, his enemy, will not harm them.[86][87]
- The Messenger of Allah said: Twelve (caliphs) will follow this affair (Islam). All of them will be from Quraysh and their likes will not be seen.[88]
- Abdullah ibn Masood on being asked if he asked the Messenger about how many caliphs will rule this nation. He replied in affirmative and said that the Messenger replied, "Twelve, like the number of chiefs (nuqabaa) of Bani Israel."[89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101]
- The Messenger of Allah said: Your caliphs will be twelve, equal to the number of chiefs of Bani Israel.[102][103][104]
- The Prophet said: Know that the affair of my nation shall always be righteous while there are twelve caliphs in it. All of them will be from the Quraysh.[105][106][107][108][109][110]
- The Prophet said: This religion shall always be upright while there are twelve from Quraysh. When they are no more, the earth will be destroyed (swallowed) with all its inhabitants.[111][112][113][114][115][116][117]
- The Prophet who said, “I am the chief of the Prophets and Ali ibn Abi Talib is the chief of successors, and after me my successors shall be twelve, the first of them being Ali ibn Abi Talib and the last of them being Al-Mahdi.” Al-Juwayni also narrates from Ibn ‘Abbas from the Prophet : “Certainly my Caliphs and my legatees and the Proofs of Allah upon his creatures after me are twelve. The first of them is my brother and the last of them is my (grand) son.” He was asked: “O Messenger of Allah, who is your brother?” He said, “Ali ibn Abi Talib” Then they asked, “And who is your son?” The Holy Prophet replied “Al-Mahdi, the one who will fill the earth with justice and equity like it would be brimming with injustice and tyranny. And by the One Who has raised me as a warner and a give of good tidings, even if a day remains for the life of this world, the Almighty Allah will prolong this day to an extent till he sends my son Mahdi, then he will make Ruhullah ‘Isa ibn Maryam to descend and pray behind him (Imam Al-Mahdi). And the earth will be illuminated by his radiance. And his power will reach to the east and the west.” Al-Juwayni also narrates that the Messenger of Allah informed: “I and Ali and Hassan and Hussain and nine of the descendants of Hussain are the purified ones and the inerrant.”[118]
- A Jewish man named Na'thal came to the Prophet and said, "O' Muhammad, I want to ask you about issues that my heart have been stumbling upon for a long time, and if you give me an answer I will accept Islam", so the Prophet said, "Ask O' Abu Umara", and so the Jewish man said, "O' Muhammad, tell me of your Lord" and so the Prophet answered him, and then the Jewish man asked, "tell me, who is your successor? There has never been a Prophet that has never had a successor, and our Prophet Musa ibn Imran made Jusha' ibn Nun his successor", and so the Prophet said, "My successor is Ali ibn abi Talib, and after him my two sons al Hassan and al Hussain, and then there will be 9 successors from the line of Hussain", so the Jewish man said "O' Muhammad, tell me their names", the Prophet replied "When Hussain dies, then it is his son Ali, and then if Ali dies then it is his son Muhammad, then if Muhammad dies it is his son Ja'far, then if Ja'far dies it is his son Musa, then if Musa dies it is his son Ali, then if Ali dies it is his son Muhammad, then if Muhammad dies then it is his son Ali, if Ali dies then it is his son Hassan, and if he dies it is Muhammad al Mahdi, and therefore they are twelve", and then the Jewish man said, "I bear witness that there is no God but Allah, and that Muhammad is his messenger, and that these are your successors. In our ancient books, Musa ibn Imran himself said that there would be a man who would come named Muhammad or Ahmed, and that his successors are twelve"[119]
List of Caliphs[edit]
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This section may stray from the topic of the article. |
There are 73 different sects that have come out of Islam. These 73 are usually divided under two biggest umbrella categories - being Shi'a (those who continued following Ali ibn Abi Talib after the passing away of Muhammad) and Sunni (followers of Abu Bakr ibn Qhuhafah who declared their new Caliph). Below is a list of Caliphs/Imams from different sects.
Sunnies[edit]
Note: Many of the later Caliphs were long after the death of Muhammad, and many were not from Quraysh.
5 Rashidun Caliphs (632–661)[edit]
- Abu Bakr ibn Qhuhafah (632–634)
- Umar ibn al-Khattab (634–644)
- Uthman ibn Affan (644–656)
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (656–661)
- Hasan ibn Ali (661)
33 Umayyad Caliphs (661–750/1031)[edit]
14 Caliphs of Damascus (661–750)[edit]
- Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (661–680): Founder of the Umayyad dynasty
- Yazid ibn Muawiyah (680–683)
- Muawiyah II ibn Yazid (683–684)
- Marwan I (684–685)
- Abd al-Malik (685–705)
- Al-Walid I (705–715)
- Sulayman (715–717)
- Umar II (717–720)
- Yazid II (720–724)
- Hisham (724–743)
- Al-Walid II (743–744)
- Yazid III (744)
