Ida Lupino

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Ida Lupino
Ida Lupino publicity.jpg
Born (1918-02-04)4 February 1918
Herne Hill, London, England, United Kingdom[1]
Died 3 August 1995(1995-08-03) (aged 77)
Los Angeles, California, United States
Cause of death Stroke
Citizenship British
American[2]
Alma mater Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Occupation Actress, singer, director, producer
Years active 1931–1978
Spouse(s) Louis Hayward (m. 1938; div. 1945)
Collier Young (m. 1948; div. 1951)
Howard Duff (m. 1951; div. 1984)
Children Bridget Duff
Parent(s) Stanley Lupino
Connie Emerald
Relatives Lupino Lane (uncle)

Ida Lupino (4 February 1918[3] – 3 August 1995) was an Anglo-American film actress, singer, director and producer, a pioneer among women filmmakers. In her forty-eight-year career, she appeared in fifty-nine films and directed seven others, mostly in the United States, where she became a citizen in 1948. She co-wrote and co-produced some of her own films as well. She appeared in serial television programmes fifty-eight times and directed fifty other episodes. Additionally, she contributed as a writer to five films and four TV episodes.[4]

Early life and family[edit]

Lupino was born in Herne Hill, London,[1] to actress Connie O'Shea (also known as Connie Emerald) and music hall entertainer Stanley Lupino, a member of the theatrical Lupino family. Lupino's birth year is 1918 and not 1914 as some biographies have claimed.[3][5] Her sister, Rita (born 1920), became an actress and dancer.

During the Second World War, Ida Lupino served as a Lieutenant in the Women's Ambulance and Defence Corps.[6] After taking a hiatus from appearing in films, she composed music for a short time, even having her piece "Aladdin's Lamp" performed by the L.A. Philharmonic in 1937. She worked briefly in radio.[7] As a girl, Ida was encouraged to enter show business by both her parents and her uncle, Lupino Lane, an acrobatic film and stage comic and director. At the age of seven Lupino wrote and starred in the play Mademoiselle for a school production.[8] Ida Lupino's father, Stanley, was a top name in musical comedy in Britain and a member of a centuries old theatrical dynasty. His wife, Connie, was also from a theatrical family. He once told young Ida, 'You're a strange, interesting girl. Your mother and I, to be honest with you, prayed...we would have a son. I think you're going to end up doing what my son would have done. You will write, direct and produce." [9] At the age of ten, young Ida Lupino was displaying "a sophistication far beyond her years." (Donati, p. 13) Stanley Lupino was impressed by Ida's innate skill, and when his two daughters (Ida and Rita) asked him for a theatre rather than a doll house, Stanley built them the Tom Thumb Theatre which could seat fifty people. Her father influenced her greatly. Once when as a child she had stage fright he warned her that if she "ever let [her] fellow actors down, dry up a scene or fail to be a good trooper, deliberately or othewise, I shall disown you.[10] In Ms. Lupino's autobiography her co-author said, "One of the very last things Ida said, while looking at a picture of her father was, 'Stanley, I hope I made you proud.'" [11]

Career[edit]

Actress[edit]

Lupino in a promotional photo for Moontide, 1942

Lupino trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art for two terms and made her first film appearance in The Love Race (1931), the next year making Her First Affaire, a film her mother originally tested for.[7] She played leading roles in five British films in 1933 at Warner Bros.' Teddington studios and for Julius Hagen at Twickenham, including in The Ghost Camera with John Mills and I Lived with You with Ivor Novello. She moved to Hollywood at the end of that year for the opportunity to play the lead role in Alice in Wonderland (1933).[12]

Lupino starred in over a dozen films in the mid-1930s including Search for Beauty. This was an international film in which Paramount Studios conceived the idea of a competition amongst the English-speaking countries to select the most attractive male and female winners of those countries and a number of USA states. There was, for example a Mr and a Miss Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, England, Scotland etc. who travelled to Hollywood to have a part in the film. The version released in New Zealand, for example, would have the New Zealand winners in it, the Australian version would have the Australian winners and so on. She worked with Columbia in a two-film deal, one of which being The Light That Failed (1939), a role she had acquired after running into the director's office unannounced and demanding an audition.[7] After this performance, she began to be taken seriously as a dramatic actress. As a result, her parts improved during the 1940s, and she described herself as "the poor man's Bette Davis"[13] as she acquired the leftover roles that Bette Davis refused.[14]

