Jump to content

India: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Cleaned up using AutoEd
Chess371 (talk | contribs)
16 edits
←Replaced content with 'India'
Line 1: Line 1:
India
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{About|the Republic of India}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}{{Pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name=Republic of India
|native_name=''Bhārat Gaṇarājya''<!--Do not add non-Latin scripts per the consensus reached at [[WP:IN]].-->
|common_name=India
|image_flag=Flag of India.svg
|alt_flag=Horizontal tricolour flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and green horizontal bands. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with 24 spokes.
|image_coat=Emblem of India.svg
|alt_coat=Three lions facing left, right, and toward viewer, atop a frieze containing a galloping horse, a 24-spoke wheel, and an elephant. Underneath is a motto: "सत्यमेव जयते".
|symbol_type=Emblem
|national_motto=<br />''"[[Satyameva Jayate]]"''&nbsp;<small>([[Sanskrit]])</small><br />{{Spaces|3}}<small>"Truth Alone Triumphs"</small>{{Sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}
|national_anthem=<center>[[File:Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg]]</center><br />''[[Jana Gana Mana]]''<br />{{Spaces|3}}<small>"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"</small>{{Sfn|Wolpert|2003|p=1}}
|other_symbol_type=National song:<br /><center>[[File:Vande Mataram.ogg]]</center>
|other_symbol=''[[Vande Mataram]]''<br />{{Spaces|8}}<small>"I Bow to Thee, Mother"</small>{{Efn|"[...] ''Jana Gana Mana'' is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song ''Vande Mataram'', which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with ''Jana Gana Mana'' and shall have equal status with it." {{Harv|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}}.}}{{Sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}
|image_map=India (orthographic projection).svg
|alt_map=Image of a globe centred on India, with India highlighted.
|map_caption=Area controlled by India is in dark green.<br />Claimed but uncontrolled regions are in light green.
|map_width=220px
|capital=[[New Delhi]]
|latd=28|latm=36.8|latNS=N
|longd=77|longm=12.5|longEW=E
|largest_city=[[Mumbai]]
|official_languages={{Collapsible list|title=[[Official languages of India#Official languages of the Union|Hindi, English]]|[[Hindi]] in the [[Devanagari]] script is the official language of the Union and English an additional language for official work.{{Sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}
|regional_languages={{Collapsible list|title=[[Official languages of India#The languages of the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution|Eighth Schedule]]|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Bodo language|Bodo]]|[[Dogri language|Dogri]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Standard Hindi|Hindi]]|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]|[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]|[[Maithili language|Maithili]]|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]|[[Meitei language|Manipuri]]|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|[[Nepali language|Nepali]]|[[Oriya language|Oriya]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Sanskrit]]|[[Santali language|Santali]]|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Urdu]]}}
|languages_type=[[National language|National language(s)]]
|languages=none{{Sfn|The Times of India 2007}}
|demonym=[[Indian people|Indian]]
|government_type={{Nowrap|[[Federalism|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]<br />[[constitutional republic]]{{Sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}
|leader_title1=[[President of India|President]]
|leader_name1=[[Pratibha Patil]]
|leader_title2=[[Vice President of India|Vice President]]
|leader_name2=[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]
|leader_title3=[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name3=[[Manmohan Singh]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|leader_title4={{Nowrap|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker of the House]]}}
|leader_name4=[[Meira Kumar]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|leader_title5=[[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]]
|leader_name5=[[S. H. Kapadia]]
|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]
|upper_house=[[Rajya Sabha]]
|lower_house=[[Lok Sabha]]
|sovereignty_type=[[Indian independence movement|Independence]]
|sovereignty_note=from the [[United Kingdom]]
|established_event1=Declared
|established_date1=15 August 1947
|established_event2=[[Republic]]
|established_date2=26 January 1950
|area_rank=7th
|area_magnitude=1 E12
|area_km2=3,287,263
|area_sq_mi=1,269,219
|area_footnote={{Efn|"The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as {{Convert|3287260|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and the total land area as {{Convert|3060500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; the United Nations lists the total area as {{Convert|3287263|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and total land area as {{Convert|2973190|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}." {{Harv|Library of Congress|2004}}.}}
|percent_water=9.56
|population_census_rank=2nd
|population_census=1,210,193,422{{Sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs|2011}}
|population_estimate_rank=2nd
|population_estimate_year=2011
|population_census_year=2011
|population_density_km2={{#expr:{{Indian population clock}}/3287263 round 1}}
|population_density_sq_mi={{#expr:{{Indian population clock}}/1269219 round 1}}
|population_density_rank=31st
|GDP_PPP=$4.457 trillion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=51&pr.y=6&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=534&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=India|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank=
|GDP_PPP_year=2011
|GDP_PPP_per_capita=$3,693<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=
|GDP_nominal=$1.676 trillion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_rank=
|GDP_nominal_year=2011
|GDP_nominal_per_capita=$1,388<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=
|Gini=36.8{{Sfn|Central Intelligence Agency}}
|Gini_rank=79th
|Gini_year=2004
|HDI={{Increase}}0.547{{Sfn|United Nations|2011}}
|HDI_rank=134th
|HDI_year=2011
|HDI_category=<span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span>
|currency=[[Indian rupee]] ({{INR}})
|currency_code=INR
|time_zone=[[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset=+05:30
|time_zone_DST=not observed
|utc_offset_DST=+05:30
|date_format=dd-mm-yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])
|drives_on=left
|cctld=[[.in]]{{Collapsible list|title=other TLDs|
[[.ভারত]]<br />
[[.ભારત]]<br />
[[.भारत]]<br />
[[.ଭାରତ‌]]<br />
[[.ਭਾਰਤ]]<br />
[[.இந்தியா]]<br />
[[.భారత్]]<br />
[[بھارت.]]}}
|calling_code=[[Telephone numbers in India|91]]
}}

'''India''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-India.ogg|ˈ|ɪ|n|d|i|ə}}), officially the '''Republic of India''' ('''''{{Lang|inc-Latn|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}''''')<!--Do not add non-Latin scripts per the consensus reached at [[WP:IN]].-->,{{Efn|See also: [[Names of the Republic of India in its official languages|Official names of India]].}} is a country in [[South Asia]]. It is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|seventh-largest]] country by geographical area, the [[List of countries by population|second-most populous]] country with [[Demographics of India|over 1.2 billion people]], and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the [[Indian Ocean]] on the south, the [[Arabian Sea]] on the south-west, and the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the south-east, it shares land borders with [[Pakistan]] to the west;{{Efn|The [[Government of India]] regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of [[Kashmir]] to be part of India. However, this is [[Kashmir conflict|disputed]], and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan. Source: {{Cite web|title=Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management)|url=http://mha.nic.in/docs/BM_Intro(E).doc|format=DOC|accessdate=1 September 2008}}.}} [[China]], [[Nepal]], and [[Bhutan]] to the north-east; and [[Burma]] and [[Bangladesh]] to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]]; in addition, India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] share a maritime border with [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]].

Home to the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the [[Indian subcontinent]] was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=16–17}} Four of the world's major religions—[[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]], [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]], [[Statistics of Jainism|Jainism]], and [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]]—originated here. [[History of the Jews in India|Judaism]] arrived in the 6th century B.C.E. [[Parsi|Zoroastrianism]], [[Christianity in India|Christianity]], and [[Islam in India|Islam]] arrived in the 1st millennium [[Common Era|CE]] and also helped shape the region's [[Indian culture|diverse culture]]. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the [[Company rule in India|British East India Company]] from the early 18th century and [[British Raj|administered directly]] by the [[United Kingdom]] from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a [[Indian independence movement|struggle for independence]] that was marked by [[non-violent resistance]] and led by [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]].

The [[Economy of India|Indian economy]] is the world's tenth-largest by [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|nominal GDP]] and third-largest by [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|purchasing power parity]] (PPP). Following [[Economic liberalisation in India|market-based economic reforms]] in 1991, India became one of the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate (latest year)|fastest-growing major economies]]; it is considered a [[newly industrialized country|newly industrialised country]]. However, it continues to face the challenges of [[poverty in India|poverty]], [[Literacy in India|illiteracy]], [[Corruption in India|corruption]], and [[Healthcare in India|inadequate public healthcare]]. A [[nuclear weapons state]] and a [[regional power]], it has the [[List of countries by number of troops|third-largest standing army]] in the world and ranks [[List of countries by military expenditures|ninth in military expenditure]] among nations. India is a [[Federalism|federal]] [[constitutional republic]] governed under a [[parliamentary system]] consisting of [[States and territories of India|28 states and 7 union territories]]. India is a pluralistic, [[Languages of India|multilingual]], and [[Culture of India|multiethnic society]]. It is also home to a diversity of [[Wildlife of India|wildlife]] in a variety of [[Protected areas of India|protected habitats]].

==Etymology==
{{Main|Names of India}}

The name ''India'' is derived from ''Indus'', which originates from the [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]] word ''[[Hindu]]''. The latter term stems from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Sindhu'', which was the historical local appellation for the [[Indus River]].{{Sfn|Oxford English Dictionary}} The [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] referred to the Indians as ''Indoi'' (Ινδοί), which translates as "the people of the Indus".{{Sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=86}} The geographical term ''Bharat'' ({{IPA-hns|ˈbʱaːrət̪|pron|hi-Bharat.ogg}}), which is recognised by the [[Constitution of India]] as an official name for the country, is used by [[Names of the Republic of India in its official languages|many Indian languages]] in various subtle guises.{{Sfn|Ministry of Law and Justice 2008}} The [[eponym]] of ''Bharat'' is [[Bharata (emperor)|Bharata]], a mythological figure that Hindu scriptures describe as a legendary emperor of ancient India. ''[[Hindustan]]'' ({{IPA-hns|ɦɪnd̪ʊˈst̪aːn||Hindustan.ogg}}) was originally a [[Persian language|Persian]] word that meant "Land of the Hindus"; prior to 1947, it referred to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan. It is occasionally used to solely denote India in its entirety.{{Sfn|Kaye|1997|pp=639–640}}{{Sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica}}

==History==
{{Main|History of India|History of the Republic of India}}

===Ancient India===
The earliest [[Anatomically modern humans|anatomically modern human]] remains found in South Asia date from approximately 30,000 years ago.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=64}} Nearly contemporaneous [[Mesolithic]] rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at the [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{Sfn|Singh|2009|pp=89–93}} Around 7000 BCE, the first known [[Neolithic]] settlements appeared on the subcontinent in [[Mehrgarh]] and other sites in western Pakistan.{{Sfn|Possehl|2003|pp=24–25}} These gradually developed into the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley Civilisation]],{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=21–23}} the first urban culture in South Asia;{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=181}} it flourished during 2500–1900&nbsp;BCE in Pakistan and western India.{{Sfn|Possehl|2003|p=2}} Centred around cities such as [[Mohenjo-daro]], [[Harappa]], [[Dholavira]], and [[Kalibangan]], and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=181}}

[[File:Indischer Maler des 6. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Damaged brown painting of a reclining man and woman.|Paintings at the [[Ajanta Caves]] in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]], 6th century]]

During the period 2000–500 BCE, in terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the [[Chalcolithic]] to the [[Iron Age]].{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=255}} The [[Vedas]], the oldest scriptures of Hinduism,{{Sfn|Singh|2009|pp=186–187}} were composed during this period,{{Sfn|Witzel|2003|pp=68–69}} and historians have analysed these to posit a [[Vedic period|Vedic culture]] in the [[Punjab region]] and the upper [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=255}} Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of [[Indo-Aryan migration]] into the subcontinent from the north-west.{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=31}}{{Sfn|Singh|2009|pp=186–187}}{{Sfn|Stein|2010|p=47}} The [[caste system]], which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labeling their occupations impure, arose during this period.{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=41–43}} On the [[Deccan Plateau]], archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=255}} In southern India, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number of [[megalith]]ic monuments dating from this period,{{Sfn|Singh|2009|pp=250–251}} as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|pp=250–251}}

In the late [[Vedic period]], around the 5th century BCE, the small chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the ''[[mahajanapada]]s''.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=319}}{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=53–54}} The emerging urbanisation and the orthodoxies of this age also created the religious reform movements of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]],{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=54–56}} both of which became independent religions.{{Sfn|Thapar|2003|p=166}} Buddhism, based on the teachings of [[Gautama Buddha]] attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle;{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=54–56}}{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=67–68}} Jainism came into prominence around the same time during the life of its exemplar, [[Mahavira]].{{Sfn|Singh|2009|pp=312–313}} In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up [[Nekkhamma|renunciation]] as an ideal,{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=300}} and both established long-lasting monasteries.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=319}} Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of [[Magadha]] had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]].{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=319}} The empire was once thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=78–79}}{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=70}} The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for [[Ashoka]]'s renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of the Buddhist ''[[Dharma (Buddhism)|dhamma]]''.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=367}}{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=63}}

The [[Sangam literature]] of the [[Tamil language]] reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula was being ruled by the [[Chera Dynasty|Cheras]], the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], and the [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyas]], dynasties that traded extensively with the [[Roman Empire]] and with [[Western Asia|West]] and [[Southeast Asia|South-East Asia]].{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=89–90}}{{Sfn|Singh|2009|pp=408–415}} In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family, leading to increased subordination of women.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=92–95}}{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=319}} By the 4th and 5th centuries, the [[Gupta Empire]] had created in the greater Ganges Plain a complex system of administration and taxation that became a model for later Indian kingdoms.{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=89–91}}{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=545}} Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of ritual began to assert itself.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=98–99}} The renewal was reflected in a flowering of [[Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent|sculpture]] and [[Architecture of India|architecture]], which found patrons among an urban elite.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=545}} [[Sanskrit literature#Classical Sanskrit literature|Classical Sanskrit literature]] flowered as well, and [[History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent|Indian science]], [[Indian astronomy|astronomy]], [[Ayurveda|medicine]], and [[Indian mathematics|mathematics]] made significant advances.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=545}}

===Medieval India===
[[File:Big Temple-Temple.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The granite [[gopuram|tower]] of [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]] was completed in 1010 CE by [[Raja Raja Chola I]].]]