- Ibrahim (744)
- Marwan II (744–750)
8 Emirs of Córdoba (756–929)[edit]
- Abd ar-Rahman I (756–788)
- Hisham I (788–796)
- al-Hakam I (796–822)
- Abd ar-Rahman II (822–852)
- Muhammad I (852–886)
- al-Mundhir (886–888)
- Abdallah ibn Muhammad (888–912)
- Abd-ar-Rahman III (912–929)
11 Caliphs of Córdoba (929–1031)[edit]
(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Maghreb)[120][121]
- Abd-ar-Rahman III (929–961)
- Al-Hakam II (961–976)
- Hisham II al-Hakam (976–1009)
- Muhammad II (1009)
- Sulayman ibn al-Hakam (1009–1010)
- Hisham II al-Hakam, restored (1010–1013)
- Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, restored (1013–1016)
- Abd ar-Rahman IV (1021–1022)
- Abd ar-Rahman V (1022–1023)
- Muhammad III (1023–1024)
- Hisham III (1027–1031)
Ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)[edit]
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (684-692)[122]
54 Abbasid Caliphs (750–1258/1517)[edit]
37 Caliphs of Baghdad (750–1258)[edit]
(Not accepted by the Muslim dominions in the Iberian peninsula and parts of North Africa).[123][124]
- As-Saffah (750–754)
- Al-Mansur (754–775)
- Al-Mahdi (775–785)
- Al-Hadi (785–786)
- Harun al-Rashid (786–809)
- Al-Amin (809–813)
- Al-Ma'mun (813–833)
- Al-Mu'tasim (833–842)
- Al-Wathiq (842–847)
- Al-Mutawakkil (847–861)
- Al-Muntasir (861–862)
- Al-Musta'in (862–866)
- Al-Mu'tazz (866–869)
- Al-Muhtadi (869–870)
- Al-Mu'tamid (870–892)
- Al-Mu'tadid (892–902)
- Al-Muktafi (902–908)
- Al-Muqtadir (908–932)
- Al-Qahir (932–934)
- Ar-Radi (934–940)
- Al-Muttaqi (940–944)
- Al-Mustakfi (944–946)
- Al-Muti (946–974)
- At-Ta'i (974–991)
- Al-Qadir (991–1031)
- Al-Qa'im (1031–1075)
- Al-Muqtadi (1075–1094)
- Al-Mustazhir (1094–1118)
- Al-Mustarshid (1118–1135)
- Ar-Rashid (1135–1136)
- Al-Muqtafi (1136–1160)
- Al-Mustanjid (1160–1170)
- Al-Mustadi (1170–1180)
- An-Nasir (1180–1225)
- Az-Zahir (1225–1226)
- Al-Mustansir (1226–1242)
- Al-Musta'sim (1242–1258): Last Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad
17 Caliphs of Cairo (1261–1517)[edit]
(The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate that existed after the takeover of the Ayyubid dynasty)[125][126]
- Al-Mustansir II (1261–1262)
- Al-Hakim I (1262–1302)
- Al-Mustakfi I (1302–1340)
- Al-Hakim II (1341–1352)
- Al-Mu'tadid I (1352–1362)
- Al-Mutawakkil I (1362–1383)
- Al-Wathiq II (1383–1386)
- Al-Mu'tasim (1386–1389)
- Al-Mutawakkil I, restored (1389–1406)
- Al-Musta'in (1406–1414)
- Al-Mu'tadid II (1414–1441)
- Al-Mustakfi II (1441–1451)
- Al-Qa'im (1451–1455)
- Al-Mustanjid (1455–1479)
- Al-Mutawakkil II (1479–1497)
- Al-Mustamsik (1497–1508)
- Al-Mutawakkil III (1508–1517): Surrendered the title of Caliph to Selim I
13 Al-Mohad Caliphs (1145–1269)[edit]
(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of North Africa and Iberia)[127][128]
- Abd al-Mu'min (1145–1163)
- Abu Yaqub Yusuf I (1163–1184)
- Yaqub al-Mansur (1184–1199)
- Muhammad an-Nasir (1199–1213)
- Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II (1213–1224)
- Abd al-Wahid I (1224)
- Abdallah al-Adil (1224–1227)
- Yahya (1227–1235)
- Idris I (1227–1232)
- Abdul-Wahid II (1232–1242)
- Ali (1242–1248)
- Umar (1248–1266)
- Idris II (1266–1269)
29 Ottoman Caliphs (1453–1924)[edit]
- Mehmed (Muhammed) II (1453–1481): Claimed the title of Caliph from the conquest of Constantinople in 1453
- Bayezid II (1481–1512): Claimant
- Selim I (1512–1520): Claimant until 1517; induced Al-Mutawakkil III to formally surrender the title of Caliph after defeating the Mamluk Sultanate; actively used the title
- Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566)
- Selim II (1566–1574)
- Murad III (1574–1595)
- Mehmed (Muhammed) III (1595–1603)
- Ahmed I (1603–1617)
- Mustafa I (1617–1618)
- Osman II (1618–1622)
- Mustafa I, restored (1622–1623)
- Murad IV (1623–1640)
- Ibrahim I (1640–1648)
- Mehmed (Muhammed) IV (1648–1687)
- Suleiman II (1687–1691)
- Ahmed II (1691–1695)
- Mustafa II (1695–1703)
- Ahmed III (1703–1730)
- Mahmud I (1730–1754)
- Osman III (1754–1757)
- Mustafa III (1757–1774)
- Abdul Hamid I (1774–1789)
- Selim III (1789–1807)
- Mustafa IV (1807–1808)
- Mahmud II (1808–1839)
- Abdülmecid I (1839–1861)
- Abdülaziz (1861–1876)
- Murad V (1876)
- Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909): Actively used the title of Caliph
From 1908 onwards the Ottoman Sultan was considered the equivalent of a constitutional monarch without executive powers, with the General Assembly consisting of chosen representatives.
(These can be considered Ottoman Caliphs 30–32)
- Mehmed (Muhammed) V (1909–1918)
- Mehmed (Muhammed) VI (1918–1922)
- Abdülmecid II (1922–1924): Ceremonial Caliph under the Republic of Turkey
Sharifian Caliphate (1924)[edit]
- Hussein bin Ali (1924)
- `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi (1925) (Caliphate destroyed by the House of Saud)
Shiah Imams/Caliphs[edit]
Note: The word 'Imam' means Islamic guide, and is also used for Islamic Prophets and Holy books, such as the Torah and Injil. It is used refer to the vicegerents/Muslim rulers whom Allah has divinely appointed.