Mark Hellinger, associate producer at Warner Bros., was particularly impressed by Lupino's performance in The Light That Failed, and hired her for a role in They Drive by Night (1940), which led to a Warner Bros. contract, which she negotiated to include some free-lance rights.[7] She starred opposite Humphrey Bogart in this film and in High Sierra (1941). She worked regularly and was in demand throughout the 1940s without becoming a major star until later. But she often incurred the ire of studio boss Jack Warner by objecting to her casting, refusing roles that she felt were "beneath her dignity as an actress," and making script revisions deemed unacceptable. As a result, she spent a great deal of her time at Warner Bros. suspended.[14] In 1942, she rejected an offer to star opposite Ronald Reagan in Kings Row and was immediately put on suspension at the studio. Eventually, a tentative rapprochement was brokered, but their relationship remained strained. For her performance in The Hard Way (1943), Lupino won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. She starred in Pillow to Post (1945), which would be her only comedic leading role in her film history.[7] After the drama Deep Valley (1947) finished shooting, neither Warner Bros. nor Lupino moved to renew her contract, and she left Warner Bros. in 1947.[15] She then moved to Columbia Pictures, where she appeared in films such as Road House (1948) and On Dangerous Ground (1951) before developing a directing career.[7]

Director and producer[edit]

Lupino (left) directing The Hitch-Hiker, 1953

In the mid-1940s, while on suspension for turning down a role,[16] Lupino became interested in directing. Her suspension allowed her time to observe the filming and editing processes, which would aid her in her directorial endeavours.[14] She described herself as being bored on set while "someone else seemed to be doing all the interesting work."

She and her husband Collier Young formed an independent company, The Filmakers [sic], and Lupino would go on to become the first studio actress to produce, direct and write low-budget, issue-oriented films.[17] Lupino initially claimed she "…did not set out to be a director,"[14] but it was a reality she had to face when her first directing job came unexpectedly in 1949. Director Elmer Clifton suffered a mild heart attack and could not finish Not Wanted, a film Lupino co-produced and co-wrote.[7] Lupino stepped in to finish the film but didn't take directorial credit out of respect for Clifton. Although the film's subject of out-of-wedlock pregnancy was controversial, the feature received a vast amount of publicity, and she was invited to discuss the film with Eleanor Roosevelt on a national radio program.[18]

Never Fear" (1949) would be the first film she would receive directorial credit for.[19] The Filmakers produced twelve feature films, six of which Lupino directed or co-directed, five of which she wrote or co-wrote, three of which she acted in, and one of which she co-produced.[18] Lupino once called herself a "bulldozer" to secure financing for her production company, and she referred to herself as "mother"—the quintessence of creation— while on set.[15]

In an article for the Village Voice, Carrie Rickey wrote that Lupino was a model of modern feminist filmmaking:

Not only did Lupino take control of production, direction and screenplay, but each of her movies addresses the brutal repercussions of sexuality, independence and dependence.[20]

After four films about social issues – including Outrage (1950), a film about rape – Lupino directed her first hard-paced, fast-moving film, The Hitch-Hiker (1953), making her the first woman to direct a film noir. Writer Richard Koszarski noted:

Her films display the obsessions and consistencies of a true auteur... In her films The Bigamist and The Hitch-Hiker Lupino was able to reduce the male to the same sort of dangerous, irrational force that women represented in most male-directed examples of Hollywood film noir.[21]

Lupino often joked that if she had been the "poor man's Bette Davis" as an actress, then she had become the "poor man's Don Siegel" as a director.[22] In 1952, Lupino was invited to become the "fourth star" in Four Star Productions by Dick Powell, David Niven and Charles Boyer, after Joel McCrea and Rosalind Russell had dropped out of the company.