The Indian early medieval age, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=132}} When [[Harsha]] of [[Kannauj]], who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] ruler of the Deccan.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=119–120}} When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] king of [[Bengal]].{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=119–120}} When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the [[Pallava]]s from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyas]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] from still farther south.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=119–120}} No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond his core region.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=132}} During this time, pastoral peoples whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=121–122}} The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=121–122}}

In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first [[Bhakti|devotional hymns]] were created in the [[Tamil language]].{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=123}} They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all [[Languages of India|modern languages of the subcontinent]].{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=123}} Indian royalty, [[Maharaja|big]] and [[Samanta|small]], and the temples they patronised, drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=124}} Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=124}} By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Java]].{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=127–128}} Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|pp=127–128}}

After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using [[courser (horse)|swift-horse]] cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains, leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1206.{{Sfn|Ludden|2002|p=68}} The sultanate was to control much of North India, and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=47}}{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=6}} By repeatedly repulsing [[Mongol Empire|Mongol raiders]] in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.{{Sfn|Ludden|2002|p=67}}{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|pp=50–51}} The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous [[Vijayanagara Empire]].{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=53}} Embracing a strong [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India,{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=12}} and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=53}}

===Early modern India===
[[File:Moghul.1590-95гг.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Scribes and artists in the Mughal court, 1590–1595]]

In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers,{{Sfn|Robb|2001|p=80}} fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=164}} The resulting [[Mughal Empire]] did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=115}}{{Sfn|Robb|2001|pp=90–91}} and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=17}} leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=152}} Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under [[Akbar]], the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=17}} The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=158}} and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=169}} caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=152}} The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=152}} resulting in greater patronage of [[Mughal painting|painting]], literary forms, textiles, and [[Mughal architecture|architecture]].{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=186}} Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], the [[Rajputs]], and the [[Sikh empire|Sikhs]], gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=23–24}} Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=23–24}} As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=256}}

By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English [[East India Company]], had established coastal outposts.{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=286}}{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=44–49}} The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; both these factors were crucial in allowing the Company to gain control over the [[Bengal]] region by 1765 and sideline the other European companies.{{Sfn|Robb|2001|pp=98–100}}{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=286}}{{Sfn|Ludden|2002|pp=128–132}}{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=51–55}} Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=68–71}} India was now no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the British empire with raw materials, and many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=286}} By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm of British administration, the Company began to more consciously enter non-economic arenas such as education, social reform, and culture.{{Sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p=289}}

===Modern India===
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|The British Indian Empire, from the 1909 edition of ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Areas directly governed by the British are shaded pink; the [[princely state]]s under British [[suzerainty]] are in yellow.]]

Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of [[Lord Dalhousie]] as Governor General of the [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule in India]] set the stage for changes essential to a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the [[English Education Act 1835|education]] of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in Europe.{{Sfn|Robb|2001|pp=151–152}}{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=94–99}}{{Sfn|Brown|1994|p=83}}{{Sfn|Peers|2006|p=50}} However, disaffection with the Company also grew during this time, and set off the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=100–103}}{{Sfn|Brown|1994|pp=85–86}} Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the [[East India Company]] and to the [[British Raj|direct administration of India]] by the British government. Proclaiming a unitary state and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=239}}{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=103–108}} In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the founding of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885.{{Sfn|Robb|2001|p=183}}{{Sfn|Sarkar|1983|pp=1–4}}{{Sfn|Copland|2001|pp=ix–x}}{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=123}}

[[File:Nehru gandhi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Two smiling men in robes sitting on the ground with bodies facing the viewer and with heads turned toward each other. The younger wears a white Nehru cap; the elder is bald and wears glasses. A half-dozen other people are in the background.|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (left) became India's first prime minister in 1947. [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] (right) led the independence movement.]]

The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks—many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=260}} There was an increase in the number of large-scale [[Famine in India|famines]],{{Sfn|Bose|Jalal|2011|p=117}} and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians.{{Sfn|Stein|1998|p=258}} There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=126}} The railway network provided critical famine relief,{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=97}} notably reduced the cost of moving goods,{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=97}} and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=126}} After World War I, in which [[Indian Army during World War I|some one million Indians served]],{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=163}} a new period began. It was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislation, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a non-violent movement of non-cooperation, of which [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] would become the leader and enduring symbol.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=167}} During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted by the British; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=195–197}} The next decade was beset with crises: [[India in World War II|Indian participation in World War II]], the Congress's final push for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the [[Partition of India|bloody partition]] of the subcontinent into two states: India and Pakistan.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=203}}

Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a sovereign, secular, and democratic republic.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=231}} In the 60 years since, India has had a mixed bag of successes and failures.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=265–266}} It has remained a democracy with civil liberties, an activist Supreme Court, and a largely independent press.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=265–266}} Economic liberalisation, which was begun in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle class, transformed India into [[List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate|one of the world's fastest-growing economies]],{{Sfn|United States Department of Agriculture}} and increased its geopolitical clout. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=265–266}} Yet, India has also been weighed down by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban;{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=265–266}} by [[Religious violence in India|religious]] and [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]];{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=266–270}} by [[Naxalite|Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies]];{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=253}} and by [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|separatism in Jammu and Kashmir]].{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=274}} It has unresolved territorial disputes with China, which escalated into the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962;{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=247–248}} and with Pakistan, which flared into wars fought in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], and [[Kargil War|1999]].{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=247–248}} The India–Pakistan nuclear rivalry came to a head in 1998.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=293–295}} India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's new nations; however, in spite of its recent economic successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved.{{Sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=304}}

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of India}}
{{See also|Geology of India}}
[[File:India topo big.jpg|thumb|alt=Map of India. Most of India is yellow (elevation 100–1000 m). Some areas in the south and mid-east are brown (above 1000 m). Major river valleys are green (below 100 m).|A topographic map of India]]

India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent and lies atop the minor [[Indian Plate|Indian tectonic plate]], which in turn belongs to the [[Indo-Australian Plate]].{{Sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} India's defining geological processes commenced 75 million years ago when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent [[Gondwana]], began a north-eastward [[Plate tectonics|drift]] across the then-unformed Indian Ocean that lasted fifty million years.{{Sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} The subcontinent's subsequent collision with, and [[subduction]] under, the [[Eurasian Plate]] bore aloft the planet's highest mountains, the [[Himalayas]]. They abut India in the [[North India|north]] and the [[Northeast India|north-east]].{{Sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast [[trough (geology)|trough]] that has gradually filled with river-borne sediment;{{Sfn|Dikshit & Schwartzberg|p=7}} it now forms the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].{{Sfn|Prakash et al.|2000}} To the west lies the [[Thar Desert]], which is cut off by the [[Aravalli Range]].{{Sfn|Dikshit & Schwartzberg|p=11}}

The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, which is the oldest and geologically most stable part of India; it extends as far north as the [[Satpura Range|Satpura]] and [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in Jharkhand in the east.{{Sfn|Dikshit & Schwartzberg|p=8}} To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the [[Deccan Plateau]], is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the [[Western Ghats|Western]] and [[Eastern Ghats]];{{Sfn|Dikshit & Schwartzberg|pp=9–10}} the plateau contains the nation's oldest rock formations, some of them over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44' and 35° 30' north latitude{{Efn|The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed [[Siachen Glacier]] in Jammu and Kashmir; however, the Government of India regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the [[Northern Areas (Pakistan)|Northern Areas]] currently administered by Pakistan, to be its territory. It therefore assigns the longitude 37° 6' to its northernmost point.}} and 68° 7' and 97° 25' east longitude.{{Sfn|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007|p=1}}

[[File:KedarRange.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A shining white snow-clad range, framed against a turquoise sky. In the middle ground, a ridge descends from the right to form a saddle in the centre of the photograph, partly in shadow. In the near foreground, a loop of a road is seen.|The Kedar Range of the Greater Himalayas rises behind [[Kedarnath Temple]], which is one of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga|''jyotirlinga'' shrines]].]]

India's coastline measures {{Convert|7517|km|mi|-2}} in length; of this distance, {{Convert|5423|km|mi|-2}} belong to peninsular India and {{Convert|2094|km|mi|-2}} to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains.{{Sfn|Kumar|Pathak|Pednekar|Raju|2006}} According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% [[mudflat]]s or marshy shores.{{Sfn|Kumar|Pathak|Pednekar|Raju|2006}}

Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the [[Ganges]] and the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], both of which drain into the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{Sfn|Dikshit & Schwartzberg|p=15}} Important tributaries of the Ganges include the [[Yamuna]] and the [[Kosi River|Kosi]]; the latter's extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes.{{Sfn|Duff|1993|p=353}} Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the [[Godavari River|Godavari]], the [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], the [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]], and the [[Krishna River|Krishna]], which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;{{Sfn|Dikshit & Schwartzberg|p=16}} and the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and the [[Tapti River|Tapti]], which drain into the [[Arabian Sea]].{{Sfn|Dikshit & Schwartzberg|p=17}} Coastal features include the marshy [[Rann of Kutch]] of western India and the alluvial [[Sundarbans]] delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.{{Sfn|Dikshit & Schwartzberg|p=12}} India has two archipelagos: the [[Lakshadweep]], coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], a volcanic chain in the [[Andaman Sea]].{{Sfn|Dikshit & Schwartzberg|p=13}}

The [[Climate of India|Indian climate]] is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter [[monsoon]]s.{{Sfn|Chang|1967|pp=391–394}} The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian [[katabatic wind]]s from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.{{Sfn|Posey|1994|p=118}}{{Sfn|Wolpert|2003|p=4}} The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.{{Sfn|Chang|1967|pp=391–394}} Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: [[Climate of India#Tropical wet|tropical wet]], [[Climate of India#Tropical dry|tropical dry]], [[Climate of India#Subtropical humid|subtropical humid]], and [[Climate of India#Montane|montane]].{{Sfn|Heitzman|Worden|1996|p=97}}

==Biodiversity==
{{Main|Wildlife of India}}
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTSECOND}} mod 3}}
|0=[[File:Brahminy kite.jpg|thumb|The [[Brahminy Kite|brahminy kite]] (''Haliastur indus'') is identified with [[Garuda]], the [[vahana|mythical mount]] of [[Vishnu]]. It hunts for fish and other prey near the coasts and around inland wetlands.]]
|1=[[File:Nelumno nucifera open flower - botanic garden adelaide2.jpg|thumb|The [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] (''Nelumbo nucifera'') is the Indian national flower. Hindus and Buddhists regard it as a sacred symbol of enlightenment.{{Sfn|Griffiths|2010|p=66}}]]
|2=[[File:Pfau imponierend.jpg|thumb|The [[Indian Peafowl|Indian peacock]] (''Pavo cristatus'') is the Indian national bird. It roosts in moist and dry-deciduous forests, cultivated areas, and village precincts.{{Sfn|Ali|Ripley|Dick|1996|p=90}}]]
}}

India lies within the [[Indomalaya ecozone]] and contains three [[biodiversity hotspot]]s.{{Sfn|Conservation International|2007}} One of 17 [[megadiverse countries]], it hosts 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all piscine, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.{{Sfn|Puri}} [[Endemism]] is high among plants, 33%, and among [[List of ecoregions in India|ecoregions]] such as the [[shola]] [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests|forests]].{{Sfn|Basak|1983|p=24}} Habitat ranges from the [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical rainforest]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], [[Western Ghats]], and [[Northeast India|North-East India]] to the [[temperate coniferous forest|coniferous forest]] of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the moist deciduous [[Shorea robusta|sal]] forest of eastern India; the dry deciduous [[teak]] forest of central and southern India; and the [[Acacia nilotica|babul]]-dominated [[deserts and xeric shrublands|thorn forest]] of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.{{Sfn|Tritsch|2001}} Under 12% of India's landmass bears thick jungle.{{Sfn|Fisher|1995|p=434}} The medicinal [[neem]], widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies, is a key Indian tree. The luxuriant [[sacred fig|pipal]] fig tree, shown on the seals of [[Mohenjo-daro]], shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.

{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTSECOND}} mod 1}}
|0=[[File:Shola Grasslands and forests in the Kudremukh National Park, Western Ghats, Karnataka.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Shola]] highlands are found in [[Kudremukh|Kudremukh National Park]], which is part of the Western Ghats.]]
}}

Many Indian species descend from [[taxon|taxa]] originating in Gondwana, from which the [[Indian plate]] separated more than 105 million years [[Before Present|before present]].{{Sfn|Crame|Owen|2002|p=142}} [[Indian Plate|Peninsular India's]] subsequent [[plate tectonics|movement]] towards and collision with the [[Laurasia]]n landmass set off a mass exchange of species. [[Deccan Traps|Epochal volcanism]] and climatic changes 20 million years ago forced a mass extinction.{{Sfn|Karanth|2006}} Mammals then entered India from Asia through two [[Zoogeography|zoogeographical]] passes flanking the rising Himalaya.{{Sfn|Tritsch|2001}} Thus, while 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians are endemic, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are.{{Sfn|Puri}} Among them are the [[Nilgiri Langur|Nilgiri leaf monkey]] and [[Bufo beddomii|Beddome's toad]] of the Western Ghats. India contains 172 [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]]-designated [[List of endangered species in India|threatened species]], or 2.9% of endangered forms.{{Sfn|Mace|1994|p=4}} These include the [[Asiatic Lion|Asiatic lion]], the [[Bengal tiger]], and the [[Indian White-rumped Vulture|Indian white-rumped vulture]], which, by ingesting the carrion of [[diclofenac]]-laced cattle, nearly went extinct.

The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife. In response the system of [[National parks of India|national parks]] and [[protected areas of India|protected areas]], first established in 1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]]{{Sfn|Ministry of Environments and Forests 1972}} and [[Project Tiger]] to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.{{Sfn|Department of Environment and Forests|1988}} India hosts [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries]] and [[Biosphere reserves of India|thirteen biosphere reserves]],{{Sfn|Ministry of Environment and Forests}} four of which are part of the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]]; [[List of Ramsar Sites in India|twenty-five wetlands]] are registered under the [[Ramsar Convention]].{{Sfn|Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands}}

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of India}}
[[File:Barack Obama at Parliament of India in New Delhi addressing Joint session of both houses 2010.jpg|thumb|A parliamentary joint session is held in the [[Parliament of India#Building|Sansad Bhavan]].]]

India is the world's most populous democracy.{{Sfn|United Nations Population Division}} A [[parliamentary republic]] with a [[multi-party system]],{{Sfn|Burnell|Calvert|1999|p=125}} it has six [[Election Commission of India|recognised]] [[List of recognised political parties in India#National|national parties]], including the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and more than 40 [[List of recognised political parties in India#State|regional parties]].{{Sfn|Election Commission of India}} The Congress is considered centre-left or "liberal" in Indian [[political culture]], and the BJP centre-right or "conservative". For most of the period between 1950—when India first became a republic—and the late 1980s, the Congress held a majority in the parliament. Since then, however, it has increasingly shared the political stage with the BJP,{{Sfn|Sarkar|2007|p=84}} as well as with powerful regional parties which have often forced the creation of multi-party [[coalition government|coalitions]] at the centre.{{Sfn|Chander|2004|p=117}}

In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957, and 1962, the [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]-led Congress won easy victories. On Nehru's death in 1964, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] briefly became prime minister; he was succeeded, after his own unexpected death in 1966, by [[Indira Gandhi]], who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in 1967 and 1971. Following public discontent with the [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]] she declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out of power in 1977; the then-new [[Janata Party]], which had opposed the emergency, was voted in. Its government lasted just over three years. Voted back into power in 1980, the Congress saw a change in leadership in 1984, when Indira Gandhi was assassinated; she was succeeded by her son [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who won an easy victory in the general elections later that year. The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a [[National Front (India)|National Front]] coalition, led by the newly formed [[Janata Dal]] in alliance with the [[Left Front]], won the elections; that government too proved relatively short-lived: it lasted just under two years.{{Sfn|Bhambhri|1992|pp=118, 143}} Elections were held again in 1991; no party won an absolute majority. But the Congress, as the largest single party, was able to form a [[minority government]] led by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]].{{Sfn|The Hindu 2008}}

A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of 1996. Several short-lived alliances shared power at the centre. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996; it was followed by two comparatively long-lasting [[United Front (India)|United Front]] coalitions, which depended on external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form a successful coalition, the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]], or NDA. Led by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], the NDA became the first non-Congress government to complete a five-year term.{{Sfn|Dunleavy|Diwakar|Dunleavy|2007}} In the [[Indian general election, 2004|2004 Indian general elections]], again no party won an absolute majority, but the Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming another successful coalition: the [[United Progressive Alliance]], or UPA. It had the support of left-leaning parties and MPs who opposed the BJP. The UPA returned to power in the [[Indian general election, 2009|2009 general election]] with increased numbers, and it no longer required external support from [[Socialism in India|India's communist parties]].{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=384}} That year, [[Manmohan Singh]] became the first prime minister since [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in [[Indian general election, 1957|1957]] and [[Indian general election, 1962|1962]] to be re-elected to a consecutive five-year term.{{Sfn|Business Standard|2009}}

===Government===
{{Main|Government of India}}
{{See also|Elections in India}}
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan Wide New Delhi India.jpg|thumb|The [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] is the official residence of the President of India.]]

