Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup K2b1
Possible time of origin	30,000-40,000
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia; Oceania.
Ancestor	K2b (P331)
Descendants	S (K2b1a) and M (K2b1b)
Defining mutations	P397, P399

Haplogroup K2b1, known sometimes as haplogroup MS, is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230).

It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians. It is also carried by Negrito and Melanesian minorities in The Philippines as well as Indonesia.

Structure

Main article: Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K

K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.

Its only primary branches are the major haplogroups S (B254), also known as K2b1a (and previously known as Haplogroup S1 or K2b1a4) and M (P256), also known as K2b1b (previously K2b1d).

Distribution

K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia (especially the island of New Guinea) and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta of the Philippines. The vast majority of living males carrying K2b1 are members of downstream subclades within the major haplogroups M (also known as K2b1b) and S (K2b1a).

Studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that, before contact with Europeans, about 29% of Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander males belonged to downstream subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308), and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders. (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)

Population	K2b1 (including Haplogroups M & S) as a %
Papua New Guinea	82.76%
New Zealand	03.82% (i.e. 1.95% of the 51% Maori males with indigenous Y-DNA)
Fiji	60.75%
Solomon Islands	71.9%
French Polynesia	08.00%
Vanuatu	76.5%
Guam	33.3% (small sample size)
Samoa	08.04%
Kiribati	0% (small sample size)
Tonga	20.69%
Micronesia FDR	66.67%
Marshall Islands	63.64%
Palau	61.5% small sample size
Cook Islands	03.9%
Wallis and Futuna	26%
Tuvalu	36%
Nauru	28.6% (small sample size)
Niue	0% (small sample size)
Tokelau	50% (small sample size)
Hawaii	20% (small sample size from FTDNA)
Aboriginal Australians	29% (657 samples; 56% assumed to be non-indigenous)
Timor	25%
Aeta	60%
Filipinos	04.00% (samples includes a diverse number of minority Filipino ethno-linguistic groups and ethnic minorities.)
Malaysia	02.40% ( small sample size )
Flores	35% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Sulawesi	11.3% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Eastern Indonesia (Wallacea)	25.9% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Java	0%
Bali	0.9%
Sumatra	0%
Borneo (Indonesia)	05.80% ( samples includes diverse ethnic minorities )
West Papua	52.6%
Papua Province	82.6%
Sumba	25.2%
Chuukkese people (Micronesia)	76.5%
Pohnpeian people (Micronesia)	70% (small sample size)