Because she was a female director, her studio emphasised her femininity, often at the urging of Lupino herself. As one professor puts it "...Lupino's cinematic tenure can be understood as a varied and complex attempt to control both image and image reception." She even credited her refusal to renew her contract with Warner Bros. under the pretenses of her domesticity, claiming "I had decided that nothing lay ahead of me but the life of the neurotic star with no family and no home." She wanted to seem nonthreatening in a male dominated environment, which is made clear by a statement she made in which she says, "That's where being a man makes a great deal of difference. I don't suppose the men particularly care about leaving their wives and children. During the vacation period the wife can always fly over and be with him. It's difficult for a wife to say to her husband, come sit on the set and watch," in regards to the benefit of being a male director.

Although directing became Lupino's passion, the drive for money kept her on camera, so that she could acquire the appropriate funds to make her own productions.[14]

When the word circulated around Hollywood that Ida, the "versatile and compelling screen impersonator of fluffy love-bugs, conniving villainesses, and hand-wringing neurotics was taking up the megaphone, people weren’t particularity surprised that she turned her back on a career of successful and lucrative film acting for the uncharted ... path of female producer-director, the only one in Hollywood".[23]

Ms. Lupino’s decision to become a director was influenced by her father, by her desire to be independent and also her need to write and tell stories. In her autobiography Lupino quotes her father as saying, "...the player whose likeness appears on those pieces of film is important; the man who determines what pieces is the most important of all. He is the director. Just remember that!" [24] Writing, producing and directing gave her the ability to choose parts and subjects that had dignity. She could leave behind the coy ingénue and mature creatively. Lupino admitted that it was a financial sacrifice to produce and direct. She would have earned more money as an actress, being paid $5,000 to star in a show and only receiving $1,500 to direct it.[25] "I had largely given up on acting and turned to producing and directing. This gave me the freedom to call my own shots." And Ida’s stature grew to genuine Auteur Filmmaker.[26]

Money was tight for Filmakers, her production company. Some people worked without salary. Ms. Lupino worked to stay within bounds of the small budget. She found shortcuts, ingeniously choosing the sets. Once, "Ida used a set from an old [John] Garfield picture, taking three walls and making each a different scene." She talked her own personal physician into appearing as a doctor in the delivery scene of Not Wanted. And when she needed wardrobe for the star, she opened her own closet.[27] When money got tight she did not panic. "Ida kept on track and maintained a tight shooting schedule. She earned the respect of the crew, many of whom were veteran technicians."[28] Another way to keep costs down was what is now called product placement, placing Coke, Cadillac and other brands in the films. And films were shot in public places to avoid the rental cost. Budget-conscious all the time, Lupino carefully planned each scene to avoid technical mistakes.[29] She was a hard worker and never late.

When asked if any directors influenced her, she answered; "Not in style. I had to find my own style. But certain directors couldn’t help but rub off".[30]

Ida Lupino learned from everyone she observed. Her first "teacher" was William Ziegler, the cameraman on the set of Not Wanted. When in pre-production on Never Fear, she conferred with Michael Gordon on directorial technique organisation and plotting. Archie Stout, a veteran cinematographer, was impressed by her skill as director. He had filmed many pictures and had worked for greats like John Ford. Stout said of Ms. Lupino, "Ida has more knowledge of camera angles and lenses than any director I've ever worked with, with the exception of Victor Fleming. She knows how a woman looks on the screen and what light that woman should have, probably better than I do."[31] Ms. Lupino also worked closely with editor Stanford Tischler, who said that she knew just what she wanted. "She wasn’t the kind of director who would shoot something, then hope any flaws could be fixed in the cutting room. The acting was always there, to her credit."[29]

Themes[edit]

All five Filmakers pictures dealt with very unconventional and controversial subjects, which big producers would not have wanted to deal with. When interviewed by Debra Weiner, Ida lupino said, "We went along the lines of doing films that had social significance and yet were entertainment. The pictures were based on true stories, things the public could understand because they had happened or been of news value.[32]

Women were the focus of most of her films, she never wrote just straight women’s roles. She liked the strong characters, … "[not] women who have masculine qualities about them, but [a role] that has intestinal fortitude, some guts to it." [33] Marsha Orgeron, in her book, Hollywood Ambitions, described these as "female characters [who were] struggling to figure out their place in environments that mirror the social constraints that Lupino faced.".[34] In the film, The Bigamist, we see the dichotomy of the career woman vs. the domestic career. The title character is married to a woman who, unable to have children, has devoted her energy to her career. While on one of many business trips, he meets a waitress with whom he has a child, and then marries her. Lupino herself could not have a family with Collier Young, and perhaps this is why she threw herself into her career.