India is a [[federation]] with a [[parliamentary system]] governed under the [[Constitution of India]], which serves as the country's supreme legal document. It is a [[constitutional republic]] and [[representative democracy]], in which "[[majority rule]] is tempered by [[minority rights]] protected by [[Law of India|law]]". [[Federalism#India|Federalism in India]] defines the power distribution between the federal government and the [[States and territories of India|states]]. The government abides by constitutional [[separation of powers|checks and balances]]. The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950,{{Sfn|Pylee|2003|a|p=4}} states in its [[preamble to the Constitution of India|preamble]] that India is a [[sovereignty|sovereign]], [[socialism|socialist]], [[secularism|secular]], [[liberal democracy|democratic]] [[republic]].{{Sfn|Dutt|1998|p=421}} India's form of government, traditionally described as "quasi-federal" with a strong centre and weak states,{{Sfn|Wheare|1980|p=28}} has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic, and social changes.{{Sfn|Echeverri-Gent|2002|pp=19–20}}{{Sfn|Sinha|2004|p=25}}

{{Table
|type=border="0" cellspacing="1" align="left" style="margin-right: 3em;"
|title='''National symbols'''{{Sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}
|row1=Flag{{!!}}[[Flag of India|Tricolour]]
|row2=Emblem{{!!}}[[Emblem of India|Sarnath Lion Capital]]
|row3=Anthem{{!!}}''[[Jana Gana Mana]]''
|row4=Song{{!!}}''[[Vande Mataram]]''
|row5=Calendar{{!!}}[[Indian national calendar|Saka]]
|row6=Game{{!!}}[[Field hockey|Hockey]]
|row7=Flower{{!!}}[[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]]
|row8=Fruit{{!!}}[[Mango]]
|row9=Tree{{!!}}[[Ficus benghalensis|Banyan]]
|row10=Bird{{!!}}[[Indian Peafowl]]
|row11=Land animal{{!!}}[[Bengal tiger|Royal Bengal Tiger]]
|row12=Aquatic animal{{!!}}[[South Asian River Dolphin|River Dolphin]]
|row13=River{{!!}}[[Ganges]]
}}

The federal government comprises three branches:
* [[Executive (government)|Executive]]: The [[President of India]] is the head of state{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=31}} and is elected indirectly by a national [[electoral college]]{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=138}} for a five-year term.{{Sfn|Gledhill|1970|p=112}} The [[Prime Minister of India]] is the [[head of government]] and exercises most [[executive (government)|executive power]].{{Sfn|Sharma|1950}} Appointed by the president,{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=162}} the prime minister is by convention supported by the [[political party|party]] or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.{{Sfn|Sharma|1950}} The executive branch of the Indian government consists of the president, the vice-president, and the [[Council of Ministers of Republic of India|Council of Ministers]]—the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] being its executive committee—headed by the prime minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=31}} In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature; the prime minister and his council directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament.{{Sfn|Mathew|2003|p=524}}
* [[Legislature|Legislative]]: The legislature of India is the [[bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India|parliament]]. It operates under a [[Westminster system|Westminster-style]] parliamentary system and comprises the upper house called the [[Rajya Sabha]] ("Council of States") and the lower called the [[Lok Sabha]] ("House of the People").{{Sfn|Gledhill|1970|p=127}} The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body that has 245 members who serve in staggered six-year terms.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=161}} Most are elected indirectly by the [[States and territories of India|state and territorial]] legislatures in numbers proportional to their state's share of the national population.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=162}} All but two of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected by popular vote; they represent individual [[constituency|constituencies]] via five-year terms.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=143}} The remaining two members are nominated by the president from among the [[Anglo-Indian]] community, in case the president decides that they are not adequately represented.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=360}}
* [[Judiciary|Judicial]]: India has a unitary three-tier judiciary that comprises the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], headed by the [[Chief Justice of India]], 21 [[High Courts of India|High Courts]], and a large number of trial courts.{{Sfn|Neuborne|2003|p=478}} The Supreme Court has [[original jurisdiction]] over cases involving [[Fundamental Rights in India|fundamental rights]] and over disputes between states and the centre; it has [[appellate jurisdiction]] over the High Courts.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|pp=238, 255}} It is [[Judicial independence|judicially independent]]{{Sfn|Neuborne|2003|p=478}} and has the power both to declare the law and to strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution.{{Sfn|Sripati|1998|pp=423–424}} The Supreme Court is also the ultimate interpreter of the constitution.{{Sfn|Pylee|2003|b|p=314}}

===Subdivisions===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of India}}
{{See also|Political integration of India}}

India is a federation composed of 28 states and 7 [[Union Territory|union territories]].{{Sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} All states, as well as the union territories of [[Pondicherry]] and the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]], have elected legislatures and governments, both patterned on the Westminster model. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the [[States Reorganisation Act]], states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.{{Sfn|Sharma|2007|p=49}} Since then, their structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative [[Districts of India|districts]]. The districts in turn are further divided into [[tehsil]]s and ultimately into villages.

'''States'''
{|
|-
|
# [[Andhra Pradesh]]
# [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
# [[Assam]]
# [[Bihar]]
# [[Chhattisgarh]]
# [[Goa]]
# [[Gujarat]]
|
<ol start="8">
<li> [[Haryana]]
<li> [[Himachal Pradesh]]
<li> [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
<li> [[Jharkhand]]
<li> [[Karnataka]]
<li> [[Kerala]]
<li> [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|
<ol start="15">
<li> [[Maharashtra]]
<li> [[Manipur]]
<li> [[Meghalaya]]
<li> [[Mizoram]]
<li> [[Nagaland]]
<li> [[Orissa]]<!--Do not change this per [[WP:COMMONNAME]].-->
<li> [[Punjab (Indian state)|Punjab]]
|
<ol start="22">
<li> [[Rajasthan]]
<li> [[Sikkim]]
<li> [[Tamil Nadu]]
<li> [[Tripura]]
<li> [[Uttar Pradesh]]
<li> [[Uttarakhand]]
<li> [[West Bengal]]
</ol>
|}

'''Union territories'''
{|
|-
|
<ol type="A">
<li> [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
<li> [[Chandigarh]]
<li> [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
<li> [[Daman and Diu]]
<li> [[Lakshadweep]]
<li> [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
<li> [[Pondicherry]]
</ol>
|}

{{Indian states and territories image map}}

==Foreign relations and military==
{{Main|Foreign relations of India|Indian Armed Forces}}
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit 7-9 July 2008-61.jpg|thumb|alt=Two seated men converse. The first is dressed in Indian clothing and turban and sits before an Indian flag; the second is in a Western business suit and sits before a Russian flag.|[[Manmohan Singh]] meets [[Dmitry Medvedev]] at the [[34th G8 summit]]. India and Russia share extensive economic, defence, and technological [[India–Russia relations|ties]].]]

Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relations with most nations. In the 1950s, it strongly supported decolonisation in Africa and Asia and [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement|played a lead role]] in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].{{Sfn|Rothermund|2000|pp=48, 227}} In the late 1980s, the Indian military twice intervened abroad at the invitation of neighbouring countries: a [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|peace-keeping operation]] in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990; and an armed intervention to prevent a [[1988 Maldives coup d'état|coup d'état attempt]] in Maldives. India has [[Indo-Pakistani relations|tense relations]] with neighbouring Pakistan; the two nations [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|have gone to war four times]]: in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971]], and [[Kargil War|1999]]. Three of these wars were fought over the [[Kashmir conflict|disputed territory of Kashmir]], while the fourth, the 1971 war, followed from India's support for the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence of Bangladesh]].{{Sfn|Gilbert|2002|pp=486–487}} After waging the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] and the 1965 war with Pakistan, India pursued close military and economic ties with the Soviet Union; by the late 1960s, the Soviet Union was its largest arms supplier.{{Sfn|Sharma|1999|p=56}}

Aside from ongoing strategic [[India–Russia relations|relations with Russia]], India has wide-ranging [[India–Israel relations|defence relations with Israel]] and [[France–India relations|France]]. In recent years, it has played key roles in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] and the [[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organisation]]. The nation has provided 100,000 [[Indian Armed Forces|military]] and [[Law enforcement in India|police]] personnel to serve in 35 UN peacekeeping operations across four continents. It participates in the [[East Asia Summit]], the [[G8+5]], and other multilateral forums.{{Sfn|Alford|2008}} India has close economic ties with South America, Asia, and Africa; it pursues a [[Look East policy|"Look East" policy]] that seeks to strengthen partnerships with the [[ASEAN]] nations, [[India–Japan relations|Japan]], and [[India–South Korea relations|South Korea]] that revolve around many issues, but especially those involving economic investment and regional security.{{Sfn|Ghosh|2009|pp=282–289}}{{Sfn|Sisodia|Naidu|2005|pp=1–8}}

[[File:Lca1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[HAL Tejas]] is a light supersonic fighter developed by the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] and manufactured by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|Hindustan Aeronautics]] in [[Bangalore]].{{Sfn|Russian International News Agency 2011}}]]

China's [[596 (nuclear test)|nuclear test of 1964]], as well as its repeated threats to intervene in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war, convinced India to develop nuclear weapons.{{Sfn|Perkovich|2001|pp=60–86, 106–125}} India conducted its [[Smiling Buddha|first nuclear weapons test]] in 1974 and carried out [[Pokhran-II|further underground testing]] in 1998. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has signed neither the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty]] nor the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]], considering both to be flawed and discriminatory.{{Sfn|Kumar|2010}} India maintains a "[[no first use]]" nuclear policy and is developing a [[nuclear triad]] capability as a part of its "[[Minimum Credible Deterrence|minimum credible deterrence]]" doctrine.{{Sfn|Nair|2007}}{{Sfn|Pandit|2009}} It is developing a [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program|ballistic missile defence shield]] and, in collaboration with Russia, a [[Sukhoi/HAL FGFA|fifth-generation fighter jet]].{{Sfn|The Hindu 2011}} Other indigenous military projects involve the design and implementation of [[Vikrant class aircraft carrier|''Vikrant''-class aircraft carriers]] and [[Arihant class submarine|''Arihant''-class nuclear submarines]].{{Sfn|The Hindu 2011}}

Since the end of the [[Cold War]], India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation with the [[India–United States relations|United States]] and the [[India–European Union relations|European Union]].{{Sfn|Europa 2008}} In 2008, a [[U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement|civilian nuclear agreement]] was signed between India and the United States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not party to the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]], it received waivers from the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]], ending earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce. As a consequence, India became the sixth ''de facto'' nuclear weapons state.{{Sfn|The Times of India 2008}} India subsequently signed cooperation agreements involving [[Nuclear power in India|civilian nuclear energy]] with Russia,{{Sfn|British Broadcasting Corporation 2009}} France,{{Sfn|Rediff 2008 a}} the [[India–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]],{{Sfn|Reuters|2010}} and [[Canada–India relations|Canada]].{{Sfn|Curry|2010}}

The [[President of India]] is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.6 million active troops, they compose the [[List of countries by number of troops|world's third-largest military]].{{Sfn|Ripsman|Paul|2010|p=130}} It comprises the [[Indian Army]], the [[Indian Navy]], and the [[Indian Air Force]]; auxiliary organisations include the [[Strategic Forces Command]] and three [[Paramilitary forces of India|paramilitary groups]]: the [[Assam Rifles]], the [[Special Frontier Force]], and the [[Indian Coast Guard]].{{Sfn|Central Intelligence Agency}} The official Indian [[List of countries by military expenditures|defence budget]] for 2011 was US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of GDP.{{Sfn|Behera|2011}} For the fiscal year spanning 2012–2013, US$40.44 billion was budgeted.{{Sfn|Behera|2012}} According to a 2008 [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|SIPRI]] report, India's annual military expenditure in terms of purchasing power stood at US$72.7 billion,{{Sfn|Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2008|p=178}} In 2011, the annual defence budget increased by 11.6%,{{Sfn|Miglani|2011}} although this does not include funds that reach the military through other branches of government.{{Sfn|Shukla|2011}} As of 2012, India is the world's largest arms importer; between 2007 and 2011, it accounted for 10% of funds spent on international arms purchases.{{Sfn|Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative 2012}} Much of the military expenditure was focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean.{{Sfn|Miglani|2011}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of India}}
{{See also|Economic history of India|Economic development in India|Transport in India}}
[[File:Ploughing with cattle in West Bengal.jpg|thumb|[[Agriculture in India|Indian agriculture]] dates from the period 7,000–6,000 BCE,{{Sfn|Olson|2009|p=16}} employs most of the national workforce, and is second in farm output worldwide. Above, a farmer works an ox-drawn plow in Kadmati, West Bengal.]]

According to the International Monetary Fund, as of 2011, the Indian economy is nominally worth US$1.843 trillion; it is the tenth-largest economy by market exchange rates, and is, at US$4.469 trillion, the third-largest by [[purchasing power parity]], or PPP.{{Sfn|International Monetary Fund}} With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 10.4% during 2010,{{Sfn|International Monetary Fund 2011|p=2}} India is one of the [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate (latest year)|world's fastest-growing economies]].{{Sfn|Nayak|Goldar|Agrawal|2010|p=xxv}} However, the country ranks 138th in the world in [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]] and 129th in [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita at PPP]].{{Sfn|International Monetary Fund}} Until 1991, all Indian governments followed [[protectionism|protectionist]] policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread [[Licence Raj|state intervention and regulation]] largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute [[1991 India economic crisis|balance of payments crisis in 1991]] forced the nation to [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalise its economy]];{{Sfn|Wolpert|2003|p=xiv}} since then it has slowly moved towards a free-market system{{Sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}}{{Sfn|Gargan|1992}} by emphasizing both foreign trade and direct investment inflows.{{Sfn|Alamgir|2008|pp=23, 97}} India's recent economic model is largely capitalist.{{Sfn|Gargan|1992}}

The 467-million worker [[Labour in India|Indian labour force]] is the [[List of countries by labour force|world's second-largest]].{{Sfn|Central Intelligence Agency}} The service sector makes up 54% of GDP, the [[Agriculture in India|agricultural sector]] 28%, and the industrial sector 18%. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes.{{Sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software.{{Sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.{{Sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}} In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.68%;{{Sfn|The Times of India 2009}} India was the world's [[List of countries by imports|fifteenth-largest importer]] in 2009 and the [[List of countries by exports|eighteenth-largest exporter]].{{Sfn|World Trade Organisation 2010}} Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, jewelry, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather manufactures.{{Sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals.{{Sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.{{Sfn|Economist 2011}}

[[File:Bombay Stock Exchange 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Street-level view looking up at a modern 30-story building.|The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is Asia's oldest and India's largest bourse by [[market capitalisation]].]]

Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% during the last few years,{{Sfn|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}} India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the last decade.{{Sfn|Bonner|2010}} Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030.{{Sfn|Farrell|Beinhocker|2007}} Though ranking 51st in [[Global Competitiveness Report|global competitiveness]], India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies.{{Sfn|Schwab|2010}} With 7 of the world's top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in India, the country is viewed as the second-most favourable outsourcing destination after the United States.{{Sfn|Sheth|2009}} India's consumer market, currently the world's [[List of largest consumer markets|thirteenth-largest]], is expected to become fifth-largest by 2030.{{Sfn|Farrell|Beinhocker|2007}} Its [[Communications in India|telecommunication industry]], the world's fastest-growing, added 227 million subscribers during the period 2010–11.{{Sfn|Telecom Regulatory Authority 2011}} Its [[Automotive industry in India|automotive industry]], the world's second fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–10,{{Sfn|Business Line 2010}} and exports by 36% during 2008–09.{{Sfn|Express India 2009}} Power capacity is 250 gigawatts, of which 8% is [[Renewable energy in India|renewable]].{{Sfn|Yep|2011}}

Despite impressive economic growth during recent decades, India continues to face socio-economic challenges. India contains the [[poverty in India|largest concentration]] of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of US$1.25 per day,{{Sfn|World Bank 2006}} the proportion having decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005.{{Sfn|World Bank a}} Half of the children in India are underweight,{{Sfn|World Bank b}} and 46% of children under the age of three suffer from [[Malnutrition in India|malnutrition]].{{Sfn|World Bank 2006}} The [[Mid-Day Meal Scheme]] attempts to lower these rates.{{Sfn|Drèze|Goyal|2008|p=46}} Since 1991, [[List of Indian states by GDP|economic inequality]] between India's states has consistently grown: the per-capita [[Net domestic product|net state domestic product]] of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest.{{Sfn|Pal|Ghosh|2007}} [[Corruption in India]] is perceived to have increased significantly,{{Sfn|Transparency International 2010}} with one report estimating the illegal capital flows since independence to be US$462 billion.{{Sfn|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 c}} Driven by growth, India's nominal [[GDP per capita]] has steadily increased from US$329 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,265 in 2010, and is estimated to increase to US$2,110 by 2016; however, it has always remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future.{{Sfn|International Monetary Fund 2011}}

According to a 2011 [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity could overtake that of the United States by 2045.{{Sfn|PricewaterhouseCoopers|2011}} During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected to grow at an annualised average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy until 2050.{{Sfn|PricewaterhouseCoopers|2011}} The report highlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working-age population; growth in the manufacturing sector due to rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustained growth of the consumer market driven by a rapidly growing middle class.{{Sfn|PricewaterhouseCoopers|2011}} The World Bank cautions that, for India to achieve its economic potential, it must continue to focus on public sector reform, [[Transport in India|transport infrastructure]], agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, [[Education in India|education]], [[Energy policy of India|energy security]], and [[Healthcare in India|public health]] and nutrition.{{Sfn|World Bank 2010}}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of India}}
[[File:Indian Railways Network Connectivity Map with cities and population density.png|thumb|alt=Map of India. High population density areas (above 1000 persons per square kilometer) centre on Kolkata along with other parts of the Ganges River Basin, Mumbai, Bangalore, the south-west coast, and the Lakshadweep Islands. Low density areas (below 100) include the western desert, eastern Kashmir, and the eastern frontier.|A population density and [[Indian Railways]] connectivity map. The already densely settled Indo-Gangetic Plain is the main driver of Indian population growth.]]

With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the 2011 provisional census,{{Sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs|2011}} India is the world's second-most populous country. Its population grew at 1.76% per annum during 2001–2011,{{Sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs|2011}} down from 2.13% per annum in the previous decade (1991–2001).{{Sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs 2010–2011 b}} The human sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males.{{Sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs|2011}} The median age was 24.9 in the 2001 census.{{Sfn|Central Intelligence Agency}} Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "[[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]]" have caused India's population to grow rapidly.{{Sfn|Rorabacher|2010|pp=35–39}} India continues to face several public health-related challenges.{{Sfn|World Health Organisation 2006}}{{Sfn|Boston Analytics|2009}} According to the World Health Organisation, 900,000 Indians die each year from [[pollution in India|drinking contaminated water or breathing polluted air]].{{Sfn|Robinson|2008}} There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians.{{Sfn|Dev|Rao|2009|p=329}} The number of Indians living in urban areas has grown by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.{{Sfn|Garg|2005}} Yet, in 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.{{Sfn|Dyson|Visaria|2005|pp=115–129}}{{Sfn|Ratna|2007|pp=271–272}} According to the 2001 census, there are 27 [[List of most populous cities in India|million-plus cities in India]],{{Sfn|Garg|2005}} with Mumbai, [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Chennai]] being the [[List of most populous metropolitan areas in India|largest]]. The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males.{{Sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs|2011}} Kerala is the most literate state;{{Sfn|Skolnik|2008|p=36}} Bihar the least.{{Sfn|Singh|2004|p=106}}

{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTSECOND}} mod 8}}
|0=[[File:Coal Miner 1980.JPG|thumb|left|upright|A coal miner in Bachra, Jharkhand]]
|1=[[File:Cropped Tripuri.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Children prepare for a traditional dance in Tripura.]]
|2=[[File:Girls in Kargil.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Women in [[Kargil town|Kargil]], Jammu and Kashmir]]
|3=[[File:Handicrafts seller.JPG|thumb|left|upright|A handicraft seller in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh]]
|4=[[File:Inde bondo8658a.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A [[Bonda people|Bondo]] woman walks to a weekly market in Chattisgarh.]]
|5=[[File:India School.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Women attend a literacy programme in [[Thiruputkuzhi]], Tamil Nadu.]]
|6=[[File:Lady in Bundi, Rajasthan.JPG|thumb|left|upright|A woman in [[Bundi]], Rajasthan]]
|7=[[File:Sadhu Vârânasî .jpg|thumb|left|upright|An ascetic in [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh]]
}}

India is home to [[Languages of India|two major language families]]: [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] (spoken by about 74% of the population) and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] (24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] and [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language families. India has no national language.{{Sfn|Dharwadker|2010|pp=168–194, 186}} Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the government.{{Sfn|Ottenheimer|2008|p=303}}{{Sfn|Mallikarjun|2004}} English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language";{{Sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs 1960}} it is important in [[Education in India|education]], especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union territory has one or more official languages, and the constitution recognises in particular 21 "scheduled languages". The Constitution of India recognises 212 [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled]] [[Adivasi|tribal]] groups which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population.{{Sfn|Bonner|1990|p=81}} The 2001 census reported that [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]], with over 800 million adherents (80.5% of the population), was the largest [[religion in India]]; it is followed by [[Islam in India|Islam]] (13.4%), [[Christianity in India|Christianity]] (2.3%), [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]] (1.9%), [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] (0.8%), [[Statistics of Jainism|Jainism]] (0.4%), [[History of the Jews in India|Judaism]], [[Parsi|Zoroastrianism]], and the [[Bahá'í Faith in India|Bahá'í Faith]].{{Sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs 2010–2011}} India has the world's largest Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Zoroastrian, and Bahá'í populations, and has the [[List of countries by Muslim population#List|third-largest]] Muslim population and the largest Muslim population for a non-[[List of Muslim-majority countries|Muslim majority country]].

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of India}}
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTSECOND}} mod 8}}
|0=[[File:A Warli painting by Jivya Soma Mashe, Thane district.jpg|thumb|A [[Warli]] tribal painting by [[Jivya Soma Mashe]] from [[Thane district|Thane]], Maharashtra]]
|1=[[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|thumb|A sculpture fashioned in the [[Greco-Buddhist art|Gandharan tradition]] depicting Gautama Buddha, founder of Buddhism, at the Tokyo National Museum]]
|2=[[File:Goswami Tulsidas Awadhi Hindi Poet.jpg|thumb|The [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] Hindi poet [[Tulsidas]] composed the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', which is one of the best-known vernacular versions of the ''[[Ramayana]]''.]]
|3=[[File:Hampi Royal Area, Vijayanagara Empire, Karnataka.jpg|thumb|[[Hampi]], seat of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
|4=[[File:Mahabodhi Temple Bodh Gaya Bihar India.jpg|thumb|The [[Mahabodhi Temple]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], Bihar commemorates the enlightenment of Gautama Buddha.]]
|5=[[File:Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit.jpg|thumb|A Chola bronze depicting [[Nataraja]], who is seen as a cosmic "Lord of the Dance" and representative of [[Shiva]]]]
|6=[[File:Three Girls, by Amrita Sher-Gil, 1935.jpg|thumb|''Three Girls'', by modern artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]]]
|7=[[File:Toda Hut.JPG|thumb|A [[Toda people|Toda]] tribal hut exemplifies [[Indian vernacular architecture]].]]
}}

Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years.{{Sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=15}} During the [[Vedic period]] (c. 1700–500 BCE), the foundations of [[Hindu philosophy]], [[Hindu mythology|mythology]], and [[Hindu texts|literature]] were laid, and many beliefs and practices which still exist today, such as ''[[Dharma|dhárma]]'', ''[[Karma|kárma]]'', ''[[yoga|yóga]]'', and ''[[moksha|mokṣa]]'', were established.{{Sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=86}} India is notable for its [[Indian religions|religious diversity]], with Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Jainism among the nation's major religions.{{Sfn|Heehs|2002|pp=2–5}} The predominant religion, Hinduism, has been shaped by various historical schools of thought, including those of the ''[[Upanishads]]'',{{Sfn|Deutsch|1969|pp=3, 78}} the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]]'', the [[Bhakti|''Bhakti'' movement]],{{Sfn|Heehs|2002|pp=2–5}} and by [[Buddhist philosophy]].{{Sfn|Nakamura|1999}}

===Art and architecture===
Much of [[Architecture of India|Indian architecture]], including the [[Taj Mahal]], other works of [[Mughal architecture]], and [[Dravidian architecture|South Indian architecture]], blends ancient local traditions with imported styles.{{Sfn|Kuiper|2010|pp=296–329}} [[Indian vernacular architecture|Vernacular architecture]] is also highly regional in it flavours. ''[[Vastu shastra]]'', literally "science of construction" or "architecture" and ascribed to [[Mamuni Mayan]],{{Sfn|Silverman|2007|p=20}} explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings;{{Sfn|Kumar|2000|p=5}} it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived cosmic constructs.{{Sfn|Roberts|2004|p=73}} As applied in [[Hindu temple architecture]], it is influenced by the ''[[Shilpa Shastras]]'', a series of foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the ''Vastu-Purusha mandala'', a square that embodied the "[[Absolute (philosophy)|absolute]]".{{Sfn|Lang|Moleski|2010|pp=151–152}} The Taj Mahal, built in [[Agra]] between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in memory of his wife, has been described in the [[UNESCO World Heritage List]] as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."{{Sfn|United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation}} [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]], developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on [[Indo-Islamic architecture]].{{Sfn|Chopra|2011|p=46}}

===Literature===
The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1400 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskrit language.{{Sfn|Hoiberg|Ramchandani|2000}}{{Sfn|Sarma|2009}} Prominent works of this [[Sanskrit literature]] include [[Indian epic poetry|epics]] such as the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'' and the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the dramas of [[Kālidāsa]] such as the ''Abhijñānaśākuntalam'' (''[[The Recognition of Śakuntalā]]''), and poetry such as the ''[[Sanskrit literature#Classical poetry|Mahākāvya]]''.{{Sfn|Johnson|2008}}{{Sfn|MacDonell|2004|pp=1–40}}{{Sfn|Kālidāsa|Johnson|2001}} Developed between 600 BCE and 300 CE in South India, the [[Sangam literature|''Sangam'' literature]], consisting of 2,381 poems, is regarded as a predecessor of [[Tamil literature]].{{Sfn|Zvelebil|1997|p=12}}{{Sfn|Hart|1975}}{{Sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2008}}{{Sfn|Ramanujan|1985|pp=ix–x}} From the 14th to the 18th centuries, India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of [[Bhakti movement|devotional poets]] such as [[Kabir|Kabīr]], [[Tulsidas|Tulsīdās]], and [[Guru Nanak|Guru Nānak]]. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.{{Sfn|Das|2005}} In the 19th century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. In the 20th century, Indian literature was influenced by the [[Works of Rabindranath Tagore|works]] of Bengali poet and novelist [[Rabindranath Tagore]].{{Sfn|Datta|2006}}

===Performing arts===
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTSECOND}} mod 8}}
|0=[[File:Balasaraswati Bharat Natyam Great 1949.jpg|thumb|left|[[Balasaraswati]], one the foremost ''[[Bharata Natyam|bharatnatyam]]'' dancers of the 20th century, performs at a concert.]]
|1=[[File:Bihu-dancers-and-drummer.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bihu dance]]rs and drummers from Assam]]
|2=[[File:Flickr - dalbera - Deepika Reddy (musée Guimet).jpg|thumb|left|A Kuchipudi dance performance is accompanied by Carnatic vocalisations.]]
|3=[[File:Flickr - dalbera - Sudheshna Bhattacharya (musée Guimet, Paris) (1).jpg|thumb|left|[[Sarod]] player Sudhesna Bhattacharya in concert at the Musée Guimet, Paris]]
|4=[[File:Friday_Evening_Qawali_at_Dargah_Salim_Chisti,_Fatehpur_Sikri,_UP,_India.theora.ogv|thumb|left|Friday evening ''[[qawwali]]'' at Dargah [[Salim Chishti]] in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], near [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh]]
|5=[[File:Inde muria 0511.jpg|thumb|left|[[Muria people|Muria]] tribal dancers in Bastar, Madhya Pradesh]]
|6=[[File:Indian village musicians.jpg|thumb|left|Folk musicians in Hyderabad]]
|7=[[File:Ravi Shankar - Madhuvanti.ogg|thumb|left|Sitar maestro [[Ravi Shankar]] performs at the [[Shiraz Arts Festival]] in the 1970s.]]
}}

