# IBM Quantum Experience

The IBM Quantum Composer and the IBM Quantum Lab (previously known collectively as the IBM Quantum Experience) form an online platform allowing public and premium access to cloud-based quantum computing services provided by IBM Quantum. This includes access to a set of IBM's prototype quantum processors, a set of tutorials on quantum computation, and access to an interactive textbook. As of February 2021, there are over 20 devices on the service, six of which are freely available for the public. This service can be used to run algorithms and experiments, and explore tutorials and simulations around what might be possible with quantum computing.

IBM's quantum processors are made up of superconducting transmon qubits, located in dilution refrigerators at the IBM Research headquarters at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Users interact with a quantum processor through the quantum circuit model of computation. Circuits can be created either using graphically with the Quantum Composer, or programmatically within the Jupyter notebooks of the Quantum Lab. Circuits are created using Qiskit and can be compiled down to OpenQASM for execution on real quantum systems.

## History

• The service was launched in May 2016 as the IBM Quantum Experience[1] with a five-qubit quantum processor and matching simulator connected in a star shaped pattern. At this time, users could only interact with the hardware through the quantum composer GUI. Quantum circuits were also limited to the specific two-qubit gates available on the hardware.
• In July 2016, IBM launched the IBM Quantum Experience community forum. This was subsequently replaced by a Slack workspace.
• In January 2017, IBM made a number of additions to the IBM Quantum Experience,[2] including increasing the set of two-qubit interactions available on the five-qubit quantum processor, expanding the simulator to custom topologies up to twenty qubits, and allowing users to interact with the device and simulator using quantum assembly language code.
• In March 2017, IBM released Qiskit[3] to enable users to more easily write code and run experiments on the quantum processor and simulator. A user guide for beginners was also added.
• In May 2017, IBM made an additional 16-qubit processor available on the IBM Quantum service.[4]
• In January 2018, IBM launched a quantum awards program, which it hosted on the IBM Quantum Experience.[5]
• In May 2019 a large overhaul of the service was made, including the addition of web-hosted Jupyter notebooks and integration with the online and interactive Qiskit textbook.[6]
• After a redesign in March 2021, a greater distinction was made between the composer GUI and the Jupyter notebooks. The IBM Quantum Experience name was retired in favour of the separate names IBM Quantum Composer and IBM Quantum Lab.[7]

## IBM Quantum Composer

Screenshot showing the result of running a GHZ state experiment using the IBM Quantum Composer

The Quantum Composer is a graphic user interface (GUI) designed by IBM to allow users to construct various quantum algorithms or run other quantum experiments. Users may see the results of their quantum algorithms by either running it on a real quantum processor or by using a simulator. Algorithms developed in the Quantum Composer are referred to as a "quantum score", in reference to the Quantum Composer resembling a musical sheet.[8]

The composer can also be used in scripting mode, where the user can write programs in the OpenQASM-language instead. Below is an example of a very small program, built for IBMs 5-qubit computer. The program instructs the computer to generate a quantum state ${\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\left(|000\rangle +|111\rangle \right)}$, a 3-qubit GHZ state, which can be thought of as a variant of the Bell state, but with three qubits instead of two. It then measures the state, forcing it to collapse to one of the two possible outcomes, ${\displaystyle |000\rangle }$ or ${\displaystyle |111\rangle }$.

include "qelib1.inc"
qreg q[5];                // allocate 5 qubits (set automatically to |00000>)
creg c[5];                // allocate 5 classical bits

h q[0];                   // Hadamard-transform qubit 0
cx q[0], q[1];            // conditional pauli X-transform (ie. "CNOT") of qubits 0 and 1
// At this point we have a 2-qubit Bell state (|00> + |11>)/sqrt(2)

cx q[1], q[2];            // this expands entanglement to the 3rd qubit

measure q[0] -> c[0];     // this measurement collapses the entire 3-qubit state
measure q[1] -> c[1];     // therefore qubit 1 and 2 read the same value as qubit 0
measure q[2] -> c[2];


Every instruction in the QASM language is the application of a quantum gate, initialization of the chips registers to zero or measurement of these registers.