It was important to bring these important social and women’s issues to the public attention. However Donati, in his biography of Ms. Lupino, said, "The solutions to the character’s problems within the films were often conventional, even conservative, more reinforcing the 1950s' ideology than undercutting it."[35]

Not Wanted (1949)[edit]

Not Wanted is the story of an unwed mother. Marvin Wald wrote the original story and Ida Lupino co-wrote the screenplay with Paul Jarrico. It stars the previously unknown actors Sally Forrest, Keefe Brasselle and Leo Penn. Lupino describes the film this way: "The film tells the story, powerfully, frankly, in all its pathetic detail, told through the eyes and tears of one girl, willful and beautiful. Sally, who wanted so much out of life and who knew so little of it either. The story of Sally is a page taken from life." (Lupino, p83) We are not to "treat her like she has some terrible disease. So she made a mistake.[36]

At a police court in Los Angeles doing research, preparing for a motion picture role, Ms. Lupino was engaged in first-hand observation of a pretty girl in her mid-teens, who was brought in by a policewoman. The girl had been picked up for loitering on the street. The sharp eye of the police office detected she was pregnant. "Later, in the judges’ chamber, the whole national picture was painted for me of the 100,000 girls, half of them between ten and nineteen years old, who bring children into the world outside of wedlock each year."[37]

Lupino visited homes for unwed mothers and saw racial harmony in the homes. She wanted to be realistic and have all races represented in the home, but was cautioned that she must delete that part. She did cut the African-American and Latina roles, but at the end "snuck" in an Asian girl without it being noticed. (Donati, p 151)

William Ziegler (Alfred Hitchcock’s editor) was editor for the film Not Wanted. Ziegler helped Lupino with the shots and she gained valuable knowledge that she used on future films. There are lovely shots of downtown Los Angeles that set the mood as Sally, the lead character, walks along the streets in search of answers to her ‘problem’. The movie was a critical and financial success and was brought to the attention of Eleanor Roosevelt, who was impressed by the film. Eleanor Roosevelt's daughter, Anna, hosted Eleanor’s show from the West Coast and interviewed Lupino about the film. Listeners responded with support of Lupino’s words in support of unwed mothers everywhere from all backgrounds.[38] This was welcome praise in the eyes of a staunch Democrat like Ms. Lupino.

Television[edit]

Lupino continued acting throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Her directing efforts during these years were almost exclusively television productions such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Thriller, The Twilight Zone, Have Gun – Will Travel, Honey West, The Donna Reed Show, Gilligan's Island, 77 Sunset Strip, The Rifleman, The Virginian, Sam Benedict, The Untouchables, Hong Kong, The Fugitive and Bewitched.

Ida Lupino in It Takes a Thief, 1968

Lupino appeared in nineteen episodes of Four Star Playhouse from 1952 to 1956. From January 1957 to September 1958, Lupino starred with her then husband, Howard Duff, in the CBS sitcom Mr. Adams and Eve, in which the duo played husband and wife film stars named Howard Adams and Eve Drake, living in Beverly Hills, California. Duff and Lupino also co-starred as themselves in 1959 in one of the thirteen one-hour instalments of The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour and an episode of The Dinah Shore Chevy Show in 1960. Lupino guest-starred on numerous television programmes, including The Ford Television Theatre (1954), Bonanza (1959), Burke's Law (1963–64), The Virginian (1963–65), Batman (1968), The Mod Squad (1969), Family Affair (1969–70), The Wild, Wild West (1969), Columbo: Short Fuse (1972), Columbo: Swan Song (1974), Barnaby Jones (1974), The Streets of San Francisco, Ellery Queen (1975), Police Woman (1975) and Charlie's Angels (1977), to name a few.

She is also noted as having two distinctions with The Twilight Zone. She is the only woman to have directed an episode ("The Masks") and the only person to have served as both a director and an on-screen performer (in "The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine"). She made her final film appearance in 1978 and retired at the age of 60.

