Historic states represented in Turkish presidential seal

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Presidential Seal of Turkey

16 Great Turkic Empires[1][2][3] (Turkish: 16 Büyük Türk Devleti) is a discourse of Turkic history that was created in 1969 to explain the meaning of 16 stars of the presidential seal of Turkey.[1]

The concept was proposed in 1969 by Akib Özbek.[4] [5] It was inaugurated in 1985 for what is still the presidential seal of today.[1] Each star symbolizes a "historic Turkic empire" according to the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey.[5] Before this thesis was asserted, the 16 stars of the presidential Seal of Turkey was explained as "16 Turkic beyliks".[6] (Beyliks were Turkish principalities emerged between the 13th-15th centuries, after the fall of Seljuks)

The list[edit]

Flags of the Sixteen Great Turkish Empires displayed in Istanbul Military Museum

The names of 16 "Great Turkic Empires" are listed below.

Flag Turkish name[7] English translation[8] Founder [note 1] Article Dates[note 2]
Great Hunnic Empire flag.jpg Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Great Hunnic Empire Touman Xiongnu 220 BC-46 BC
Western Hunnic Empire flag.jpg Batı Hun İmparatorluğu Western Hunnic Empire Panu (possibly Southern Xiongnu) 48-216
Hunnic Empire flag.jpg Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu European Hunnic Empire Balamber Hunnic Empire 375-469
White Hunnic Empire Hepthalite flag.jpg Akhun İmparatorluğu White Hunnic Empire Khingila Hephthalite 390-577
Göktürk Empire flag.png Göktürk İmparatorluğu Göktürk Empire Bumin Khan Turkic Khaganate 552-745
Avar Empire flag.png Avar İmparatorluğu Avar Empire Bayan I Avar Khaganate 565-835
Khazar Empire flag.png Hazar İmparatorluğu Khazar Empire Ziebel Khazar Khaganate 651-983
Uyghur Empire flag.jpg Uygur Devleti Uighur State Kutluk Bilge Köl Uyghur Khaganate 745-1369
Qaraxanlı bayrağı.jpg Karahanlılar Karahanids Bilge Kul Qadir-Khan Kara-Khanid Khanate 840-1212
Old Ghaznavid Flag.png Gazneliler Gaznavids Alp Tekin Ghaznavids 962-1186
Seljuqs Eagle.svg Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Great Seljukid Empire Selçuk Bey Great Seljuq Empire 1040–1157
Flag of the Khwarezmian Empire.png Harzemşahlar Harzemshahs Muhammad I of Khwarazm Khwarazmian dynasty 1097–1231
Golden Horde flag 1339.svg Altınordu Devleti Golden Horde State Batu Khan Golden Horde 1236–1502
Timurid.svg Büyük Timur İmparatorluğu Great Timur Empire Timur Timurid Empire 1368–1501
Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg Babür İmparatorluğu Babür Empire Babur Mughal Empire 1526-1858
Fictitious Ottoman flag 2.svg Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Ottoman Empire Osman I Ottoman Empire 1299-1922

Presidential Palace representation[edit]

Erdoğan with 16 Turkic empire warriors, Turkish presidential complex

The armors and war clothes of 16 countries are represented in Presidential Palace by the troops of guardsmen during official visits. The first representation were during Mahmoud Abbas's Turkey visit in January 2015. [9]

Criticism[edit]

Further linguistic and social/historical evidence is needed in order to properly list some of these states as Turkic states. Turkish nationalist writer, novelist, poet and philosopher, Hüseyin Nihâl Atsız, supporter of the pan-Turkist or Turanism ideology, had noted that while some states with questionable Turkic identity were included in the list, some ostensibly Turkic states (such as Akkoyunlu) were left out, and labeled the list a "fabrication."[10]

See also[edit]

References and notes[edit]

Notes
  1. ^ In ancient states the name of the founder is not always evident. The name of the earliest monarch cited in Wikipedia is shown.
  2. ^ Dates are as shown in the original document
References
  1. ^ a b c Central Eurasian Studies Review, Vol. 3, Central Eurasian Studies Society, 2004, p. 23
  2. ^ H. Feridun Demokan, Contemporary Turkey: Geography, History, Economy, Art, Tourism, Demokan, 1978, p. 4.
  3. ^ Necdet Evliyagil, Sami Güner, Basın-Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü, Ajans-Türk, Türkiye: Cumhuriyetin 50. Yıl Kitabı, Ajans-Türk Matbaacılık Sanayii, 1973.
  4. ^ Haber yayınları (Nihal Atsız's essay)
  5. ^ a b Official website of the presidency
  6. ^ X. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1994, p. 2947. (Turkish))
  7. ^ Official website of the presidency (Turkish)
  8. ^ "The Meaning of the Sun and the Stars in the Flag of Office" in the official website of the presidency (in English)
  9. ^ "Spear-carriers and chainmail warriors: Erdogan's palace welcome". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 14 January 2015. 
  10. ^ On line history newpaper ((Turkish)) Nihal Atsız (Turkish)

External links[edit]

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