[[Music of India|Indian music]] ranges over various traditions and regional styles. [[Indian classical music|Classical music]] encompasses two genres and their various folk offshoots: the northern [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] and southern [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] schools.{{Sfn|Massey|Massey|1998}} Regionalised popular forms include [[filmi]] and [[Indian folk music|folk music]]; the syncretic tradition of the ''[[baul]]s'' is a well-known form of the latter. [[Dance in India|Indian dance]] also features diverse folk and classical forms. Among the better-known [[List of Indian folk dances|folk dances]] are the ''[[Bhangra (popular music)|bhangra]]'' of the Punjab, the ''[[bihu]]'' of Assam, the ''[[Chhau dance|chhau]]'' of West Bengal and Jharkhand, ''sambalpuri'' of Orissa<!--Do not change this per [[WP:COMMONNAME]].-->, ''[[ghoomar]]'' of Rajasthan, and the ''[[lavani]]'' of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded [[Classical Indian dance|classical dance status]] by India's [[Sangeet Natak Akademi|National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama]]. These are: ''[[Bharata Natyam|bharatanatyam]]'' of the state of Tamil Nadu, ''[[kathak]]'' of Uttar Pradesh, ''[[kathakali]]'' and ''[[mohiniyattam]]'' of Kerala,'' [[kuchipudi]]'' of Andhra Pradesh, ''[[Manipuri dance|manipuri]]'' of Manipur, ''[[odissi]]'' of Orissa<!--Do not change this per [[WP:COMMONNAME]].-->, and the ''[[sattriya]]'' of Assam.{{Sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica b}}

[[Theatre in India]] melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.{{Sfn|Lal|2004|pp=23, 30, 235}} Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre includes the ''[[bhavai]]'' of Gujarat, the ''[[Jatra (Bengal)|jatra]]'' of West Bengal, the ''[[nautanki]]'' and ''[[ramlila]]'' of North India, ''[[tamasha]]'' of Maharashtra, ''[[burrakatha]]'' of Andhra Pradesh, ''[[terukkuttu]]'' of Tamil Nadu, and the ''[[yakshagana]]'' of Karnataka.{{Sfn|Karanth|2002|p=26}} The [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]] produces the world's most-watched cinema.{{Sfn|Dissanayake|Gokulsing|2004}} Established regional cinematic traditions exist in the [[Cinema of Assam|Assamese]], [[Cinema of Bengal|Bengali]], [[Bollywood|Hindi]], [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]], [[Cinema of Orissa|Oriya]]<!--Do not change this per [[WP:COMMONNAME]].-->, [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], and [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] languages.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|page=652}} South Indian cinema attracts more than 75% of national film revenue.{{Sfn|The Economic Times}}

===Society===
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTSECOND}} mod 8}}
|0=[[File:GroupFromNorthEastIndiaAtTaj.jpg|thumb|Tourists from [[North-East India]], wrapped in sarongs and shawls, visit the Taj Mahal.]]
|1=[[File:Hindu marriage ceremony offering.jpg|thumb|A [[Rajput]] Hindu marriage ceremony]]
|2=[[File:Hindu Temple Rituals.jpg|thumb|Four activities of a Hindu priest, clockwise from top left: (1) preparing the deity for public worship; (2) making [[sandlewood]] paste for ritual blessing; (3) successively dripping the alter with milk, honey, dry fruit, yoghurt, and bananas to make ambrosia; (4) distributing the ''[[prasad]]'', food viewed as blessed by the deity, to the worshipers.]]
|3=[[File:India Christian wedding Madurai Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|A Christian wedding in [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu.]]
|4=[[File:Indian Kitchens Outdoor and Indoor, Rajasthan and Karnataka.jpg|thumb|Top: ''[[Roti]]'' bread and ''[[sabzi]]'' vegetable stew are cooked outdoors in the Thar Desert using traditional Rajasthani methods. Bottom: The kitchen of a Hindu temple.]]
|5=[[File:Muslims praying in mosque in Srinagar, Kashmir.jpg|thumb|Muslims offer ''[[Salah|namaz]]'' at a mosque in [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir.]]
|6=[[File:Northern and Western Indian Home Cooked Lunch and Southern Indian Thali Dinner.jpg|thumb|Top: A North Indian home-cooked ''[[tiffin]]'' lunch as delivered to an office by a ''[[dabbawala]]''. Bottom: A South Indian ''[[thali]]''-style dinner as served in a restaurant.]]
|7=[[File:Sikh pilgrim at the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India.jpg|thumb|A Sikh pilgrim at the [[Harmandir Sahib]], or Golden Temple, in [[Amritsar]], Punjab]]
}}

Traditional Indian society is defined by relatively strict social hierarchy. The [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]] embodies much of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent. Social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as ''[[jāti]]s'', or "castes".{{Sfn|Schwartzberg|2011}} Most [[Dalit]]s ("Untouchables") and members of other [[Shudra|lower-caste communities]] continue to live in segregation and often face [[Caste-related violence in India|persecution and discrimination]].{{Sfn|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2007}}{{Sfn|Wolpert|2003|p=126}} Traditional Indian family values are highly valued, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm in India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas.{{Sfn|Makar|2007}} An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|their marriages arranged]] by their parents or other family members.{{Sfn|Medora|2003}} Marriage is thought to be for life,{{Sfn|Medora|2003}} and the divorce rate is extremely low.{{Sfn|Jones|Ramdas|2005|p=111}} Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; more than half of [[women in India|Indian females]] wed before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age.{{Sfn|Cullen-Dupont|2009|p=96}}

Many [[Public holidays in India|Indian festivals]] are religious in origin; among them are [[Diwali]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Thai Pongal]], [[Navaratri]], [[Holi]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha|Bakr-Id]], [[Christmas worldwide#India|Christmas]], and [[Vaisakhi]]. India has [[Public holidays in India|three national holidays]] which are observed in all states and union territories: [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], and [[Gandhi Jayanti]]. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states. Traditional [[Clothing in India|Indian dress]] varies in colour and style across regions and depends on various factors, including climate and faith. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as the ''[[sari]]'' for women and the ''[[dhoti]]'' or ''[[lungi]]'' for men. Stitched clothes, such as the ''[[shalwar kameez]]'' for women and ''[[kurta]]''–''[[Pajamas|pyjama]]'' combinations or European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.{{Sfn|Tarlo|1996|pp=xii, xii, 11, 15, 28, 46}} Use of delicate jewellery, modelled on real flowers worn in ancient India, is part of a tradition dating back some 5,000 years; gemstones are also worn in India as talismans.{{Sfn|Eraly|2008|p=160}}

[[Indian cuisine]] features an unsurpassed reliance on herbs and spices, with dishes often calling for the nuanced usage of a dozen or more condiments;{{Sfn|Bladholm|2000|p=64–65}} it is also known for its ''tandoori'' preparations. The ''[[tandoor]]'', a clay oven used in India for almost 5,000 years, grills meats to an "uncommon succulence" and produces the puffy flatbread known as ''[[naan]]''.{{Sfn|Raichlen|2011}} The staple foods are wheat (predominantly in the north),{{Sfn|Kiple|Ornelas|2000|pp=1140–1151}} rice (especially in the south and the east), and lentils.{{Sfn|Yadav|McNeil|Stevenson|2007}} [[List of Indian spices|Many spices]] that have worldwide appeal are native to the Indian subcontinent,{{Sfn|Raghavan|2006|p=3}} while [[chili pepper]], native to the Americas and introduced by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], is widely used by Indians.{{Sfn|Sen|2006|p=132}} ''[[Ayurveda|Āyurveda]]'', a system of traditional medicine, used six ''[[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasas]]'' and three ''[[guṇa]]s'' to help describe comestibles.{{Sfn|Wengell|Gabriel|2008|p=158}} Over time, as Vedic animal sacrifices were supplanted by the notion of [[Cattle in religion|sacred-cow]] inviolability, [[Vegetarianism by country#India|vegetarianism]] became associated with high religious status and grew increasingly popular,{{Sfn|Henderson|2002|p=102}} a trend aided by the rise of [[Buddhist vegetarianism|Buddhist]], [[Jain vegetarianism|Jain]], and ''bhakti'' [[Diet in Hinduism|Hindu]] norms.{{Sfn|Puskar-Pasewicz|2010|p=39}} India has the world's highest concentration of vegetarians: a 2006 survey found that 31% of Indians were non-[[Ovo vegetarianism|ovo]] vegetarian.{{Sfn|Puskar-Pasewicz|2010|p=39}} Common [[Etiquette of Indian dining|traditional eating customs]] include meals taken on or near the floor, caste- and gender-segregated dining,{{Sfn|Schoenhals|2003|p=119}}{{Sfn|Seymour|1999|p=81}} and a lack of cutlery in favour of the right hand or a piece of ''[[roti]]''.

===Sport===
{{Main|Sport in India}}
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTSECOND}} mod 8}}
|0=[[File:Filles jouant à la marelle, Jaura, Inde.jpg|thumb|Girls play hopscotch in [[Juara]], Madhya Pradesh.]]
|1=[[File:Indian-Hockey-Team-Berlin-1936.jpg|thumb|Field hockey is the national sport of India. Pictured is the Indian team, captained by [[Dhyan Chand]] (standing second from left), after winning the finals at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]]—their third of six consecutive Olympic golds.]]
|2=[[File:Joueursindienspushkar.jpg|thumb|A street-corner game of ''pachisi'' in [[Pushkar]], Rajasthan]]
|3=[[File:Kabaddi in Bagepalli Karnataka.jpg|thumb|A game of ''kabaddi'' in [[Bagepalli]], Karnataka]]
|4=[[File:Soccer football informal in Manipur India cropped.jpg|thumb|Boys play football in Manipur.]]
|5=[[File:Street Cricket Batter India.jpg|thumb|Cricket is the most popular game among India's masses. Shown here is an instance of [[street cricket]].]]
|6=[[File:Vaalum-parichayum.jpeg|thumb|''Kalarippayattu'', a martial art native to Kerala]]
|7=[[File:Viswanathan Anand 08 14 2005.jpg|thumb|Indian chess grandmaster and current world champion [[Vishwanathan Anand]] competes at a chess tournament in 2005. Chess is commonly believed to have originated in India in the 5th century.]]
}}

In India, several traditional indigenous sports remain fairly popular, among them ''[[kabaddi]]'', ''[[kho kho]]'', ''[[pehlwani]]'', and ''[[gilli-danda]]''. Some of the earliest forms of Asian [[Indian martial arts|martial arts]], such as ''[[kalarippayattu]]'', ''[[musti yuddha]]'', ''[[silambam]]'', and ''[[marma adi]]'', originated in India. The [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]] and the [[Arjuna Award]] are the highest forms of government recognition for athletic achievement; the [[Dronacharya Award]] is awarded for excellence in coaching. Chess, commonly held to have [[History of chess#India|originated in India]] as ''[[chaturanga|chaturaṅga]]'', is regaining widespread popularity with the rise in the number of Indian [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmasters]].{{Sfn|Wolpert|2003|p=2}}{{Sfn|Rediff 2008 b}} ''[[Pachisi]]'', from which [[parcheesi]] derives, was played on a giant marble court by Akbar.{{Sfn|Binmore|2007|p=98}} The improved results garnered by the [[India Davis Cup team|Indian Davis Cup team]] and other [[:Category:Indian tennis players|Indian tennis players]] in the early 2010s have made tennis increasingly popular in the country.{{Sfn|The Wall Street Journal 2009}} India has a [[:Category:Indian sport shooters|comparatively strong presence]] in shooting sports, and has won several medals at the Olympics, the [[ISSF World Shooting Championships|World Shooting Championships]], and the Commonwealth Games.{{Sfn|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 b}}{{Sfn|The Times of India 2010}} Other sports in which Indians have succeeded internationally include badminton,{{Sfn|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 a}} boxing,{{Sfn|Mint 2010}} and wrestling.{{Sfn|Xavier|2010}} [[Football in India|Football]] is popular in West Bengal, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the north-eastern states.{{Sfn|Majumdar|Bandyopadhyay|2006|pp=1–5}}

India's official national sport is [[Field hockey in India|field hockey]]; it is administered by [[Hockey India]]. The [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national hockey team]] won the 1975 [[Hockey World Cup]] and have, as of 2012, taken eight gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals, making it the sport's most successful team. Cricket is by far the most popular sport; the [[India national cricket team|Indian national cricket team]] won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]] and [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] events, the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20]], and shared the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]] with Sri Lanka. [[Cricket in India]] is administered by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], or BCCI; the [[Ranji Trophy]], the [[Duleep Trophy]], the [[Deodhar Trophy]], the [[Irani Trophy]], and the [[NKP Salve Challenger Trophy]] are domestic competitions. The BCCI conducts a Twenty20 competition known as the [[Indian Premier League]]. India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the [[1951 Asian Games|1951]] and [[1982 Asian Games]]; the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]], and [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] Cricket World Cup tournaments; the [[2003 Afro-Asian Games]]; the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]]; the [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup|2010 Hockey World Cup]]; and the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]. Major international sporting events held annually in India include the [[Chennai Open]], the [[Mumbai Marathon]], the [[Delhi Half Marathon]], and the [[Indian Masters]]. The first [[Indian Grand Prix]] featured in late 2011.{{Sfn|Dehejia|2011}}
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist|colwidth=33em}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|colwidth=22em}}

==References==
'''Overview'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|title=India|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html|accessdate=4 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Central Intelligence Agency}}}}
* {{Citation|date=December 2004|title=Country Profile: India|edition=5th|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|publisher=[[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]]|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|accessdate=30 September 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Library of Congress|2004}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Heitzman|first=J.|last2=Worden|first2=R. L.|date=August 1996|title=India: A Country Study|series=Area Handbook Series|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|place=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0844408330}}
* {{Citation|title=India|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=534&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=88&pr1.y=9|accessdate=14 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|International Monetary Fund}}}}
* {{Citation|year=2011|title=Provisional Population Totals&nbsp;– Census 2011|work=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|accessdate=29 March 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Home Affairs|2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=24 January 1950|title=Constituent Assembly of India—Volume XII|work=Constituent Assembly of India: Debates|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], Government of India|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol12p1.htm|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}}}}
* {{Citation|title=There's No National Language in India: Gujarat High Court
|publisher=[[The Times Of India]]|date=6 January 2007|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/india/28148512_1_national-language-official-language-hindi|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Times of India 2007}}}}
* {{Citation|year=2011|title=Human Development Report 2011|chapter=Table 1: Human Development Index and its Components|publisher=[[United Nations]]|chapter-url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|United Nations|2011}}}}
{{Refend}}

'''Etymology'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|title=Hindustan|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Encyclopædia Britannica}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Kaye|first=A. S.|date=1 September 1997|title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa|publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]]|isbn=978-1575060194|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T6jmziooEk0C&pg=PA639}}
* {{Citation|editor-last=Kuiper|editor-first=K.|date=July 2010|title=Culture of India|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1615302031|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LiqloV4JnNUC}}
* {{Citation|date=29 July 2008|title=Constitution of India|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]]|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|accessdate=3 March 2012|format=PDF|quote=Article 1(1): "India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States."|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Law and Justice 2008}}}}
* {{Citation|title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|chapter=India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|url=http://www.oed.com/|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Oxford English Dictionary}}}}
{{Refend}}