Personal life[edit]

Lupino in 1979

In June 1948, Lupino became an American citizen[2][39] and a staunch Democrat who supported the presidency of John F. Kennedy.[40]

Marriages[edit]

Lupino was married and divorced three times. She married actor Louis Hayward in November 1938. They separated in May 1944 and divorced in May 1945.[41][42] Her second marriage was to producer Collier Young on 5 August 1948. They divorced in 1951.[43] Lupino's third and final marriage was to actor Howard Duff, whom she married on 21 October 1951.[44] The couple had a daughter, Bridget on 23 April 1952.[45] Lupino and Duff divorced in 1983.[46]

In 1984, Lupino petitioned a California court to appoint her business manager, Mary Ann Anderson, as her conservator due to poor business dealings from her prior business management company and her long separation from Howard Duff.

Death[edit]

Lupino died from a stroke while undergoing treatment for colon cancer in Los Angeles on 3 August 1995, at the age of 77.[47] Lupino's memoirs, Ida Lupino: Beyond the Camera, were edited after her death and published by Mary Ann Anderson.[48]

Awards[edit]

Lupino has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the fields of television and film. They are located at 1724 Vine Street and 6821 Hollywood Boulevard. She won the inaugural Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Devil's Rain.[49]

On 16th February 2016 a commemorative blue plaque was erected to Ida and her father Stanley Lupino by the theatre charity The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America and The Theatre and Film Guild of Great Britain and America at the house where Ida was born in Herne Hill, London.[50] | |

Filmography[edit]

Selected credits as actress and/or director
Title Year As actress Role As director Notes
Love Race, TheThe Love Race 1931 Yes Minor supporting role
Her First Affaire 1932 Yes Anne
Ghost Camera, TheThe Ghost Camera 1933 Yes Mary Elton
High Finance 1933 Yes Jill
Money for Speed 1933 Yes Jane
I Lived with You 1933 Yes Ada Wallis
Prince of Arcadia 1933 Yes The Princess
Search for Beauty 1934 Yes Barbara Hilton
Come On, Marines! 1934 Yes Esther Smith-Hamilton
Ready for Love 1934 Yes Marigold Tate
Paris in Spring 1935 Yes Mignon de Charelle
Smart Girl 1935 Yes Pat Reynolds
Peter Ibbetson 1935 Yes Agnes
La Fiesta de Santa Barbara 1935 Yes Herself short film made in Technicolor with several celebrities appearing as themselves
Anything Goes 1936 Yes Hope Harcourt
One Rainy Afternoon 1936 Yes Monique Pelerin
Yours for the Asking 1936 Yes Gert Malloy
Gay Desperado, TheThe Gay Desperado 1936 Yes Jane
Sea Devils 1937 Yes Doris Malone
Let's Get Married 1937 Yes Paula Quinn
Artists and Models 1937 Yes Paula Sewell/Paula Monterey
Fight for Your Lady 1937 Yes Marietta
