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History of Toyota

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Toyota founder Kiichiro Toyoda
Toyota Logo EU
Replica of the Toyota Model AA, the first production model of Toyota in 1936

The history of Toyota started in 1933 with the company being a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works devoted to the production of cars under the direction of the founder's son, Kiichiro Toyoda.[1] Kiichiro Toyoda had traveled to Europe and the United States in 1929 to investigate automobile production and had begun researching gasoline-powered engines in 1930. Toyoda Automatic Loom Works was encouraged to develop automobile production by the Japanese government, which needed domestic vehicle production, due to the war with China.[2] Kiichiro Toyoda seized this opportunity to establish the Automotive Production Division on September 1, 1933, and began preparing to build prototype vehicles. In 1934, the division produced its first Type A Engine, which was used in the first Model A1 passenger car in May 1935 and the G1 truck in August 1935. Production of the Model AA passenger car started in 1936. Early vehicles bear a striking resemblance to the Dodge Power Wagon and 1930's Chevrolet, with some parts actually interchanging with their American originals.[2]

Although the Toyota Group is best known today for its cars, it is still in the textile business and still makes automatic looms, which are now computerized, and electric sewing machines which are available worldwide.

Beginning

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See also: Toyota § History

Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent and separate company in 1937. Although the founding family's name was written in the Kanji "豊田" (rendered as "Toyoda"), the company name was changed to a similar word in katakana - トヨタ (rendered as "Toyota") because the latter has 8 strokes which is regarded as a lucky number in East Asian culture.[3] Since Kanji are essentially Chinese characters, in Chinese speaking markets, the company and its vehicles are still referred to by the original Kanji name (simplified Chinese: 丰田; traditional Chinese: 豐田; pinyin: fēng tián), but with Chinese pronunciation.

With the Japanese economy modernizing and expanding during the 1930s, both Ford and GM had built factories in Japan where vehicles were imported from America in knock down kits and assembled locally. The Ford Yokohama facility started in March 1925 and GM built a factory at Osaka starting in April 1927. By 1929, both Ford and GM controlled most of the Japanese automobile market, producing 28,000 vehicles in 1929. During development of the company's first car, the Toyota AA, the company purchased locally manufactured GM and Ford products, reverse engineered them, and hired engineers who had previously worked at the Japanese Ford and GM factories in developing Toyota products.[4]

World War II

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During the Pacific War (World War II) the company was dedicated to truck production for the Imperial Japanese Army.[5][6] Because of severe shortages in Japan, military trucks were kept as simple as possible. For example, the trucks had only one headlight in the center of the hood. The war ended shortly before a scheduled Allied bombing run on the Toyota factories in Aichi.

Postwar growth

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1947 Toyopet Model SA

After World War II, Japan experienced extreme economic difficulty. Commercial passenger car production started in 1947 with the model SA. The company was on the brink of bankruptcy by the end of 1949, but the company eventually obtained a loan from a consortium of banks which stipulated an independent sales operation and elimination of "excess manpower".[7]

1957 Toyopet Crown

In June 1950, the company produced only 300 trucks and was on the verge of going out of business. The management announced layoffs and wage reductions, and in response the union went on a strike that lasted two months. The strike was resolved by an agreement that included layoffs and pay reductions but also the resignation of the president at the time, Kiichiro Toyoda. Toyoda was succeeded by Taizo Ishida, who was the chief executive of the Toyoda Automatic Loom company.[7] The first few months of the Korean War resulted in an order of over 5,000 vehicles from the US military, and the company was revived. Ishida was credited for his focus on investment in equipment. One example was the construction of the Motomachi Plant in 1959, which gave Toyota a decisive lead over Nissan during the 1960s.[7]

In 1950, a separate sales company, Toyota Motor Sales Co., was established (which lasted until July 1982). In April 1956, the Toyopet dealer chain was established. In 1957, the Crown became the first Japanese car to be exported to the United States and Toyota's American and Brazilian divisions, Toyota Motor Sales Inc. and Toyota do Brasil S.A., were also established.

Exporting vehicles to the United States meant that for the first time, the company had to confront how its name sounded to native speakers of the English language; namely, "Toyota" has the English word "toy" in its first syllable. Toyota Motor Sales, USA's first sales administrator James F. McGraw bluntly told his new Japanese supervisors after joining the company in 1959: "'Toy' sounds like a toy and toys break".[8] At the time, "yota" and "yoda" did not have any significant semantic meaning in English. That changed in 1980 when Lucasfilm released The Empire Strikes Back, in which there was a character called Yoda. The inevitable result was a 2001 practical joke in which a Florida woman expecting a Toyota as a prize from her employer got a "toy Yoda", resulting in academic commentary on word boundary confusion[9] and the law of practical jokes.[10]

Global presence

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Toyota began to expand in the 1960s with a new research and development facility, a presence in Thailand was established, the 10 millionth model was produced, a Deming Prize, and partnerships with Hino Motors and Daihatsu were also established. The first Toyota built outside Japan was in November 12, 1962, in São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.[11] By the end of the decade, Toyota had established a worldwide presence, as the company had exported its one-millionth unit.