'''History'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Asher|first=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C.|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521517508}}
* {{Citation|last=Bose|first=S.|last2=Jalal|first2=A.|author-link=Sugata Bose|author2-link=Ayesha Jalal|date=11 March 2011|title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415779425}}
* {{Citation|last=Brown|first=J. M.|author-link=Judith M. Brown|date=26 May 1994|title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy|edition=2nd|series=[[The Short Oxford History of the Modern World]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0198731139|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC}}
* {{Citation|last=Copland|first=I.|date=8 October 2001|title=India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire|edition=1st|publisher=[[Longman]]|isbn=978-0582381735|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=Kulke|first=H.|last2=Rothermund|first2=D.|author-link=Hermann Kulke|date=1 August 2004|title=A History of India|series=4th|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415329200|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC}}
* {{Citation|last=Ludden|first=D.|date=13 June 2002|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|publisher=[[One World Media|One World]]|isbn=978-1851682379}}
* {{Citation|last=Metcalf|first=B.|last2=Metcalf|first2=T. R.|author-link=Barbara Metcalf|author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|date=9 October 2006|title=A Concise History of Modern India|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521682251|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C}}
* {{Citation|last=Peers|first=D. M.|date=3 August 2006|title=India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885|edition=1st|publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Longman]]|isbn=978-0582317383|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=Possehl|first=G.|author-link=Gregory Possehl|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective|date=January 2003|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Rowman Altamira]]|isbn=978-0759101722|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC}}
* {{Citation|last=Robb|first=P.|title=A History of India|year=2001|publisher=London: Palgrave|isbn=978-0333691298}}
* {{Citation|last=Sarkar|first=S.|year=1983|title=Modern India: 1885–1947|place=Delhi|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=978-0333904251|url=http://books.google.com/?id=rVxuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=Singh|first=U.|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2009|publisher=[[Longman]]|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8131716779|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}
* {{Citation|last=Sripati|first=V.|year=1998|title=Toward Fifty Years of Constitutionalism and Fundamental Rights in India: Looking Back to See Ahead (1950–2000)|journal=American University International Law Review|volume=14|issue=2|pages=413–496}}
* {{Citation|last=Stein|first=B.|author-link=Burton Stein|date=16 June 1998|year=1998|title=A History of India|edition=1st
|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|place=Oxford|isbn=978-0631205463|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SXdVS0SzQSAC}}
* {{Citation|last=Stein|first=B.|author-link=Burton Stein|editor-last=Arnold|editor-first=D.|date=27 April 2010|year=2010|title=A History of India|edition=2nd
|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|place=Oxford|isbn=978-1405195096|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC}}
* {{Citation|date=17 December 2009|title=Briefing Rooms: India|work=Economic Research Service|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/India/|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|United States Department of Agriculture}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Thapar|first=Romila|title=Penguin history of early India: from the origins to A.D.1300|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=O2OgAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=13 February 2012|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books}}
* {{Citation|last=Witzel|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Witzel|editor=Gavin D. Flood|title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C|accessdate=15 March 2012|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-631-21535-6|chapter=Vedas and Upanișads}}
* {{Citation|last=Wolpert|first=S.|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|date=25 December 2003|title=A New History of India|edition=7th|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195166781}}
{{Refend}}

'''Geography'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Ali|first=J. R.|last2=Aitchison|first2=J. C.|year=2005|title=Greater India|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=72|issue=3–4|pages=170–173|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005}}
* {{Citation|last=Chang|first=J. H.|year=1967|title=The Indian Summer Monsoon|periodical=Geographical Review|volume=57|issue=3|pages=373–396|doi=10.2307/212640}}
* {{Citation|year=1988|title=Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988|publisher=Department of Environment and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|url=http://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.pdf|accessdate=25 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Department of Environment and Forests|1988}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Dikshit|first=K. R.|last2=Schwartzberg|first2=Joseph E.|author2-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg|title=India|chapter=Land|chapter-url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|pages=1–29|ref={{Sfnref|Dikshit & Schwartzberg}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Duff|first=D.|date=29 October 1993|title=Holmes Principles of Physical Geology|edition=4th|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0748743810|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E6vknq9SfIIC&pg=PT353}}
* {{Citation|last=Kumar|first=V. S.|last2=Pathak|first2=K. C.|last3=Pednekar|first3=P.|last4=Raju|first4=N. S. N.|year=2006|title=Coastal processes along the Indian coastline|periodical=Current Science|volume=91|issue=4|pages=530–536
|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf|format=PDF}}
* {{Citation|year=2007|title=India Yearbook 2007|publisher=Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]]|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-8123014234|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting|2007}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Posey|first=C. A.|date=1 November 1994|title=The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather|publisher=[[Reader's Digest Association|Reader's Digest]]|isbn=978-0895776259}}
* {{Citation|last=Prakash|first=B.|last2=Kumar|first2=S.|last3=Rao|first3=M. S.|last4=Giri|first4=S. C.|year=2000|title=Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress Field in the Western Gangetic Plains|journal=Current Science|volume=79|issue=4|pages=438–449|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Prakash et al.|2000}}}}
{{Refend}}

'''Biodiversity'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Ali|first=S.|last2=Ripley|first2=S. D.|last3=Dick|first3=J. H.|author-link=Salim Ali (ornithologist)|author2-link=S. Dillon Ripley|date=15 August 1996|title=A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=Mumbai|isbn=978-0195637328}}
* {{Citation|last=Basak|first=R. K.|year=1983|title=Botanical Survey of India: Account of Its Establishment, Development, and Activities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yXAVcgAACAAJ|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|year=2007|title=Hotspots by Region|work=Biodiversity Hotspots|publisher=[[Conservation International]]|url=http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/hotspots_by_region/Pages/default.aspx|accessdate=28 February 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Conservation International|2007}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Crame|first=J. A.|last2=Owen|first2=A. W.|date=1 August 2002|title=Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician and Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiations|series=Geological Society Special Publication|issue=194|publisher=[[Geological Society of London]]|isbn=978-1862391062|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YswVy5YolYsC&pg=PA142|accessdate=8 December 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Fisher|first=W. F.|date=January 1995|title=Toward Sustainable Development?: Struggling over India's Narmada River|series=Columbia University Seminars|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|isbn=978-1563243417|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n-iwqh2hS9kC}}
* {{Citation|last=Griffiths|first=M.|date=6 July 2010|title=The Lotus Quest: In Search of the Sacred Flower|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|isbn=978-0312641481|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f2cbyTCeq-EC}}
* {{Citation|last=Karanth|first=K. P.|date=25 March 2006
|title=Out-of-India Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=90|issue=6|publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|pages=789–792|format=PDF|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf|accessdate=18 May 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Mace|first=G. M.|date=March 1994|title=1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals|work=World Conservation Monitoring Centre|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]|isbn=978-2831701943|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dyy0HilL9ecC&pg=PR4}}
* {{Citation|title=Biosphere Reserves of India|work=C. P. R. Environment Education Centre|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://www.cpreec.org/pubbook-biosphere.htm|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Environment and Forests}}}}
* {{Citation|date=9 September 1972|title=Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972|publisher=[http://moef.nic.in/index.php Ministry of Environments and Forests], Government of India|url=http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html|accessdate=25 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Environments and Forests 1972}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Puri|first=S. K.|title=Biodiversity Profile of India|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html|accessdate=20 June 2007|ref={{Sfnref|Puri}}}}
* {{Citation|date=4 June 2007|title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance|publisher=The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands|page=18|url=http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf|accessdate=20 June 2007|format=PDF|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070621011113/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf|archivedate=21 June 2007|ref={{Sfnref|Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Tritsch|first=M. F.|date=3 September 2001|title=Wildlife of India|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|place=London|isbn=978-0007110629|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aNRQAAAACAAJ}}
{{Refend}}

'''Politics'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Bhambhri|first=C. P.|date=1 May 1992|title=Politics in India, 1991–1992|publisher=Shipra|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pf5HAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=20 July 2011|isbn=978-8185402178}}
* {{Citation|last=Burnell|first=P. J.|last2=Calvert|first2=P.|date=1 May 1999|title=The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea|edition=1st|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0714680262|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=16 May 2009|title=Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonia's Ascendancy|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on|accessdate=13 June 2009|ref={{Sfnref|Business Standard|2009}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Chander|first=N. J.|date=1 January 2004|title=Coalition Politics: The Indian Experience|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-8180690921|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G_QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA117|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Dunleavy|first=P.|last2=Diwakar|first2=R.|last3=Dunleavy|first3=C.|year=2007|title=The Effective Space of Party Competition|issue=5|publisher=[[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/government/research/resgroups/PSPE/pdf/PSPE_WP5_07.pdf|accessdate=27 September 2011|format=PDF}}
* {{Citation|last=Dutt|first=S.|year=1998|title=Identities and the Indian State: An Overview|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=19|issue=3|pages=411–434|doi=10.1080/01436599814325}}
* {{Citation|last=Echeverri-Gent|first=J.|editor-last=Ayres|editor-first=A.|editor2-last=Oldenburg|editor2-first=P.|date=January 2002|title=Quickening the Pace of Change|chapter=Politics in India's Decentred Polity|series=India Briefing|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|place=London|pages=19–53|isbn=978-0765608123}}
* {{Citation|date=14 March 2009|title=Current Recognised Parties|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Symbols_Sep_2009.pdf|accessdate=5 July 2010|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Election Commission of India}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Gledhill|first=A.|date=30 March 1970|title=The Republic of India: The Development of its Laws and Constitution|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0837128139|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cHAjPQAACAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=24 December 2004|title=Narasimha Rao Passes Away|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122408870100.htm|accessdate=2 November 2008|ref={{Sfnref|The Hindu 2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Mathew|first=K. M.|date=1 January 2003|title=Manorama Yearbook|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|isbn=978-8190046183|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jDaLQwAACAAJ|accessdate=21 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|title=National Symbols of India|work=Know India|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php|accessdate=27 September 2009|ref={{Sfnref|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Neuborne|first=B.|year=2003|title=The Supreme Court of India|journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law|volume=1|issue=1|pages=476–510|doi=10.1093/icon/1.3.476}}
* {{Citation|last=Pylee|first=M. V.|year=2003|title=Constitutional Government in India|chapter=The Longest Constitutional Document|edition=2nd|publisher=[[S. Chand]]|isbn=978-8121922036|url=http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C|ref={{Sfnref|Pylee|2003|a}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Pylee|first=M. V.|year=2003|title=Constitutional Government in India|chapter=The Union Judiciary: The Supreme Court|edition=2nd|publisher=[[S. Chand]]|isbn=978-8121922036|url=http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C&pg=PA314|accessdate=2 November 2007|ref={{Sfnref|Pylee|2003|b}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Sarkar|first=N. I.|title=Sonia Gandhi: Tryst with India|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Atlantic|isbn=978-8126907441<!--8126907444-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=26flsWUf8fkC|accessdate=20 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Sharma|first=R.|year=1950|title=Cabinet Government in India|journal=Parliamentary Affairs|volume=4|issue=1|pages=116–126}}
* {{Citation|last=Sharma|first=B. K.|date=August 2007|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|edition=4th|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|isbn=978-8120332461<!--8120332466-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA161}}
* {{Citation|last=Sinha|first=A.|year=2004|title=The Changing Political Economy of Federalism in India|journal=India Review|volume=3|issue=1|pages=25–63|doi=10.1080/14736480490443085}}
* {{Citation|title=World's Largest Democracy to Reach One Billion Persons on Independence Day|publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|United Nations]] [[Commission on Population and Development|Population Division]]|url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/pubsarchive/india/ind1bil.htm|accessdate=5 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|United Nations Population Division}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Wheare|first=K. C.|date=June 1980|title=Federal Government|edition=4th|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0313227028}}
{{Refend}}

'''Foreign relations and military'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Alford|first=P.|date=7 July 2008|title=G8 Plus 5 Equals Power Shift|publisher=[[The Australian]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/g8-plus-5-equals-power-shift/story-e6frg6t6-1111116838759|accessdate=21 November 2009|ref={{Sfnref|Alford|2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Behera|first=L. K.|date=7 March 2011|title=Budgeting for India's Defence: An Analysis of Defence Budget 2011–2012|publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2011-12_lkbehera_070311|accessdate=4 April 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Behera|first=L. K.|date=20 March 2012|title=India’s Defence Budget 2012–13|publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|url=http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/IndiasDefenceBudget2012-13_LaxmanBehera_200312|accessdate=26 March 2012}}
* {{Citation|date=11 February 2009|title=Russia Agrees India Nuclear Deal|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7883223.stm|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{Sfnref|British Broadcasting Corporation 2009}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Curry|first=B.|date=27 June 2010|title=Canada Signs Nuclear Deal with India|publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/g8-g20/news/canada-signs-nuclear-deal-with-india/article1620801/|accessdate=13 May 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=8 April 2008|title=India, Europe Strategic Relations|work=Europa: Summaries of EU Legislation|publisher=[[European Union]]|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/asia/r14100_en.htm|accessdate=14 January 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Europa 2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Ghosh|first=A.|title=India's Foreign Policy|date=1 September 2009|publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Pearson]]|isbn=978-8131710258|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC}}
* {{Citation|last=Gilbert|first=M.|date=17 December 2002|title=A History of the Twentieth Century|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]]|isbn=978-0060505943|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jhwY1j8Ao3kC&pg=PA486|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=5 October 2009|title=India, Russia Review Defence Ties|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2514142.ece|accessdate=8 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Hindu 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Kumar|first=A. V.|date=1 May 2010|title=Reforming the NPT to Include India|work=Bulletin of Atomic Scientists|url=http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/reforming-the-npt-to-include-india|accessdate=1 November 2010}}
* {{Citation|last=Miglani|first=S.|date=28 February 2011|title=With An Eye on China, India Steps Up Defence Spending|publisher=[[Reuters]]|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/28/india-budget-military-idUSSGE71R02Y20110228|accessdate=6 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Nair|first=V. K.|year=2007|title=No More Ambiguity: India's Nuclear Policy|url=http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf|accessdate=7 June 2007|format=PDF|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070927041401/http://www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf|archivedate=27 September 2007}}
* {{Citation|last=Pandit|first=R.|date=27 July 2009|title=N-Submarine to Give India Crucial Third Leg of Nuke Triad|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/india/28212143_1_nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine|accessdate=10 March 2010}}
* {{Citation|last=Perkovich|first=G.|date=5 November 2001|title=India's Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520232105|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UDA9dUryS8EC|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=25 January 2008|title=India, France Agree on Civil Nuclear Cooperation|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/25france.htm|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{Sfnref|Rediff 2008 a}}}}
* {{Citation|date=13 February 2010|title=UK, India Sign Civil Nuclear Accord|publisher=[[Reuters]]|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/02/13/us-india-britain-nuclear-idUSTRE61C21E20100213?type=politicsNews|accessdate=22 August 2010|ref={{Sfnref|Reuters|2010}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Ripsman|first=N. M.|last2=Paul|first2=T. V.|date=18 March 2010|title=Globalization and the National Security State|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195393903|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7P87HIh9ajMC&pg=PA130|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Rothermund|first=D.|date=17 October 2000|title=The Routledge Companion to Decolonization|edition=1st|series=Routledge Companions to History|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ez37H0UPt_YC|isbn=978-0415356329}}
* {{Citation|date=10 January 2011|title=India Gets Its First Homegrown Fighter Jet|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20110110/162090932.html|accessdate=1 April 2009|ref={{Sfnref|Russian International News Agency 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Sharma|first=S. R.|date=1 January 1999|title=India–USSR Relations 1947–1971: From Ambivalence to Steadfastness|volume=1|publisher=Discovery|isbn=978-8171414864<!--8171414869-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vTEge1JWK8oC}}
* {{Citation|last=Shukla|first=A.|date=5 March 2011|title=China Matches India's Expansion in Military Spending|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/china-matches-india%5Cs-expansion-in-military-spending/427365/|accessdate=6 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Sisodia|first=N. S.|last2=Naidu|first2=G. V. C.|year=2005|title=Changing Security Dynamic in Eastern Asia: Focus on Japan|publisher=Promilla|isbn=978-8186019528<!--8186019529-->|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jSgfLG3Ib9wC}}
* {{Citation|date=8 August 2008|title=SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security|work=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0199548958|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EAyQ9KCJE2gC&pg=PA178|accessdate=22 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2008}}}}
* {{Citation|date=19 March 2012|title=Rise in international arms transfers is driven by Asian demand, says SIPRI|work=Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative|url=http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/rise-in-international-arms-transfers-is-driven-by-asian-demand-says-sipri|accessdate=26 March 2012|ref={{Sfnref|Stockholm International Peace Research Initiative 2012}}}}
* {{Citation|date=11 October 2008|title=India, US Sign 123 Agreement|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-11/india/27905286_1_indian-nuclear-market-sign-landmark-civil-nuclear-field|accessdate=21 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Times of India 2008}}}}
{{Refend}}