5 Zaydi Imams/Caliphs[edit]
- Ali ibn Abu Talib (Amir Al-Momineen)
- Hasan ibn Ali (Al-Mujtaba)
- Hussain ibn Ali (Aba AbdAllah)
- Zayd ibn Ali
- Yahya ibn Zayd
6 Tawussi Imams/Caliphs[edit]
- Ali ibn Abu Talib (Amir Al-Momineen)
- Hasan ibn Ali (Al-Mujtaba)
- Hussain ibn Ali (Aba AbdAllah)
- Ali ibn Hussain (Zayn Al-Abadeen)
- Muhammad ibn Ali (Baqhir al-Ulum)
- Jafar ibn Muhammad (Al-Saddiqh) (Tawussis believe is the Mahdi)
7 Waqhifi Imams/Caliphs[edit]
- Ali ibn Abu Talib (Amir Al-Momineen)
- Hasan ibn Ali (Al-Mujtaba)
- Hussain ibn Ali (Aba AbdAllah)
- Ali ibn Hussain (Zayn Al-Abadeen)
- Muhammad ibn Ali (Baqhir al-Ulum)
- Jafar ibn Muhammad (Al-Saddiqh)
- Musa ibn Jafar (Al-Kazim) (Waqhifis believe is the Mahdi)
7 Fathi Imams/Caliphs[edit]
- Ali ibn Abu Talib (Amir Al-Momineen)
- Hasan ibn Ali (Al-Mujtaba)
- Hussain ibn Ali (Aba AbdAllah)
- Ali ibn Hussain (Zayn Al-Abideen)
- Muhammad ibn Ali (Baqir al-Ulum)
- Jafar ibn Muhammad (Al-Saddiq)
- Abdullah al-Aftah ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq
49 Ismaili Imams/Caliphs[edit]
Seveners[edit]
- Ali ibn Abu Talib (Amir Al-Momineen)
- Hasan ibn Ali (Al-Mujtaba)
- Hussain ibn Ali (Aba AbdAllah)
- Ali ibn Hussain (Zayn Al-Abadeen)
- Muhammad ibn Ali (Baqhir al-Ulum)
- Jafar ibn Muhammad (Al-Saddiqh)
- Ismaʿil (Predeceased his father Imam Jafar ibn Muhammad in 755 but accepted as Imam by the Seveners and the Ismaʿilis.)
- Muhammad (Ismaʿil's son, died under the reign of Harun al-Rashid) (786-809)
The group that believed Muhammad ibn Ismail to be the Mahdi who had withdrawn into occultation and would return again to earth some day, came to be known as the Seveners. This term is often incorrectly applied to the "Ismailis" who had separated from the Seveners and gone further on with the succession to the Imamat.
One group of the Seveners propagated their faith from their bases in Syria through Daʿiyyūn ("Callers to Islam"). In 899, the fourth Da'i announced that he himself was the "Imam of the Time" being also the fourth direct descendant of Muhammad ibn Ismail in the very same dynasty. This caused a split between his Sevener followers accepting his claim and those Seveners disputing his claim and clinging to Muhammad ibn Ismail as the Imam in occultation. This Imam and Fourth Da'i, Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, eventually became the First Fatimid Caliph. This separated group from the Seveners now became known as the Fatimids of the Maghreb and Egypt. This was the reason why the Qarmatians, the original Seveners, were the Fatimid's most irreconcilable opponents.
Fatimid[edit]
- Ahmad al-Wafi (born ʿAbd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Ismaʿil, 1st Da'i of the Ismaʿili mission, according to Ismaʿili tradition, son of Muhammad ibn Ismaʿil, died 829)
- Muhammad at-Taqi (born Ahmad ibn ʿAbd Allah ibn Muhammad), (son of ʿAbd Allah ibn Muhammad, 2nd Da'i of the Ismaʿili mission, according to Ismaʿili tradition) (Died 840)
- ʿAbd Allah ar-Raḍi/al-Zaki (born al-Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn ʿAbd Allah), (Died-909), son of Ahmad ibn ʿAbd Allah, 3rd Da'i of the Ismaʿili mission, according to Ismaʿili tradition)
- Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (Son of al-Husayn ibn Ahmad, 4th Da'i of the Ismaʿili mission, openly announced himself as Imam, 1st Fatimid Caliph, died 934)
- Muhammad al-Qaim Bi-Amrillah (leader of the Ismailis, openly announced himself as Imam, 2nd Fatimid Caliph, died 946)
- Ismail al-Mansur (3rd Fatimid Caliph, died 953)
- Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dinillah, (4th Fatimid Caliph, died 975)
- Abū Mansūr Nizar al-ʿAziz billah (5th Fatimid Caliph, died 996)
- Al-Hakim bi-Amrillah (6th Fatimid Caliph, disappeared 1021)
- ʿAli az-Zahir li-Iʿzaz Dinillah (son of al-Hakim, 7th Fatimid Caliph, died 1036)
- Abū Tamim Ma'add al-Mustansir bi-llah (son of Ali az-Zahir, 8th Fatimid Caliph, died 1094)
After his death, the succession was disputed. The regent Malik al-Afdal placed Mustansir's younger son Al-Musta'li on the throne. This was contested by the elder son an-Nizar, who however was defeated and died in prison. This dispute resulted in the split into two branches, lasting to this day, the Nizari and the Mustaʿli.
16 Druze Imams/Caliphs[edit]
- The Druze believe in the divinity of all Imams and split off after Al-Hakim bi-Amrillah's disappearance, believed by them to be the occultation of the Mahdi. Thus leaving them with 16 Imams/Caliphs.
20 Mustaali Imams/Caliphs[edit]
The Mustaali recognize the following as Imams/Caliphs:
- Ahmad al-Mustaʿli (son of Abū Tamim Ma'add al-Mustansir bi-llah), 9th Fatimid Caliph, died 1101.
- Al-Amir bi-Ahkamillah son of al-Mustaʿli, 10th Fatimid Caliph, died 1130.
Hafizi Muslims claim that Amir died without an heir and was succeeded as Caliph by his cousin Al-Hafiz. The Mustaʿli split into the Hafizi, who accepted him and his successors as Imam, and the Tayyibi, who believed that Amir's purported son At-Tayyib was the rightful Imam and had gone into occultation:
24 Hafizi Imams/Caliphs[edit]
The Hafizi recognize the following as Imams/Caliphs:
- Al-Hafiz(11th Fatimid Caliph, died 1149)
- Al-Zafir (son of Al-Hafiz, 12th Fatimid Caliph, died 1154.)
- Al-Faiz (son of Al-Zafir, 13th Fatimid Caliph, died 1160.)
- Al-Adid (son of Al-Zafir, 14th Fatimid Caliph, died 1171.)
The Fatimid dynasty ended with Al-Adid's death.
21 Tayyibi Imams/Caliphs[edit]
The Tayyibi recognize the following as Imams/Caliphs:
The Tayyibi branch continues to this day, headed by a Da'i al-Mutlaq as vice-regent in the imam's occultation. The Tayibbi have broken into several branches over disputes as to which Da'i is the true vice-regent. The largest branch are the Dawoodi Bohra, and there are also the Sulaimani Bohra and Alavi Bohra.