The first Japanese vehicles to arrive in the American continents were five Land Cruisers in El Salvador in May 1953.[12] The first Toyotas sent to Canada were a shipment of 115 Crowns sent in February 1965.[13]

The first Toyotas sent to Europe were two Toyopet Tiaras sent to Finland for evaluation in June 1962, but no sales followed, although the importer introduced the cars to the press in October the same year.[14][15] The first European importer was Erla Auto Import A/S of Denmark, who brought in 400 Crowns following a May 1963 agreement to become the distributor for Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The Netherlands followed in May 1964, and after having established toeholds in countries with little or no indigenous automobile production other markets followed in 1966. In 1968 Toyota established its first European CKD assembler, Salvador Caetano I.M.V.T. of Portugal.[14]

2008–2012

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With high fuel prices and a weak US economy in mid-2008, Toyota reported a double-digit decline in sales for the month of June, similar to figures reported by the Detroit Big Three. For Toyota, these were attributed mainly to slow sales of its Tundra pickup, as well as shortages of its fuel-efficient vehicles such as the Prius, Corolla and Yaris. In response, the company announced plans to idle its truck plants, while shifting production at other facilities to manufacture in-demand vehicles.[16][17][18][19]

In January 2010, Toyota suspended sales of eight recalled vehicle models to fix accelerator pedals with mechanical problems that could cause them to become stuck.[20] In December 2012, Toyota announced an agreement worth more than US$1 billion to settle a lawsuit involving unintended acceleration in some of its vehicles.[21]

References

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  1. ^ Toyota Company History from 1867 to 1939
  2. ^ a b Toyota corporate history/Toyoland
  3. ^ Pollack, Andrew (1995-08-11). "Toyota Names President Outside Founding Family". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
  4. ^ "Assembly Production by Ford and General Motors". 75 years of Toyota. Toyota. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  5. ^ Daito, Eisuke (March 2000). "Automation and the Organization of Production in the Japanese Automobile Industry: Nissan and Toyota in the 1950s". Enterprise & Society. 1 (1): 143. JSTOR 23699656. Moreover, during the war, Toyota manufactured standard-sized trucked almost exclusively for the army, which paid one-fifth of the price in advance and the balance in cash on delivery.
  6. ^ "Toyota Motor Corporation". Encyclopaedia Britannica. March 2024. During World War II the company suspended production of passenger cars and concentrated on trucks
  7. ^ a b c The Creators of Toyota's DNA
  8. ^ James, Wanda (2005). Driving from Japan: Japanese Cars in America (2007 reprint ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 44. ISBN 9781476612805.
  9. ^ Oaks, Dallin D. (2010). Structural Ambiguity in English: An Applied Grammatical Inventory. London: Continuum International. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4411-4137-8.
  10. ^ Rowley, Keith A. (2003). "You Asked for it, You Got it . . . Toy Yoda: Practical Jokes, Prizes, and Contract Law". Nevada Law Journal. 3 (3): 526–559.
  11. ^ Toyota's first production outside Japan at Toyota do Brasil (BR)
  12. ^ Beltrán, Jorge (2013-04-03). "50 Aniversario de TOYOTA en El Salvador" [50th Anniversary of Toyota in El Salvador]. elsalvador.com. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
  13. ^ "トヨタ自動車販売(株)『モータリゼーションとともに. 資料』(1970.11)" [Toyota Motor Sales Co., Ltd. "With Motorization" document (1970.11)]. Shibusawa Shashi Database (in Japanese). Shibusawa Eiichi Memorial Foundation. p. 100. Archived from the original on 2019-12-19.
  14. ^ a b "Item 4. Exports of Completely-built Vehicles". 75 years of Toyota: Vehicle Lineage. Toyota Motor Co. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
  15. ^ Toivonen, Rauno, ed. (1979-10-18). "Lyhyesti: Lähes 130 000 Toyotaa suomeen" [In Brief: Nearly 130,000 Toyotas to Finland]. Tekniikan Maailma (in Finnish). Vol. 35, no. 17/79. Helsinki: TM-Julkaisu. p. 143. ISSN 0355-4287.
  16. ^ Toyota sputters as market shifts
  17. ^ "Toyota Cuts Back on Trucks". Time. 2008-07-11. Archived from the original on July 14, 2008. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
  18. ^ Loyalty to Detroit 3 slipping away | Freep.com | Detroit Free Press
  19. ^ Vlasic, Bill; Bunkley, Nick (2008-07-11). "Toyota Scales Back Production of Big Vehicles". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
  20. ^ "Toyota Suspends Sales of 8 Recalled Vehicle Models". Fox News. Associated Press. 2010-01-26. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
  21. ^ Zalubowski, David (2012-12-26). "Toyota settlement in sudden-acceleration case will top $1 billion". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
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