## Usage

• In 2018 IBM reported that there were over 80,000 users of the IBM Quantum Experience, who have collectively run over 3 million experiments.[9]
• University professors have integrated examples and experiments based on the IBM Quantum service into their educational curricula.[28]
• People have also used the IBM Quantum service for various non-academic purposes. One user has begun developing games using the IBM Quantum service,[31] including one titled "quantum battleships".[32]

## References

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16. ^ Huang, He-Liang; Zhao, You-Wei; Li, Tan; Li, Feng-Guang; Du, Yu-Tao; Fu, Xiang-Qun; Zhang, Shuo; Wang, Xiang; Bao, Wan-Su (9 December 2016). "Homomorphic Encryption Experiments on IBM's Cloud Quantum Computing Platform". Frontiers of Physics. 12 (1): 120305. arXiv:1612.02886. Bibcode:2017FrPhy..12l0305H. doi:10.1007/s11467-016-0643-9. S2CID 17770053.
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18. ^ Fedortchenko, Serguei (8 July 2016). "A quantum teleportation experiment for undergraduate students". arXiv:1607.02398 [quant-ph].
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20. ^ Li, Rui; Alvarez-Rodriguez, Unai; Lamata, Lucas; Solano, Enrique (23 November 2016). "Approximate Quantum Adders with Genetic Algorithms: An IBM Quantum Experience". Quantum Measurements and Quantum Metrology. 4 (1): 1–7. arXiv:1611.07851. Bibcode:2017QMQM....4....1L. doi:10.1515/qmetro-2017-0001. S2CID 108291239.
21. ^ Hebenstreit, M.; Alsina, D.; Latorre, J. I.; Kraus, B. (11 January 2017). "Compressed quantum computation using the IBM Quantum Experience". Phys. Rev. A. 95 (5): 052339. arXiv:1701.02970. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.95.052339. S2CID 118958024.
22. ^ Alsina, Daniel; Latorre, José Ignacio (11 July 2016). "Experimental test of Mermin inequalities on a five-qubit quantum computer". Physical Review A. 94 (1): 012314. arXiv:1605.04220. Bibcode:2016PhRvA..94a2314A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.012314. S2CID 119189277.
23. ^ Linke, Norbert M.; Maslov, Dmitri; Roetteler, Martin; Debnath, Shantanu; Figgatt, Caroline; Landsman, Kevin A.; Wright, Kenneth; Monroe, Christopher (28 March 2017). "Experimental comparison of two quantum computing architectures". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (13): 3305–3310. arXiv:1702.01852. doi:10.1073/pnas.1618020114. PMC 5380037. PMID 28325879.
24. ^ Devitt, Simon J. (29 September 2016). "Performing quantum computing experiments in the cloud". Physical Review A. 94 (3): 032329. arXiv:1605.05709. Bibcode:2016PhRvA..94c2329D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.94.032329. S2CID 119217150.
25. ^ Steiger, Damian; Haner, Thomas; Troyer, Matthias (2018). "ProjectQ: An Open Source Software Framework for Quantum Computing". Quantum. 2: 49. arXiv:1612.08091. doi:10.22331/q-2018-01-31-49. S2CID 6758479.
26. ^ Santos, Alan C. (2017). "O Computador Quântico da IBM e o IBM Quantum Experience". Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física. 39 (1). arXiv:1610.06980. doi:10.1590/1806-9126-RBEF-2016-0155.
27. ^ Caicedo-Ortiz, H. E.; Santiago-Cortés, E. (2017). "Construyendo compuertas cuánticas con IBM's cloud quantum computer" [Building quantum gates with IBM’s cloud quantum computer] (PDF). Journal de Ciencia e Ingeniería (in Spanish). 9: 42–56. doi:10.46571/JCI.2017.1.7.
28. ^ Sheldon, Sarah (10 June 2016). "Students try hand at cracking quantum code".
29. ^ Nay, Chris (26 July 2016). "Quantum Experiences: Q&A with Caltech's Christine Corbett Moran".
30. ^ Tosic, Tara (16 November 2018). "IBM Q in the Arctic: 76.4° North". IBM Research Blog.
31. ^ Wootton, James (12 March 2017). "Why we need to make quantum games".
32. ^ Wootton, James (7 March 2017). "Quantum Battleships: The first multiplayer game for a quantum computer".