'''Economy'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Alamgir|first=J.|date=24 December 2008|title=India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0415776844|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JL7QfWJ5Yk0C|accessdate=23 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Bonner|first=B|date=20 March 2010|title=Make Way, World. India Is on the Move|publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/The-Daily-Reckoning/2010/0320/Make-way-world.-India-is-on-the-move|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Bonner|2010}}}}
* {{Citation|date=18 November 2010|title=India Lost $462bn in Illegal Capital Flows, Says Report|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11782795|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 c}}}}
* {{Citation|date=9 April 2010|title=India Second Fastest Growing Auto Market After China|work=[[Business Line]]|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article988689.ece?ref=archive|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Business Line 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|date=8 October 2011|title=India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts|publisher=[[The Economist]]|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21531527|accessdate=9 October 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Economist 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=13 October 2009|title=Indian Car Exports Surge 36%|work=Express India|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-car-exports-surge-36/528633/|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Express India 2009}}}}
* {{Citation|date=April 2011|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=6&sy=1991&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=548%2C566%2C524%2C578%2C534%2C536%2C429&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|International Monetary Fund 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Farrell|first=D.|last2=Beinhocker|first2=E.|date=19 May 2007|title=Next Big Spenders: India's Middle Class|publisher=[[McKinsey & Company]]|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/mginews/bigspenders.asp|accessdate=17 September 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Gargan|first=E. A.|date=15 August 1992|title=India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/world/india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy.html|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=June 2011|title=World Economic Outlook Update|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/update/02/pdf/0611.pdf|accessdate=22 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|International Monetary Fund 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Nayak|first=P. B.|last2=Goldar|first2=B.|last3=Agrawal|first3=P.|date=10 November 2010|title=India's Economy and Growth: Essays in Honour of V. K. R. V. Rao|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N1Ho2SGXUHwC|isbn=978-8132104520}}
* {{Citation|last=Olson|first=R. G.|date=21 December 2009|title=Technology and Science in Ancient Civilizations|work=Praeger Series on the Ancient World|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger]]|isbn=978-0275989361|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0vP50ra6SYAC|accessdate=27 September 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=October 2007|title=Economic Survey of India 2007: Policy Brief|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf|accessdate=22 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2007}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Pal|first=P.|last2=Ghosh|first2=J.|title=Inequality in India: A Survey of Recent Trends|work=Economic and Social Affairs: DESA Working Paper No. 45|date=July 2007|publisher=[[United Nations]]|url=http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/wp45_2007.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF}}
* {{Citation|date=January2011|title=The World in 2050: The Accelerating Shift of Global Economic Power: Challenges and Opportunities|publisher=[[PricewaterhouseCoopers]]|url=http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/world-2050/pdf/world-in-2050-jan-2011.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|PricewaterhouseCoopers|2011}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Schwab|first=K.|year=2010|title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2011|format=PDF}}
* {{Citation|last=Sheth|first=N.|date=28 May 2009|title=Outlook for Outsourcing Spending Brightens|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124344190542659025.html#articleTabs_comments%3D%26articleTabs%3Darticle|accessdate=3 October 2010}}
* {{Citation|date=6 April 2011|title=Information Note to the Press (Press Release No.29 /2011)|publisher=[[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]]|url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/trai/upload/PressReleases/816/Press_release_feb%20-11.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Telecom Regulatory Authority 2011}}}}
* {{Citation|date=28 August 2009|title=Exporters Get Wider Market Reach|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-28/india-business/28205417_1_strategies-and-policy-measures-foreign-trade-policy-focus-market-scheme|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Times of India 2009}}}}
* {{Citation|date=26 October 2011|title=Corruption Perception Index 2010—India Continues to be Corrupt|publisher=[[Transparency International]]|url=http://transparencyindia.org/resource/press_release/Corruption%20Perception%20Index%20(CPI)%202010.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Transparency International 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|title=New Global Poverty Estimates—What It Means for India|publisher=[[World Bank]]|url=http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|World Bank a}}}}
* {{Citation|title=India: Undernourished Children—A Call for Reform and Action|work=[[World Bank]]|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|World Bank b}}}}
* {{Citation|date=29 May 2006|title=Inclusive Growth and Service Delivery: Building on India's Success|publisher=[[World Bank]]|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf|accessdate=7 May 2009|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|World Bank 2006}}}}
* {{Citation|date=September 2010|title=India Country Overview September 2010|publisher=[[World Bank]]|url=http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|World Bank 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|date=26 March 2010|title=Trade to Expand by 9.5% in 2010 After a Dismal 2009, WTO Reports|publisher=[[World Trade Organisation]]|url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres10_e/pr598_e.htm|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|World Trade Organisation 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Yep|first=E.|date=27 September 2011|title=ReNew Wind Power Gets $201 Million Goldman Investment|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204422404576595972728958728.html|accessdate=27 September 2011}}
{{Refend}}

'''Demographics'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Bonner|first=A.|year=1990|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0822310488|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uxJlAgRemHgC|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=January 2009|title=Healthcare in India: Report Highlights|publisher=Boston Analytics|url=http://bostonanalytics.com/india_watch/Healthcare%20in%20India%20Executive%20Summary.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|Boston Analytics|2009}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Dev|first=S. M.|last2=Rao|first2=N. C.|year=2009|title=India: Perspectives on Equitable Development|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-8171886852|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=adhKjRoTjcIC}}
* {{Citation|last=Dharwadker|first=A.|editor-last=Canning|editor-first=C. M.|editor2-last=Postlewait|editor2-first=T.|date=28 October 2010|title=Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography|chapter=Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography|publisher=[[University of Iowa Press]]|isbn=978-1587299056|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Rgf0gbml2ocC|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Drèze|first=J.|last2=Goyal|first2=A.|editor-last=Baru|editor-first=R. V.|date=9 February 2009|title=School Health Services in India: The Social and Economic Contexts|chapter=The Future of Mid-Day Meals|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-8178298733|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aQ39RO9OET4C&pg=PA46|ref={{Sfnref|Drèze|Goyal|2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Dyson|first=T.|last2=Visaria|first2=P.|editor-last=Dyson|editor-first=T.|editor2-last=Casses|editor2-first=R.|editor3-last=Visaria|editor3-first=L.|date=7 July 2005|title=Twenty-First Century India: Population, Economy, Human Development, and the Environment|chapter=Migration and Urbanisation: Retrospect and Prospects|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0199283828|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bqU9T5c0wlYC}}
* {{Citation|last=Garg|first=S. C.|date=19 April 2005|title=Mobilizing Urban Infrastructure Finance in India|publisher=[[World Bank]]|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMF/Resources/339747-1105651852282/Garg.pdf|accessdate=27 January 2010|format=PDF}}
* {{Citation|last=Mallikarjun|first=B|date=November 2004|title=Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India|journal=[http://www.languageinindia.com/index.html ''Language in India'']|volume=4|issue=11|issn=19302940|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=27 April 1960|title=Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://rajbhasha.nic.in/enpres-1960.htm|accessdate=13 May 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Home Affairs 1960}}}}
* {{Citation|date=2010–2011|title=Religious Composition|work=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Home Affairs 2010–2011}}}}
* {{Citation|title=Census Data 2001|work=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]]|date=2010–2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/National_Summary/National_Summary_DataPage.aspx|accessdate=22 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Ministry of Home Affairs 2010–2011 b}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Ottenheimer|first=H. J.|year=2008|title=The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology|publisher=Cengage|isbn=978-0495508847|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d4QHsORbZs4C}}
* {{Citation|last=Ratna|first=U.|editor-last=Dutt|editor-first=A. K.|editor2-last=Thakur|editor2-first=B.|year=2007|title=City, Society, and Planning|chapter=Interface Between Urban and Rural Development in India|volume=1|publisher=Concept|isbn=978-8180694592|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QDmZeW1H37IC}}
* {{Citation|last=Robinson|first=S.|date=1 May 2008|title=India's Medical Emergency|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1736516,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Robinson|2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Rorabacher|first=J. A.|year=2010|title=Hunger and Poverty in South Asia|publisher=Gyan|isbn=978-8121210270|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=u6hriMcSsE4C}}
* {{Citation|last=Singh|first=S.|year=2004|title=Library and Literacy Movement for National Development|publisher=Concept|isbn=978-8180690655|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JmmeWL_9hqAC}}
* {{Citation|last=Skolnik|first=R. L.|year=2008|title=Essentials of Global Health|publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Learning]]|isbn=978-0763734213|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XBARu3KzSNAC}}
* {{Citation|date=November 2006|title=Country Cooperation Strategy: India|publisher=[[World Health Organisation]]|url=http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_ind_en.pdf|accessdate=23 July 2011|format=PDF|ref={{Sfnref|World Health Organisation 2006}}}}
{{Refend}}