49 Nizari Imams/Caliphs[edit]
The Nizari recognize the following as Imams/Caliphs:
- Nizar b. al-Mustansir Billah (son of Abu Tamim Ma'add al-Mustansir bi-llah, died 1095)
- Al-Hadi ibn Nizar (hidden)
- Al-Mutadi (hidden)
- Al-Qahir (hidden)
- Hassan II ʻAla Dhikrihi-s-Salam (fourth Lord of Alamut, self-revealed as imam in 1164, died 1166)
- Nūr-al-Din Muhammad II or Aʻla Muhammad (in Alamut, died 1210)
- Jalalu-d-Din Hassan III (in Alamut, died 1221)
- ʻAlaʼ ad-Din Muhammad III (in Alamut, died 1255)
- Ruknu-d-Din Khurshah (last Lord of Alamut, died 1257, killed by the Mongols)
- Shamsu-d-Din Muhammad (hidden, died 1310)
- Qasim Shah (hidden)
- Islam Shah (hidden, established himself in Anjudan)
- Muhammad b. Islam Shah (hidden, died c.1463)
- Al-Mustansir billah II (Shah Qalandar) (established public imamate -under practice of taqiyya- in Anjudan, died 1498)
- ʻAbdu-s-Salam Shah (in Anjudan)
- Gharib Mirza (in Anjudan)
- Abū Dharr ʻAli or Nūru-d-Din (in Anjudan)
- Murad Mirza (executed in 1574 by Shah Tahmasp of Iran)
- Dhū-l-Fiqar ʻAli or Khalilullah I (in Anjudan, died 1634)
- Nūru-d-Din ʻAli (in Anjudan, died 1671)
- Khalilullah II ʻAli (last imam of Anjudan, died 1680)
- Nizar (established imamate in Kahak, died 1722)
- As-Sayyid ʻAli (in Kahak)
- Hasan ʻAli (established imamate in Shahr-e Babak, Kerman, first imam who abandoned the practice of taqiyya)
- Qasim ʻAli (in Kerman)
- Abu-l-Ḥasan ʻAlī ibn Qasim ʻAli (appointed provincial governor of Kerman, died 1792)
- Shah Khalilullah III (in Kahak, then since 1815 in Yazd, murdered in 1817)
- Hassan ʻAli Shah Aga Khan I or Shah Hassan ʻAli (born 1804, died 1881; reigned 1817 to 1881)
- Aqa ʻAli Shah Aga Khan II or Shah ʻAli Shah (born 1830, died 1885; reigned 1881 to 1885)
- Sulṭan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III (born 1877, died 1957; Ismali's imam from 1885 to 1957)
- Shah Karimu-l-Hussayni Aga Khan IV (born 1936; Ismali's imam from 1957)
12 Ithna-Ashari Imams/Caliphs[edit]
The only place 12 Caliphs/Successors appear from all groups that call themselves Muslims and are all Qurayshi
- Ali ibn Abu Talib (Amir Al-Momineen)
- Hasan ibn Ali (Al-Mujtaba)
- Hussain ibn Ali (Aba AbdAllah)
- Ali ibn Hussain (Zayn Al-Abideen)
- Muhammad ibn Ali (Baqir al-Ulum)
- Jafar ibn Muhammad (Al-Saddiq)
- Musa ibn Jafar (Al-Kazim)
- Ali ibn Musa (Al-Reda)
- Muhammad ibn Ali (Al-Jawad)
- Ali ibn Muhammad (Al-Hadi)
- Hasan ibn Ali (Al-Askari)
- Muhammad Al-Mahdi
Secular View[edit]
| This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (April 2014) |
The Hadith of the Twelve Successors is a famous tradition attributed to Muhammad by Sunni narrators. According to this tradition Muhammad predicted that there would be twelve caliphs after him, all from the Quraysh tribe. There is a version of this narration stating that during the reign of the twelve caliphs the Islamic community would be united. In other versions, it was also predicted that chaos takes place after those twelve. It is almost certain that the narration was in circulation in 125-126 Hijri, during the time of Walid II, when the first signs of the anti-Umayyad revolution had already emerged. Therefore, the statement had been in circulation long before the beginning of the occultation of the Twelfth Imam in 260 Hijri. The hadith was on record during the middle of the second century, in the book titled "Amali" of the Egyptian scholar Al-Layth ibn Sa'd and later in the Musnad of Abu Dawud at-Tayalisi. Thus, no one can claim that the statement was forged by the Imamites in the post-Occultation period. In fact, there is no evidence showing that prior to the last decades of the third century, this statement had ever attracted the attention of the Shiah traditionists.[129]
Shia view[edit]
| This section relies too much on references to primary sources. (April 2014) |
Shias see the 'Hadith of the Twelve Successors' as a basis for their belief in a succession of Imams. Shi'a argue that the "Twelve Successors" must have come in succession, arguing from the term "Successors" (Arabic: Caliph). Twelver Shiites in particular identify the "twelve rulers" with their twelve Imams from Ali to Muhammad al-Mahdi. They maintain that a similar hadith[130] was transmitted from Muhammad in which it was stated that 9 of the 12 Imams are from Hussein ibn Ali's lineage and the ninth is Mahdi.[131]
Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal : Don't try to find faults with ‘Alī, he is indeed from me and I am from him, he is your leader after me. He is from me and I am from him, he is your leader after me[132]
Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal : When the āyah "And warn your relatives of nearest kin" (26:214) was revealed, the Prophet gathered his family around him and treated 30 of them to a meal and then said: "Who is willing to guarantee my debts and commitments so that he should be with me in paradise and should be my successor from among my family." A person whom Shurayk did not name, answered: O Messenger of Allah you are like a sea, who can take charge of this responsibility. The Prophet repeated his statement to his relatives, and (Imam) 'Alī [('a)] replied: "I will undertake this responsibility."[133]
Sheikh Sulayman Balkhi Hanafi in his Yanabiu'l-Mawadda, ch.76, reports from Fara'idu's-Simtain of Hamwaini, who reports from Mujahid, who reports from Ibn Abbas : that a Jew named Na'thal came to Muhammad and asked him questions about Tawhid (Unity of Allah). Muhammad answered his questions and the Jew embraced Islam. Then he said: "O Holy Prophet, every prophet had a wasi (vicegerent). Our Prophet, Moses Bin Imran, made a will for Yusha Bin Nun. Please tell me who is your wasi?" The Holy Prophet said: "My vicegerent is Ali Bin Abi Talib; after him are Hasan, and Husain and after them are nine Imams, who are the successive descendants of Husain."
Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi in his Manaqib and Tafsir, Ibn Maghazili Faqih Shafi'i in his Manaqib and Mir Seyyed Ali Hamadani in his Mawaddatu'l-Qurba (Mawadda VI) : narrate from the Second Rightly-Guided Caliph, Umar bin Khattab, who, when the Muhammed established fraternal and brotherly ties between the companions, said, 'This Ali is my brother in this world and in the hereafter. Among my descendants he is my caliph; he is my successor (vicegerent) in my community. He is the heir to my knowledge; he is the payer of my debt. What belongs to him belongs to me; what belongs to me belongs to him; his benefit is my benefit and his loss is my loss. He who is a friend of his is really a friend of mine and he who is an enemy of his is really an enemy of mine."
Sunni Views[edit]
This Hadith is a Self-fulfilling prophecy, whereby people could fulfil the prophecy themselves. The Hadith is designed to encourage leaders to try to be great leaders.
The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background, by Dr. Jassim M. Hussain, (a devout Imami Shia professor) p.138 says:
"These and other traditions (Hadith) were spread in both Imamite and Zaydite circles, According to al-Saduq these traditions (Hadith) and others predicting the occurrence of the Ghayba were the main reason for the Imamite acceptance of the Ghayba and for their being satisfied that the series of the Imams should stop at the twelfth."
Various groups "fulfilled" this prophecy, by putting forward their own set of twelve Caliphs.
Many Historians, Sunnis, Ismaili and Zaidiyyah argue that the 11th Imam, of the Twelver Shia, Hassan al-Askari, did not have a son.[134][135] Twelver Shias say his birth was concealed. Others argue that even if he had a son, Muhammad ibn al-Hassan could not live for over a thousand years.[136][137][138]
Hasan al-Askari’s estate was divided between his brother Jafar and his mother.
Moojan Momen writes in "An Introduction to Shi’i Islam" (London, 1985, p. 162):
"Jafar remained unshakeable in his assertion that his brother (Hasan al-Askari) had no progeny."
The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background, by Dr. Jassim M. Hussain, p. 143 says:
"The majority of the Imamites denied his birth or even his existence, and mocked those who believed in him. According to al-Nu’mani the bulk of these groups abandoned their belief in the hidden Imam. In fact those who continued to hold a firm belief in his Imamate were a small minority belonging to the circles of narrators, like Ibn Qubba and al-Nu’mani himself, who based their belief on the traditions of the Imams (i.e. Hadith about twelve Imams)."
The Twelver Shias were a minority shia group, amongst the various Shia groups until Ismail I made conversion mandatory to the Twelver Shias, for Irans largely Sunni (Shafi) population.[139][140] [141][142][143][144][145]
Many Sunnis say that the Hadiths contain the words Ruler not Imam. Some say that the following Rulers are referred to in these Hadith:[146]
Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn al-Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib, Hasan ibn Ali
Who they regard as al-khulafa' ar-rashidun ("Rightly Guided Caliphs"). They argue that more will come later.
They argue that the different branches of the Shia have different numbers of Imams, apart from Ali ibn Abi Talib, Hasan ibn Ali they were not rulers.
Sufi view[edit]
| This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (April 2014) |
While there may be a difference of opinion amongst some Sunni scholars of the exact identity of the 'Twelve Successors', one cannot deny that some of the greatest Sufi scholars, the vast majority of whom were Sunni, are unanimous on the elect status of the 'Twelve Imams' of spirituality.
Indo-Pak Subcontinent
In the preface of his book 'The Ghadir Declaration', the well known Islamic scholar Professor Tahir-ul-Qadri quotes the following from Shah Wali Allah, one of the greatest Sunni scholars India ever produced:
“In this Ummah the first person to open the door of spiritual dominion is ‘Alī al-Murtadā. The secret of spiritual dominion of the leader permeated his progeny. Therefore, not a single saint is found in the Ummah who is not directly or indirectly indebted to the spiritual leadership of ‘Alī to attain spiritual leadership...Now in the Ummah anyone who is blessed with spiritual leadership by Allāh’s Messenger is indebted either to ‘Alī al-Murtadā or to the Chief Helper Abdul Qadir Jīlānī. No one can reach the status of wilāyah without this (indebted-ness)”. [147]
Another prominent Indian Sunni scholar, Shāh Ismā‘īl Dahlawī held the following view:
“Alī al-Murtadā has also an edge over Abū Bakr as-Siddīq and ‘Umar Fārūq and this edge lies because of the greater number of his followers and all the highest spiritual and saintly activity, from his days to the end of the world, has to be mediated through him, and he has a say in the kingdom of the kings and the leadership of the leaders and this is not hidden from those who are familiar with the world of sovereignty… Most spiritual chains are directly derived from ‘Alī al-Murtadā. So, on the Day of Judgment, ‘Alī’s army including followers of high status and great reputation, will outnumber and outshine others to be a source of wonder for all the spectators.”[148]
Finally, another Islamic scholar of India,Imam Rabbani Mujjadid Alf Thani Ahmad Sirhindi, a Master of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order, appropriately highlight the Sunni belief regarding the Twelve Imams in his Maktubaat:
“And there is another way close to the spiritual sovereignty and this is the way of the saints and the general friends of Allāh, and this way is marked by its characteristic passion and it carries the guarantee of mediation and the leader and chieftain of the saints of this way is ‘Alī al-Murtadā. And this grand office is reserved for him. On this way, the feet of the Holy Prophet are on ‘Alī’s head and Fatima and Hasan and Husayn are included with him. I believe that he enjoyed this position even before his physical birth, as he did after it, and whosoever has received the divine blessing and guidance, has received it through him, because he is closest to the last point on this way and the centre of this spot belongs to him. And when his period ended, the grand office passed on to Hasan and Husayn and then on to each one of the Twelve Imams, individually and elaborately. And whosoever received guidance in their life and after their death, received it through these saints. And the refuge and place of shelter of the saints of high ranks are these saints, (because they are the centre of all spiritual activity) and the sides tend to converge on the centre” (Maktubat al-Rabbani, 9:173#123).[149]
Links to the Bible[edit]
Various Muslim authors link the 'Hadith of the Twelve Successors' to verses in the Biblical Book of Genesis, which relates God speaking to Abraham:
- Abraham fell facedown; he laughed and said to himself, "Will a son be born to a man a hundred years old? Will Sarah bear a child at the age of ninety?" And Abraham said to God, "If only Ishmael might live under your blessing!"