Lone Wolf Spy Hunt, TheThe Lone Wolf Spy Hunt 1939 Yes Val Carson
Lady and the Mob, TheThe Lady and the Mob 1939 Yes Lila Thorne
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, TheThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1939 Yes Ann Brandon
Light That Failed, TheThe Light That Failed 1939 Yes Bessie Broke
Screen Snapshots Series 18, No. 6 1939 Yes Herself Promotional short film
They Drive by Night 1940 Yes Lana Carlsen
High Sierra 1940 Yes Marie
Sea Wolf, TheThe Sea Wolf 1941 Yes Ruth Webster
Out of the Fog 1941 Yes Stella Goodwin
Ladies in Retirement 1941 Yes Ellen Creed
Moontide 1942 Yes Anna
Life Begins at Eight-Thirty 1942 Yes Kathy Thomas
Forever and a Day 1943 Yes Jenny
Hard Way, TheThe Hard Way 1943 Yes Mrs. Helen Chernen
Thank Your Lucky Stars 1943 Yes Herself
In Our Time 1944 Yes Jennifer Whittredge
Hollywood Canteen 1944 Yes Herself
Pillow to Post 1945 Yes Jean Howard
Devotion 1946 Yes Emily Brontë
Man I Love, TheThe Man I Love 1947 Yes Petey Brown
Deep Valley 1947 Yes Libby Saul
Escape Me Never 1947 Yes Gemma Smith
Road House 1948 Yes Lily Stevens
Lust for Gold 1949 Yes Julia Thomas
Not Wanted 1949 Yes
Never Fear 1949 Yes
Woman in Hiding 1950 Yes Deborah Chandler Clark
Outrage 1950 Yes Country Dance Attendee Yes
Hard, Fast and Beautiful 1951 Yes Seabright Tennis Match Supervisor Yes
On the Loose 1951 Yes Narrator
On Dangerous Ground 1952 Yes Mary Malden
Beware, My Lovely 1952 Yes Mrs. Helen Gordon
Hitch-Hiker, TheThe Hitch-Hiker 1953 Yes
Jennifer 1953 Yes Agnes Langley
Bigamist, TheThe Bigamist 1953 Yes Phyllis Martin Yes
Private Hell 36 1954 Yes Lilli Marlowe
Women's Prison 1955 Yes Amelia van Zandt
Big Knife, TheThe Big Knife 1955 Yes Marion Castle
While the City Sleeps 1956 Yes Mildred Donner
Strange Intruder 1956 Yes Alice Carmichael
The Twilight Zone 1959 Yes Barbara Jean Trenton Episode: The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine
Bonanza 1959 Yes Annie O'Toole Episode: The Saga of Annie O'Toole
Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour 1959 Yes Herself Episode: Lucy's Summer Vacation
Thriller 1961 Yes Episode: The Last of the Sommervilles
Kraft Suspense Theatre 1963 Yes Harriet Whitney Episode: One Step Down
The Twilight Zone 1964 Yes Episode: The Masks
Bewitched 1965 Yes Episode: A is for Aardvark
Honey West 1965 Yes Episode: How Brillig, O, Beamish Boy
Trouble with Angels, TheThe Trouble with Angels 1966 Yes
Columbo 1972 Yes Roger Stanford's Aunt Episode: Season 1, Episode 6, Short Fuse
Junior Bonner 1972 Yes Elvira Bonner
The Strangers in 7A 1972 Yes Iris Sawyer
Devil's Rain, TheThe Devil's Rain 1975 Yes Mrs. Preston Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
Food of the Gods, TheThe Food of the Gods 1976 Yes Mrs. Skinner
Charlie's Angels 1977 Yes Gloria Gibson TV series
My Boys are Good Boys 1978 Yes Mrs. Morton