'''Culture'''
{{Refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* {{Citation|last=Binmore|first=K. G.|date=27 March 2007|title=Playing for Real: A Text on Game Theory|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195300574|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eY0YhSk9ujsC&pg=PA98}}
* {{Citation|last=Bladholm|first=L.|date=12 August 2000|title=The Indian Grocery Store Demystified|edition=1st|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|isbn=978-1580631433|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nCCEmAIo7HAC&pg=PA64}}
* {{Citation|date=1 August 2010|title=Saina Nehwal: India's Badminton Star and "New Woman"|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10725584|accessdate=5 October 2010|ref={{Sfnref|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 a}}}}
* {{Citation|date=7 October 2010|title=Commonwealth Games 2010: India Dominate Shooting Medals|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9068886.stm|accessdate=3 June 2011|ref={{Sfnref|British Broadcasting Corporation 2010 b}}}}
* {{Citation|date=2 March 2007|title=UN Report Slams India for Caste Discrimination|work=[[CBC News Network]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/03/02/india-dalits.html|accessdate=17 July 2007|ref={{Sfnref|Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2007}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Chopra|first=P.|date=18 March 2011|title=A Joint Enterprise: Indian Elites and the Making of British Bombay|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=978-0816670376|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jhTiCnh6RqAC&pg=PA46}}
* {{Citation|last=Cullen-Dupont|first=K.|date=July 2009|title=Human Trafficking|edition=1st|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|isbn=978-0816075454|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B2GeSNXy5CoC}}
* {{Citation|last=Das|first=S. K.|date=1 January 2005|title=A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-8126021710}}
* {{Citation|last=Datta|first=A.|year=2006|title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|volume=2|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|isbn=978-8126011940}}
* {{Citation|last=Dehejia|first=R. S.|date=7 November 2011|title=Indian Grand Prix Vs. Encephalitis?|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/07/economics-journal-indian-grand-prix-vs-encephalitis/|accessdate=20 December 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Deutsch|first=E.|date=30 April 1969|title=Advaita Vedānta: A Philosophical Reconstruction|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=978-0824802714|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C}}
* {{Citation|last=Dissanayake|first=W. K.|last2=Gokulsing|first2=M.|date=May 2004|title=Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change|edition=2nd|publisher=Trentham Books|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_plssuFIar8C&dq|isbn=978-1858563299}}
* {{Citation|date=18 November 2009|title=Southern Movies Account for over 75% of Film Revenues|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-18/news/27638208_1_film-industry-small-budget-movies-farokh-balsara|accessdate=18 June 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Economic Times}}}}
* {{Citation|title=South Asian Arts|chapter=Indian Dance|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556016/South-Asian-arts/65246/Indian-dance|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=17 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Encyclopædia Britannica b}}}}
* {{Citation|title=Tamil Literature|year=2008|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9071111/Tamil-literature|accessdate=24 July 2011<!--|quote=Apart from literature written in classical (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit, Tamil is the oldest literature in India. Some inscriptions on stone have been dated to the 3rd century BC, but [[Tamil literature]] proper begins around the 1st century AD. Much early poetry was religious or epic; an exception was the secular court poetry written by members of the ''sangam'', or literary academy (see Sangam literature).-->|ref={{Sfnref|Encyclopædia Britannica|2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Eraly|first=A.|year=2008|title=India|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0756649524|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HUdHHuFZN_8C&pg=PA160|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Hart|first=G. L.|date=August 1975|title=Poems of Ancient Tamil: Their Milieu and Their Sanskrit Counterparts|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0520026728|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a5KwQwAACAAJ}}
* {{Citation|editor-last=Heehs|editor-first=P.|date=1 September 2002|title=Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0814736500|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jgsu-aIm3ncC|accessdate=24 July 2011|ref={{Sfnref|Heehs|2002}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Henderson|first=C. E.|date=2002|title=Culture and Customs of India|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0313305139|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CaRVePXX6vEC&pg=PA102}}
* {{Citation|last=Hoiberg|first=D.|last2=Ramchandani|first2=I.|year=2000|title=Students' Britannica India: Select Essays|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|isbn=978-0852297629}}
* {{Citation|editor-last=Johnson|editor-first=W. J.|title=The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night|date=1 September 2008|edition=2nd|series=[[Oxford World's Classics]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0192823618|ref={{Sfnref|Johnson|2008}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Jones|first1=G.|last2=Ramdas|first2=K.|year=2005|title=(Un)tying the Knot: Ideal and Reality in Asian Marriage|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|isbn=978-9810514280|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IttiQ3QdJ6YC}}
* {{Citation|last=Kālidāsa|last2=Johnson|first2=W. J.|author-link=Kālidāsa|date=15 November 2001|title=The Recognition of Śakuntalā: A Play in Seven Acts|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0192839114}}
* {{Citation|last=Karanth|first=S. K.|author-link=Shivarama Karanth|date=October 2002|title=Yakṣagāna|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8170173571}}
* {{Citation|editor-last=Kiple|editor-first=K. F.|editor2-last=Ornelas|editor2-first=K. C.|title=The Cambridge World History of Food|year=2000|place=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521402163|ref={{Sfnref|Kiple|Ornelas|2000}}}}
* {{Citation|editor-last=Kuiper|editor-first=K.|date=1 July 2010|title=The Culture of India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LiqloV4JnNUC|accessdate=24 July 2011|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=978-1615302031|ref={{Sfnref|Kuiper|2010}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Kumar|first=V.|title=Vastushastra|edition=2nd|series=All You Wanted to Know About Series|date=January 2000|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]]|isbn=978-8120721999}}
* {{Citation|last=Lal|first=A.|title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 July 2011|year=2004|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0195644463}}
* {{Citation|last=Lang|first=J.|last2=Moleski|first2=W.|date=1 December 2010|title=Functionalism Revisited|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|isbn=978-1409407010|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rOCaSn8-ZboC&pg=PA151}}
* {{Citation|last=MacDonell|first=A. A.|author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=[[s:A History of Sanskrit Literature|A History of Sanskrit Literature]]|year=2004|publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]]|isbn=978-1417906192}}
* {{Citation|last=Majumdar|first=B.|last2=Bandyopadhyay|first2=K.|title=A Social History of Indian Football: Striving To Score|year=2006|month=|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415348355}}
* {{Citation|last=Makar|first=E. M.|year=2007|title=An American's Guide to Doing Business in India|publisher=Adams|isbn=978-1598692112|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ujYmdNVIr7QC}}
* {{Citation|last=Massey|first=R.|last2=Massey|first2=J.|year=1998|title=The Music of India|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8170173328|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yySNDP9XVggC}}
* {{Citation|last=Medora|first=N.|editor-last=Hamon|editor-first=R. R.|editor2-last=Ingoldsby|editor2-first=B. B.|year=2003|title=Mate Selection Across Cultures|chapter=Mate Selection in Contemporary India: Love Marriages Versus Arranged Marriages|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|page=209–230|isbn=978-0761925927}}
* {{Citation|date=24 September 2010|title=Is Boxing the New Cricket?|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/09/24211250/Is-boxing-the-new-cricket.html|accessdate=5 October 2010|ref={{Sfnref|Mint 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Nakamura|first=H.|date=1 April 1999|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|edition=12th|series=Buddhist Tradition Series|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8120802728|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC}}
* {{Citation|last=Puskar-Pasewicz|first=M.|date=16 September 2010|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0313375569|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=scpwmjE3TWYC&pg=PA39}}
* {{Citation|last=Raghavan|first=S.|date=23 October 2006|title=Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings|edition=2nd|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-0849328428|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=m4vvs87XiucC&pg=PA3}}
* {{Citation|last=Raichlen|first=S.|date=10 May 2011|title=A Tandoor Oven Brings India's Heat to the Backyard|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/dining/a-tandoor-oven-brings-indias-heat-to-the-backyard.html|accessdate=14 June 2011}}
* {{Citation|editor-last=Rajadhyaksha|editor-first=A.|editor2-last=Willemen|editor2-first=P.|date=22 January 1999|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema|edition=2nd|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|isbn=978-0851706696|ref={{Sfnref|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Ramanujan|first=A. K. (translator)|author-link=A. K. Ramanujan|date=15 October 1985|title=Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|place=New York|pages=ix–x|isbn=978-0231051071|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC<!--|quote=These poems are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilisation. Early classical Tamil literature (c. 100 BC–AD 250) consists of the Eight Anthologies (''Eţţuttokai''), the Ten Long Poems (''Pattuppāţţu''), and a grammar called the ''Tolkāppiyam'' or the 'Old Composition.'&nbsp;... The literature of classical Tamil later came to be known as ''Cankam'' (pronounced ''Sangam'') literature.-->}}
* {{Citation|title=Anand Crowned World Champion|date=29 October 2008|publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/oct/29anand.htm|accessdate=29 October 2008|ref={{Sfnref|Rediff 2008 b}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Roberts|first=N. W.|date=12 July 2004|title=Building Type Basics for Places of Worship|edition=1st|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-0471225683|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hOxOAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation|last=Sarma|first=S.|date=1 January 2009|title=A History of Indian Literature|edition=2nd|volume=1|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8120802643}}
* {{Citation|last=Schoenhals|first=M.|date=22 November 2003|title=Intimate Exclusion: Race and Caste Turned Inside Out|publisher=[[University Press of America]]|isbn=978-0761826972|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=922nG03giDwC&pg=PA119}}
* {{Citation|last=Schwartzberg|first=J.|year=2011|title=India|chapter=Caste|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46404/Caste|accessdate=17 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|last=Sen|first=A.|date=5 September 2006|title=The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity|edition=1st|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|isbn=978-0312426026|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=agk63AlLmIgC&pg=PA132}}
* {{Citation|last=Seymour|first=S. C.|date=28 January 1999|title=Women, Family, and Child Care in India: A World in Transition|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521598842|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ClkaIF3KzLIC&pg=PA81}}
* {{Citation|last=Silverman|first=S.|date=10 October 2007|title=Vastu: Transcendental Home Design in Harmony with Nature|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1423601326|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iwaryJd3fD8C&pg=PA20}}
* {{Citation|last=Tarlo|first=E.|date=1 September 1996|title=Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India|edition=1st|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0226789767|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ByoTXhXCuyAC|accessdate=24 July 2011}}
* {{Citation|date=9 August 2010|title=Sawant Shoots Historic Gold at World Championships|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-09/shooting/28278530_1_tejaswini-sawant-50m-rifle-world-shooting-championship|accessdate=25 May 2011|ref={{Sfnref|The Times of India 2010}}}}
* {{Citation|title=Taj Mahal|publisher=[[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation]]|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252|accessdate=3 March 2012|ref={{Sfnref|United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation}}}}
* {{Citation|date=11 September 2009|title=India Aims for Center Court|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203440104574406704026883502.html|accessdate=29 September 2010|ref={{Sfnref|The Wall Street Journal 2009}}}}
* {{Citation|last=Wengell|first=D. L.|last2=Gabriel|first2=N.|date=1 September 2008|title=Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine: The A-to-Z Healing Arts Guide and Professional Resource Directory|edition=1st|publisher=The Hunter Press|isbn=978-0977655243|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BNR1KGJXX9cC&pg=PA158}}
* {{Citation|last=Xavier|first1=L.|date=12 September 2010|title=Sushil Kumar Wins Gold in World Wrestling Championship|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-12/wrestling/28272312_1_sushil-kumar-first-indian-wrestler-semifinal-bout|accessdate=5 October 2010}}
* {{Citation|last=Yadav|first=S. S.|last2=McNeil|first2=D.|last3=Stevenson|first3=P. C.|date=23 October 2007|title=Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-1402063121|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VfT6hZHpXPkC&pg=PA174<!--|quote=But it has been red lentils which have "fed the masses" particularly in the Indian subcontinent. Lentils are a staple food in many regions.-->}}
* {{Citation|last=Zvelebil|first=K. V.|date=1 August 1997|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9004093652|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://india.gov.in/ National Portal] of the Government of India
* {{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/India}}
* {{Wikitravel}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm India] at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|UCB]] Government Information Library

{{Coord|21|N|78|E|region:IN_type:country_source:dewiki|display=title}}
{{India topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Subject bar|b=y|commons=y|n=y|q=y|s=y|v=y}}
{{Featured article}}

[[Category:India| ]]
[[Category:Countries of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Federal countries]]
[[Category:Former British colonies]]
[[Category:G15 nations]]
[[Category:G20 nations]]
[[Category:Liberal democracies]]
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Member states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:South Asian countries]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1947]]
[[Category:Article Feedback Blacklist]]

{{Link GA|es}}
{{Link GA|simple}}
{{Link FA|bn}}
{{Link FA|de}}
{{Link FA|dv}}
{{Link FA|km}}
{{Link FA|sk}}
{{Link FA|ta}}
{{Link FA|tl}}
{{Link FA|yo}}
{{Link FA|tt}}

[[ace:India]]
[[kbd:Индиэ]]
[[af:Indië]]
[[als:Indien]]
[[am:ህንድ]]
[[ang:Indea]]
[[ar:الهند]]
[[an:India]]
[[arc:ܗܢܕܘ]]
[[roa-rup:India]]
[[frp:Ende]]
[[as:ভাৰত]]
[[ast:India]]
[[ay:Indya]]
[[az:Hindistan]]
[[bn:ভারত]]
[[bjn:India]]
[[zh-min-nan:Ìn-tō͘]]
[[map-bms:India]]
[[ba:Һиндостан]]
[[be:Індыя]]
[[be-x-old:Індыя]]
[[bh:भारत]]
[[bcl:Indya]]
[[bi:India]]
[[bg:Индия]]
[[bar:Indien]]
[[bo:རྒྱ་གར།]]
[[bs:Indija]]
[[br:India]]
[[ca:Índia]]
[[cv:Инди]]
[[ceb:Indya]]
[[cs:Indie]]
[[cbk-zam:India]]
[[co:India]]
[[cy:India]]
[[da:Indien]]
[[de:Indien]]
[[dv:އިންޑިޔާ]]
[[nv:Tó Wónaanídę́ę́ʼ Bitsįʼ Yishtłizhii Bikéyah]]
[[dsb:Indiska]]
[[dz:རྒྱ་གར་]]
[[et:India]]
[[el:Ινδία]]
[[es:India]]
[[eo:Barato]]
[[ext:La Índia]]
[[eu:India]]
[[ee:India]]
[[fa:هند]]
[[hif:India]]
[[fo:India]]
[[fr:Inde]]
[[fy:Yndia]]
[[fur:Indie]]
[[ga:An India]]
[[gv:Yn Injey]]
[[gag:İndiya]]
[[gd:Na h-Innseachan]]
[[gl:India - भारत]]
[[gan:印度]]
[[glk:هند]]
[[gu:ભારત]]
[[got:𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰/India]]
[[hak:Yin-thu]]
[[xal:Энедигин Орн]]
[[ko:인도]]
[[ha:Indiya]]
[[haw:‘Īnia]]
[[hy:Հնդկաստան]]
[[hi:भारत]]
[[hsb:Indiska]]
[[hr:Indija]]
[[io:India]]
[[ig:Ndia]]
[[ilo:India]]
[[bpy:ভারত]]
[[id:India]]
[[ia:India]]
[[ie:India]]
[[iu:ᐃᓐᑎᐊ]]
[[os:Инди]]
[[zu:INdiya]]
[[is:Indland]]
[[it:India]]
[[he:הודו]]
[[jv:India]]
[[kl:India]]
[[kn:ಭಾರತ]]
[[pam:India]]
[[krc:Индия]]
[[ka:ინდოეთი]]
[[ks:ہندُستٲن]]
[[csb:Indie]]
[[kk:Үндістан]]
[[kw:Eynda]]
[[rw:Ubuhinde]]
[[rn:Ubuhindi]]
[[sw:Uhindi]]
[[kv:Индия]]
[[kg:India]]
[[ht:End]]
[[ku:Hindistan]]
[[ky:Индия]]
[[lbe:Гьиндусттан]]
[[lez:Гьиндистан]]
[[ltg:Iņdeja]]
[[la:India]]
[[lv:Indija]]
[[lb:Indien]]
[[lt:Indija]]
[[lij:India]]
[[li:India]]
[[ln:India]]
[[jbo:xingu'e]]
[[lmo:India]]
[[hu:India]]
[[mk:Индија]]
[[mg:India]]
[[ml:ഇന്ത്യ]]
[[mt:Indja]]
[[mi:Īnia]]
[[mr:भारत]]
[[xmf:ინდოეთი]]
[[arz:الهند]]
[[mzn:هند]]
[[ms:India]]
[[mwl:Índia]]
[[mdf:Индие]]
[[mn:Энэтхэг]]
[[my:အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ]]
[[nah:India]]
[[na:Indjiya]]
[[nl:India]]
[[nds-nl:India]]
[[ne:भारत]]
[[new:भारत]]
[[ja:インド]]
[[nap:Innia]]
[[ce:Инди]]
[[frr:Indien]]
[[pih:Endya]]
[[no:India]]
[[nn:India]]
[[nrm:Înde]]
[[nov:India]]
[[oc:Índia]]
[[or:ଭାରତ]]
[[uz:Hindiston]]
[[pa:ਭਾਰਤ]]
[[pi:भारत]]
[[pnb:ھندستان]]
[[pap:India]]
[[ps:هند]]
[[km:ឥណ្ឌា]]
[[pcd:Inde]]
[[pms:India]]
[[tpi:India]]
[[nds:Indien]]
[[pl:Indie]]
[[pt:Índia]]
[[crh:İndistan]]
[[ty:’Inītia]]
[[ro:India]]
[[rmy:Bharat]]
[[rm:India]]
[[qu:Indya]]
[[rue:Індія]]
[[ru:Индия]]
[[sah:Индия]]
[[se:India]]
[[sm:Igitia]]
[[sa:भारतम्]]
[[sc:Ìndia]]
[[sco:Indie]]
[[stq:Indien]]
[[sq:India]]
[[scn:Innia]]
[[si:භාරත ජනරජය]]
[[simple:India]]
[[sd:ڀارت]]
[[ss:INdiya]]
[[sk:India]]
[[sl:Indija]]
[[szl:Indyje]]
[[so:Hindiya]]
[[ckb:ھیندستان]]
[[srn:Indiakondre]]
[[sr:Индија]]
[[sh:Indija]]
[[su:India]]
[[fi:Intia]]
[[sv:Indien]]
[[tl:Indiya]]
[[ta:இந்தியா]]
[[roa-tara:Indie]]
[[tt:Һиндстан]]
[[te:భారత దేశము]]
[[tet:Índia]]
[[th:ประเทศอินเดีย]]
[[tg:Ҳиндустон]]
[[to:ʻInitia]]
[[chr:ᎢᏅᏗᎾ]]
[[tr:Hindistan]]
[[tk:Hindistan]]
[[udm:Индия]]
[[bug:India]]
[[uk:Індія]]
[[ur:بھارت]]
[[ug:ھىندىستان]]
[[za:Yindu]]
[[vec:India]]
[[vi:Ấn Độ]]
[[vo:Lindän]]
[[fiu-vro:India]]
[[wa:Inde]]
[[zh-classical:印度]]
[[war:Indya]]
[[wo:End]]
[[wuu:印度]]
[[ts:India]]
[[yi:אינדיע]]
[[yo:Índíà]]
[[zh-yue:印度]]
[[diq:Hindıstan]]
[[bat-smg:Indėjė]]
[[zh:印度]]

Revision as of 14:59, 24 April 2012

India

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&oldid=488996315"