- Then God said, "Yes, but your wife Sarah will bear you a son, and you will call him Isaac. I will establish my covenant with him as an everlasting covenant for his descendants after him. And as for Ishmael, I have heard you: I will surely bless him; I will make him fruitful and will greatly increase his numbers. He will be the father of twelve rulers, and I will make him into a great nation. But my covenant I will establish with Isaac, whom Sarah will bear to you by this time next year." Genesis 17:17-21
The twelve rulers are commonly understood to refer to the twelve sons of Ishmael:
- These are the names of the sons of Ishmael, listed in the order of their birth: Nebaioth the firstborn of Ishmael, Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam, Mishma, Dumah, Massa, Hadad, Tema, Jetur, Naphish and Kedemah. These were the sons of Ishmael, and these are the names of the twelve tribal rulers according to their settlements and camps. Genesis 25:13-16
Some Muslims reject this identification, identifying Gen. 25:17-20 as a direct quotation of God and Gen. 25:13-16 as the fallible narration of a human author. Further, they argue that 25:16 contains the specifier "tribal" not contained in 17:20, "twelve rulers".
The Shi'a draw a further distinction, arguing that God is not in interested in secular power and refers to the religious authority of prophets or Imams when using the words "rulers" or "kings". According to this argument, the Biblical authors refer to kings or others with secular power when using the same words. Proponents of this view identify the words "great nation" with the Muslim community and not with kingdom. Note however that Twelver Shias consider the Imams not only as religious leaders but also as princes and the rulers.[150]
Muslims identify the "twelve rulers" mentioned in Genesis with the Twelve Successors of the Hadith. For instance, the 14th century Sunni scholar Ibn Kathir stated:[151]
- We see the following prophecy in the Taurat which is in the hands of the Jews and the Christians: "Indeed Allah, the Exalted, has given Ibrahim (a.s.) the glad tidings of Isma'il, and he has bestowed a favour and multiplied it and placed in his progeny twelve mighty (personalities)." ...
- Ibn Taymiyya said: "And these are the same, regarding whom the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) has given the glad tidings in the tradition of Jabir ibn Samurah and stated their number; indeed this is with regard to the Imams and the Hour will not come till they last."[152]
Since these successors, whether Caliph or Imam, originate from the tribe of the Quraish, from which Muhammad sprang, they are considered descendants of Ishmael.
A quote from the Shia Imam Muhammad al-Baqir refers to Abraham's prayer narrated above:
- "We are the remnant of progeny. And that was the prayer of Ibrahim (a.s.) regarding us." [153]
Several sources also link the Hadith of the Twelve Successors to Twelve tribes of Israel with the words
- "Twelve Caliphs, (like) the number of the Chiefs of Bani Israel." [154]
A few sources also draw a link to Moses:
- "There will be Caliphs after me, whose number is like those of the companions of Musa."[155]
See also[edit]
- Ahl al-Bayt
- The Twelve Imams
- Mahdi
- Shia view on Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Hadith of Ghadir (the Pond) of Khumm
- Hadith of Position
- Hadith of the Two Weighty Things
- Hadith of the pen and paper
- Islam and veneration for Muhammad
- List of hadith
References[edit]
- ^ Sahih al-Muslim, Kitab al-Imaarah
- ^ Al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 285, Tr. No. 2068 and 2069
- ^ Kefaayah al-Asar, pg 51, Chap 6, Tr. No. 3
- ^ Bihar Al-Anwar, Vol. 36
- ^ Al-Taraaef, pg 168-172
- ^ Al-Khesaal, pg 469-473. Tr. No 12-30
- ^ Al-Umdah by Ibn Bitreeq
- ^ E'laam al-Waraa by Tabarsi
- ^ Sahih al-Muslim, Kitab al-Imaarah
- ^ Mukhtasar al-sahih al-Muslim by Tirmidhi, Tr. No. 1196
- ^ Musnad Ahmad, Vol. 5, pg 89
- ^ Musnad Abi Ya'laa, Vol. 13, pg 456, Tr. No. 23(7463)
- ^ al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 218. Tr. No. 1809 and Vol. 2, pg 216. Tr. No. 1801
- ^ Kanz al-Ummaal Vol. 12, pg 32, Tr. No. 33855
- ^ al-Ghaibah by No'mani, pg 120, part 6, Tr No. 9 and pg 119, Chap 6, Tr. no. 6
- ^ Bihar Al-Anwar Vol. 36, pg 281, Chap 41, Tr. No. 102
- ^ Musnad Tayalesi, Vol. 3, pg 105 Tr. No 767 and Vol. 6, pg 180 Tr. No 1278, published at Hyderabad, India in 1321 A.H
- ^ Al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 258, Tr. No. 1964
- ^ Al-Fetan, Vol. 1, pg 39, Chap 7, Tr. No. 2
- ^ Al-Malaahem wa al-Fetan pg 32, chap 29
- ^ Musnad Ahmad, Vol. 5, pg 93
- ^ Sunan Abi Dawood, Kitab al-Mahdi
- ^ Taarikh Baghdad, Vol. 12, pg 126, No. 516
- ^ Al-Bidaaya wa al-Nihaayah, Vol. 1, pg 18
- ^ Al-Mojam Al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 214, Tr. No. 1792 and 1793
- ^ Musnad Ahmad, Vol. 5, pg 86
- ^ al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 218, Tr. No. 1808
- ^ Lawaame' al-Uqool, Vol. 5, pg 150
- ^ al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 215, Tr. No. 1798
- ^ Sahih Bukhari, Book 89, Hadith #329
- ^ Sahih Muslim, Book 20 Hadith #4477
- ^ Sahih Muslim, Book 20 Hadith #4478
- ^ Sahih Muslim, Sahih Muslim, Book 20 Hadith #4480
- ^ Sahih Muslim, Book #020 Hadith #4481
- ^ Sahih Muslim, Book #020 Hadith #4482
- ^ Sahih Muslim, Book #020, Hadith #4483
- ^ Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Vol. 5 Pg. 106
- ^ Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Vol. 5 Pg. 87
- ^ Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Vol. 1 Pg. 398
- ^ Sunan Abu Dawoud, Book 36 Number 4266
- ^ Sunan al-Tirmidhi (Arabic) Chapter of Fitan, 2:45 (India) 4:501 Tradition #2225 (Egypt) Hadith #2149 (numbering of al-'Alamiyyah)
- ^ Musnad Ahmad, Vol. 5, pg 92
- ^ Kanz al-Ummaal, Vol. 12, pg 33, Tr. no 33860 narrating from Tabraani and Tr. No. 33803, narrating from Tirmidhi
- ^ Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Kitab al-Fetan, Chap 46, Tr. No. 2223
- ^ Tarikh Baghdad Vol. 14, pg 353, No. 7673
- ^ Al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 236. Tr. No. 1875 and pg 248, tr. No. 1923 and pg 251, Tr. No 1936 and pg. 283 Tr. No. 2063 and Vol. 2, pg 215, Tr. No 1799.
