Haratin
Haratin (also transliterated Haratins, Harratins or Haratine, etc, singular Hartani) is a name for black oasis-dwellers in north western Africa. It is an exonym (a name not used by that people) with negative connotatians. The word has an unknown origin and is applied mainly in Mauritania, southern Morocco, Western Sahara, Algeria, Senegal and Mali to largely sedentary oasis-dwelling black populations speaking either Berber or Arabic. Certain local traditions, ambiguously supported by scholarship, hold that some populations called Haratine are indigenous black populations that became Berberised. Other populations appear to be descendants of sub-Saharan African populations brought north as slaves.
The name itself is of obscure origin and has been variously traced to Arabic roots meaning cultivator and Berber roots meaning "dark skinned".
Haratin in Mauritania and Western Sahara
In Mauritania and Western Sahara the Haratin form one of the largest ethnic groups and account for as much as 40% of the population, and are sometimes referred to as "Black Moors". The Haratin have a Berber or Arab background unlike the black populations in southern Mauritania called Wolof and Fula. In Mauritania and Western Sahara Haratin are descendants of a sedentary population amidst a dominant class of former nomads. Discrimination against Haratin is a widespread phenomenon. Although the Mauretanian government has issued emancipation declarations, discrimination against, and enslavement of Haratin is still widespread . [1]
Haratin in Morocco
In Morocco, the word Haratin tends to be applied to the dark-skinned agriculturalists of the southern oases, who largely identify as Chleuh Berbers, although some native Arabic speakers also exist. In some Moroccan oral history traditions, the Haratin of the south eastern oases were the 'original' inhabitants[2]. The term is used separately from that of Gnawa, which tends to refer to a clearly former sub-Saharan slaves and to a somewhat distinct cultural and religious movement composed of Sufi turuq (orders or brotherhoods) and music groups that has began to include different ethnicities. As Moroccan society has modernised and urbanised, the categories have broken down with inter-marriage and rural to urban migration.
References
- ^ http://www.afrol.com/articles/17518 : "The practice of slavery in Mauritania is most dominant within the traditional upper class of the Moors. For centuries, the so-called Haratin lower class, mostly poor black Africans living in rural areas, have been considered natural slaves by these Moors. Social attitudes have changed among most urban Moors, but in rural areas, the ancient divide is still very alive. There have been many attempts to assess the real extension of slavery in modern Mauritania, but these have mostly been frustrated by the Nouakchott government's official stance that the practice has been eliminated. In 1994, Amnesty International claimed that 90,000 Blacks still live as "property" of their master. The further estimated that some 300,000 freed slaves continued to serve their former masters because of psychological or economic dependence."
- ^ "They claim precedence as the valley’s first inhabitants and say that the whites, originally nomads, came later to abuse their hospitality and treat them as slaves." - EnNaji, 1998.
Literature
- Hsain Ilahiane, The Power of the Dagger, the Seeds of the Koran, and the Sweat of the Ploughman: Ethnic Stratification and Agricultural Intensification in the Ziz Valley, Southeast Morocco 107 n.7 (1998) (unpublished dissertation, Univ. of Arizona)
- Chouki El Hamel, "‘Race,’ Slavery and Islam in the Maghribi Mediterranean Thought: The Question of the Haratin in Morocco", 7 Journal North African Studies 29, 38 (Autumn 2002).
- Aziz Abdalla Batrán, "The 'Ulamá of Fas, Mulay Isma'il, and the Issue of the Haratin of Fas," in John Ralph Willis, ed., Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa, vol.i, Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement, 125-59, London: Frank Cass, 1985.
- Remco Ensel, Saints and Servants in Southern Morocco (Leiden: Brill, 1999).
- J O Hunwick "Black Slaves in the Mediterranean World: introduction to a Neglected Aspect of the African Diaspora" Journal of African History
- Mohammed EnNaji, Serving The Master: Slavery & Society in Nineteenth-Century Morocco p. 62 (Seth Graebner trans., St. Martin’s Press 1998).
- AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, 7 November 2002, MAURITANIA, A future free from slavery? The formal abolition of slavery in 1981 has not led to real and effective abolition for various reasons, including a lack of legislation to ensure its implementation.