Radio appearances[edit]

Year Program Episode/source
1944 Screen Guild Players High Sierra[51]
1944 Suspense The Sisters

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Donati, p13, records her birthplace as 33 Ardbeg Road, in SE24
  2. ^ a b Donati, William (1996). Ida Lupino. University Press of Kentucky. p. 143. ISBN 0-813-11895-6. 
  3. ^ a b Recorded in Births Mar 1918 Camberwell Vol. 1d, p. 1019 (Free BMD). Transcribed as "Lupine" in the official births index
  4. ^ Ida Lupino at the Internet Movie Database
  5. ^ Acker, Alley, Reel Women – Pioneers of the Cinema, The Continuum Publishing Company, 1991, p. 75; ISBN 0-8264-0499-5
  6. ^ "Partners in Winning the War: American Women in WWII". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved 8 May 2011. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Hagen, Wagner, Ray, Laura (2004). Killer Tomatoes: Fifteen Tough Film Dames. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc. pp. 103–114. ISBN 978-0-7864-1883-1. 
  8. ^ Smith, Richard Harland. "Overview for Ida Lupino". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 7 March 2015. 
  9. ^ Donati, p3
  10. ^ (Donati, p14) Donati, William, Ida Lupino A Biography, University press of Kentucky, c. 1996.ISBN 0-8131-1895-6
  11. ^ Lupino, Ida, with Mary Ann Anderson, Ida Lupino: Beyond the Camera, Bear Manor Media, Albany Georgia, c. 2011, p 140)
  12. ^ Ida Lupino TCM biography. Accessed 4 July 2011.
  13. ^ Katz, Ephraim; Klein, Fred; Nolan, Ronald Dean (1998). The Film Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 858. ISBN 0-06-273492-X. 
  14. ^ a b c d e Orgeron, Marsha (2008). Hollywood Ambitions. Middleton, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 170–179. ISBN 978-0-8195-6864-9. 
  15. ^ a b Anne Morra (2010). Butler, Cornelia & Alexandra Schwartz, ed. Modern Women: Women Artists at the Museum of Modern Art. New York City: Museum of Modern Art. pp. 235–237. ISBN 978-0-87070-771-1. 
  16. ^ Rickey, Carrie, "Lupino Noir," Village Voice, 29 October – 4 November 1980, p. 43
  17. ^ Acker, pp. 75
  18. ^ a b Hurd, Mary (2007). Women Directors & Their Films. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. pp. 9–13. ISBN 0-275-98578-4. 
  19. ^ Hagen, Wagner, Ray, Laura (2004). Killer Tomatoes: Fifteen Tough Film Dames. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc. pp. 103–114. ISBN 978-0-7864-1883-1. 
  20. ^ Rickey, VV, p. 43, as quoted in Reel Women by Acker, p. 76
  21. ^ Koszarski, Richard, Hollywood Directors, New York: Oxford University Press, 1976 ISBN 0-19-502085-5 (0-19-502085-5)
  22. ^ Wood, Bret. "Outrage (1950)". Turner Classic Movies Online. Retrieved 10 August 2008. 
  23. ^ Hill, Gladwyn, "Hollywood’s Beautiful Bombshell, " Collier’s Weekly, May 12, 1951, pp. 8-9 (Accessed May 21 UNZ.org)
  24. ^ Lupino, Ida with Mary Ann Anderson, Ida Lupino: Behind the Camera, Bear Manor Media, Albany, Georgia, c 2011, p. x
  25. ^ Donati, p 227
  26. ^ Lupino, p83
  27. ^ Donati, p. 153
  28. ^ Donati, p. 163
  29. ^ a b Donati, p. 202
  30. ^ Weiner, Debra, "Interview With Ida Lupino," Women and the Cinema: A Critical Anthology, Kay, Karen and Gerald Peary, Eds. E.P. Dutton & Co., New Your c 1968,p 171
  31. ^ Donati, p. 164
  32. ^ Weiner, p.173
  33. ^ Lupino, p. 173-174
  34. ^ Orgeron, p 180
  35. ^ Donati, p. 171
  36. ^ Weiner, p. 171
  37. ^ Lupino, p. 84
  38. ^ Donati, p, 154-155
  39. ^ O'Dell, Cary (1997). Women Pioneers in Television: Biographies of Fifteen Industry Leaders. McFarland. p. 175. ISBN 0-786-40167-2. 
  40. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=Whjb4eJKkHYC&pg=PT215&lpg=PT215&dq=Ida+Lupino+Democrat&source=bl&ots=Vg9jLpoxjb&sig=EnfcGw71sfg3dooQLwMN4fkL1bo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7X-9U77MAePQsQTtqYDYCw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Ida%20Lupino%20Democrat&f=false
  41. ^ "Ida Lupino, Louis Hayward Admit Separation". San Jose Evening News. 19 July 1944. p. 11. Retrieved 9 March 2013. 
  42. ^ "Actress Ida Lupino Files Suit For Divorce". St. Petersburg Times. 5 May 1945. p. 13. Retrieved 9 March 2013. 
  43. ^ "Ida Lupino To Seek Divorce From Producer". Toledo Blade. 3 September 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 9 March 2013. 
  44. ^ "Actress Ida Lupino Wed to Howard Duff". Eugene Register-Guard. 22 October 1951. p. 4. Retrieved 9 March 2013. 
  45. ^ "Ida Lupino Mother of 4-LB. Daughter". The Times-News. 26 April 1952. p. 9. Retrieved 9 March 2013. 
  46. ^ "Actress, director Lupino dies". The Daily Courier. 6 August 1995. Retrieved 9 March 2013. 
  47. ^ "Ida Lupino, 77; Actress, Pioneer Director". Albany Times. Retrieved 10 June 2012. 
  48. ^ "Ida Lupino: Beyond the Camera – New from BearManor Media". tcm.com. Retrieved 9 March 2013. 
  49. ^ "The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy & Horror Films". Saturn Awards. Retrieved 10 June 2012. 
  50. ^ www.musichallguild.com "Ida Lupino Commemorated"
  51. ^ "Those Were The Days". Nostalgia Digest 41 (3): 32–39. Summer 2015. 

External links[edit]

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