- ^ Al-Ghaibah of No'mani, pg 123 chap 6, Tr. No 14, and pg 120, Chap 6, Tr. No. 8
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- ^ Nihaayah al-bidaayah wa al-Nihaayah Vol. 1, pg 17
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- ^ Al-Mawaddah al-Qurbah, pg 215
- ^ Kashf al-Yaqeen, chap 2, pg 71
- ^ Al-Ghaibah by No'maani pg 120, Chap 6, Tr. No. 8
- ^ Kifaayah al-Asar, pg 27, Chap 2, Tr. No 5 and pg 76, Chap 8, Tr. no. 6 and pg 77, Chap 8, Tr. No. 7 and pg 78, Chap 8, Tr. No. 9
- ^ Behaar al-Anwwar, Vol. 36, chap 41, pg 282, Tr. No 103 and Vol. 36, Chap 41, pg 255, Tr. No. 72 and Vol. 36, pg 311, Chap 41, Tr. No. 153-156
- ^ Al-Insaaf, Tr. No. 129 and pg 292, Tr. No. 264 and Tr. No. 127
- ^ Kamaal al-Deen, Vol. 1, pg 279, Chap 24, Tr. No. 26
- ^ Musnad Ahmad, Vol. 5, pg 93, 96, 98
- ^ Al-Ghaibah by No'maani, pg 116, chap 6, Tr. No. 17
- ^ Sahih Muslim, Kitaab al-Imaarah
- ^ Kanz al-Ummaal, Vol. 12, pg 32, Tr. No. 33850
- ^ Al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 213, Tr. No 1791 and Vol. 2, pg 214, Tr. No 1795
- ^ Tarikh al-Khulafaa, The chapter of the duration of the Caliphs, pg 7
- ^ Musnad Ahmad, Vol. 5, pg 97
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- ^ Musnad Ahmad, Vol. 5, pg 107
- ^ Musnad Ahmad, Vol. 5, pg. 97
- ^ Sahih al-Muslim, Kitab al-Imaarah
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- ^ al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 214. Tr. No. 1794
- ^ al-mo'jam al-Awsat, Vol. 3, pg 437, Tr. No. 2943
- ^ Kanz al-Ummaal Vol. 12, pg 33, Tr. No. 33858
- ^ al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 215. Tr. No. 1796
- ^ Kanz al-Ummaal Vol. 12, pg 33, Tr. No. 33852
- ^ Lawaame al-Uqool, Vol. 5, pg 151
- ^ al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2 Pg. 238. No. 1883
- ^ al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 215. Tr. No. 1797 and Vol. 2, pg 226, Tr. No. 1841
- ^ Kanz al-Ummaal Vol. 12, pg 33, Tr. No. 33853
- ^ Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, Kitaab-o-Ma'refat al-Sahaabaa, Vol. 3, pg 317-617
- ^ al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 282. Tr. No. 2059
- ^ Kanz al-Ummaal Vol. 12, pg 32, Tr. No. 33848
- ^ al-Bidaaya wa al-Nihaaya, Vol. 1, pg 17
- ^ al-Ghaibah of No'maani, pg 119, Chap 6, Tr No. 7
- ^ al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, pg 286. Tr. No. 2073
- ^ Majmaa az-Zawaaed, Vol. 5, pg 191, Chapter, 'The Caliphs are Twelve'. The author of Muntakhab al Asar says, "Tabraani in his al-Mo'jam al-Kabeer, Vol. 2, has brought this tradition of Jaabir from thirty-seven chain of narrators. It is clear that Jaabir has heard the tradition concerning the twelve caliphs on more than one occasion from the Messenger of Allah like the eve of the stoning of Al-Aslami, in the last pilgrimage at Arafaah, when he went to the Prophet along with his father and when he heard the Prophet delivering a sermon in the mosque.
- ^ Kamaal al-Deen, Vol. 1, pg 272, Chap 24, Tr. No 21
- ^ Musnad Ahmad, Vol. 1, pg 398
- ^ Kanz al-Ummaal, Vol. 12, pg 33, Tr. no. 33857
- ^ Muntakhab Kanz al-Ummaal, Vol. 5, pg 312
- ^ Taarikh al-Khulafaa, pg 7
- ^ Majma al-Zawaaed, Vol. 5, pg 190 (The Chapter of Twelve)
- ^ Al-Mataaleb al-Aaliyah, Vol. 2, pg 196. Tr. No. 2040-2041
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- ^ Mutashaabehaat al-Quran Vol. 2, pg 53
- ^ Yanaabi al-Mawaddah, pg 258
- ^ Mustadrak al-Sahihain, Vol. 4, pg 501
- ^ Musnad Abi Ya'laa, Vol. 8, pg 444, Tr. no 65 (5031), Vol. 9, pg 222, Tr. no 356 (5322)
- ^ Mutazab al-Asar pg 3, Tr. No. 1
- ^ Isbaat al-Hudaat (by Shaikh Hurr al-Aameli), Vol. 3, pg 196
- ^ Al-Ghaibah of No'maani, pg 118, Tr. No 5
- ^ Kefaayah al-Asar, pg 23, Chap 2, Tr. No. 2 and pg 25, Chap 2, Tr. No. 3
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- ^ Al-Malaahem by Ibn Al-Munaadi, pg 113
- ^ Mustadrak Alaa al-Sahihain, Vol. 3, pg 618
- ^ Kanz al-Ummaal, Vol. 12, pg 33, Tr. No. 33849
- ^ Majma al-Zawaaed, Vol. 5, pg 190
- ^ Al-Intinsaar fi Naas Al-Aimmah al-Athaar, pg 25
- ^ Akhbaar Isbahaan Vol. 2, pg 176 The Chapter of Meem
- ^ Kanz al-Ummaal, Vol. 12, pg 34, Tr. No. 3386
- ^ Kash al-Astaar, part 1, pg 99 narrating from al-Ebaanah
- ^ E'laam al-Waraa pg 384
- ^ Muqtazab al-Asar, pg 3-4
- ^ Manaaqeb of ibn Shar Aashob, Vol. 1, pg 290
- ^ Bihar Al-Anwar Vol. 36, pg 267, Chap 41, Tr. No. 87
- ^ Al-Insaaf, pg 361
- ^ Al-Juwayni, Fara’id al-Simtayn, Mu’assassat al-Mahmudi li-Taba’ah, Beirut 1978, p. 160
- ^ Fara'id al Simtain, volume 2, page 132
- ^ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 21
- ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 11
- ^ Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O edited by Tony Jacques
- ^ Lane-Poole 2004, pp. 12–13
- ^ Bosworth 2004, pp. 6–7
- ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 7
- ^ Houtsma & Wensinck 1993, p. 3
- ^ Lane-Poole 2004, p. 47
- ^ Bosworth 2004, p. 39
- ^ Crisis and Consilidation, Pg.. 99-100, Hossein Modarressi, 1993, Darwin Pres
- ^ Kefayat Alathar fi Nass Ala Aemmate Ethna Ashar, By fourth century author, Ali Ibn Muhammad Alkhazzaz Alrazi (Alghomi), p. 23: "باب (ما جاء عن عبد الله بن مسعود عن النبي صلى الله) (عليه وآله وسلم في النصوص على الائمة الاثنى عشر) اخبرنا أبو المفضل محمد بن عبد الله الشيباني رحمه الله، قال حدثنا أبو علي (1) محمد بن زهير بن الفضل الابلي (2)، قال حدثنا أبو الحسين عمر (3) بن الحسين بن علي بن رستم، قال حدثني ابراهيم ابن يسار الرمادي (4)، قال حدثني سفيان بن عتبة (5)، عن عطا بن السائب (6)، عن ابيه، عن عبد الله بن مسعود قال: سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم يقول: الائمة بعدي اثنا عشر، تسعة من صلب الحسين والتاسع مهديهم. حدثنا محمد بن علي رضي الله عنه، قال حدثنا أبو علي"
- ^ Encyclopedia of Imam Ali, by Mohammad Reyshahri. Farsi link to the book
- ^ Ibn Hanbal’s Musnad, vol. 5, 356, Matba‘ah al-Maymaniyyah
- ^ Ahmad bin Hanbal, al-Musnad, annotated by Ahmad Muhammad Shākir in 15 volumes, Dār al-Ma‘ārif, Cairo, 1949-1958, hadith no. 883
- ^ Goldziher, Ignaz. Introduction to Islamic theology and law. p. 200.
- ^ Akhter, Shamim. Faith & Philosophy of Islam. p. 176.
- ^ Henry Corbin. History of Islamic Philosophy. Pages 69-70
- ^ The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security edited by Chris Seiple, Dennis R. Hoover, Pauletta Otis Page 60 [1]
- ^ Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition By Vincent J. Cornell Page 223
- ^ "Ismail Safavi" Encyclopædia Iranica
- ^ The Kurds: A Concise Handbook By Mehrdad R. Izady Page 135
- ^ 'i Islam in Iranian Cinema: Religion and Spirituality in Film By Nacim Pak-Shiraz Page 23
- ^ The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6 edited by Peter Jackson, Lawrence Lockhart Page 618
- ^ Commissar and Mullah: Soviet-Muslim Policy from 1917 To 1924 By Glenn Roberts Page 153
- ^ Islamic architecture: form, function and meaning Robert Hillenbrand Page 152
- ^ Half the world: the social architecture of Safavid Isfahan, 1590-1722 By Stephen P. Blake - Page 17
- ^ [2]
- ^ http://www.minhajbooks.com/english/control/btext/cid/2/bid/248/btid/758/read/txt/Preface.html
- ^ http://www.minhajbooks.com/english/control/btext/cid/2/bid/248/btid/758/read/txt/Preface.html
- ^ http://www.minhajbooks.com/english/control/btext/cid/2/bid/248/btid/758/read/txt/Preface.html
- ^ Muhammad in the Bible
- ^ Tarikh ibn Kathir, volume 6, p. 249-250
- ^ Tarikh ibn Kathir 250
- ^ Twelve Successors
- ^ Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal v1 p398 and p406; Mustadrak al-Hakim, 4:501; Al-Dhahabi, Talkhis al-Mustadrak 4:501. I; Ibn Hajar Asqalani, Fath al-Bari 16:339; #Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami, Majma al-Zawa'id 5:190; Ibn Hajar Al-Haythami, Al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqa, vol 12; Suyuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa, Vol 10; Jami' al-Saghir 1:75; Kanz al-Ummal, 13:27
- ^ Tarikh ibn Kathir, 6:248; Kanz al-Ummal, 13:27; Al-Haskani, Shawahid al-Tanzil, 1:455, Tradition No. 626.