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Iris cristata

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Dwarf crested iris
Ozark National Forest, Pope County, Arkansas

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Limniris
Section: Iris sect. Lophiris
Species:
I. cristata
Binomial name
Iris cristata
Synonyms[1]
  • Evansia cristata (Aiton) Klatt
  • Iris cristata var. alba Dykes
  • Iris glumacea Raf.
  • Iris glumacea var. angustifolia Raf.
  • Iris odorata Pers.
  • Neubeckia cristata (Aiton) Alef.

Iris cristata (also known as dwarf crested iris and crested iris) is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Limniris. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, endemic to the eastern United States. It has pale lavender flowers with a white patch and orange or yellow crest. It is a close relative to Iris lacustris (Dwarf lake iris), the only other crested iris native to North America. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Description

It has slender, greenish,[2][3][4] or whitish yellow rhizomes.[5] They are shallow rooted.[6][7][8] They spread by sending out long stolons from multiple branches.[9][10][11] They can have up to 2–8 cord-like branches.[12] The branches can be 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long and 1-2mm wide.[3][12] Under the rhizomes are fleshy-like roots.[12] The branches are brown.[6][12] The creeping habit can create large masses of plants over time.[13][14][15]

It has 6–8 basal leaves, which are divided onto 2–3 proximal (close to centre) leaves and 4–5 distal (away from centre) leaves.[12] The proximal leaves are falcate (sickle-shaped), light brown with a darker brown central mid-rib,[12] and the distal leaves are ensiform (sword-like),[16][17][18] green or yellowish green, with a few visible veins.[19][20][21] They can grow up to between 7.5–15 cm (3–6 in) long and 1-2.5 cm wide.[18][22][23] They elongate after flowering,[2][24][25] growing up to 15–40 cm (6–16 in) long.[13][6][18] The elongated leaves hide any seed pods produced later.[6]

It has short stems,[18][26] (almost stemless),[22][19][27] growing up to between 2.5–4.5 cm (1–2 in) tall.[12] The pedicel or stem, is the same length to the ovary.[13]

It has an overall height with stem and flower reaching 7–10 cm (3–4 in) tall.[28][29][30]

It has 2–3 cauline (on the stem), spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are green, falcate (sickle-shaped) slightly inflated, unequal (outer leaves are shorter than the inner leaves) and 2–6 cm (1–2 in) long.[12]

The spathes bear 1 or 2 flowers,[16][31][26] in Spring,[17][20][32] or early Summer,[31][24] between April to May.[16][7][33] They only flower for a short time.[5][22]

The fragrant,[25] flowers are 3–5 cm (1–2 in) in diameter,[19][31][26] and come in shades of blue,[21][32][34] from lavender,[29][34][26] to lilac,[4][13][33] to pale blue,[7][8][25] and purple.[24][10][28] There are occasionally white forms,[35][29][30] and very rarely pink forms.[7][22][21]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[6][18][21] The spreading falls are 3–6 cm (1–2 in) long and 1.5–2.5 cm wide.[13][12] They have a central white signal patch, which is surrounded by a purple (or dark blue,[35]) ring, with 3 parallel orange or yellow crests (or ridges).[17][26][36] The fall tapers towards the claw (close to the stem).[24][12] The standards are erect,[26] oblanceolate and 3–4 cm (1–2 in) long and 1–2 cm wide (narrower and shorter than the falls).[13][24][16]

It has a filiform (thread-like), perianth tube that is 4–8 cm (2–3 in) long.[2][13][24] This large flower tube lifts the flower above ground level.[2][12]

It has a triangular, 0.6–1 cm long ovary, an oblong stigma (half the size of the falls,[13]) and 1.5 cm long, triangular crested, style branch.[12]

After the iris has flowered, it produces an ovoid seed capsule.[2][12] The capsule is 1–2 cm long, with ridged angles and triangular in cross-section.[2][12] Inside the capsule, are ellipsoid, yellowish-brown seeds that are 3.2–3.5 mm across and have a white appendage that spirally wraps around the seed.[2][12]

Biochemistry

In 2000, a study was carried out on the genetic diversity of Iris cristata and Iris lacustris. It was found that Iris cristata, is a widespread species of unglaciated regions of eastern North America, it would have a wide genetic diversity similar to other known widespread plant species, compared to the threatened Iris lacustris, which only occupies glaciated habitats on Great Lakes shorelines, (therefore smaller range) would display little genetic variation.[37]

In 2013, a study was carried out on chromosomal characters of various iris species.[38]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[21] It has been counted twice, 2n=24 (Longley, 1928) and 32 (Simonet, 1934).[2][12]
It is normally published as 2n=32.[3][35]

Taxonomy

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (cristata) kris-TAH-tah.[39]

It has common names of dwarf crested iris,[34][40][41] or crested iris,[8][21][22] and lady's calamus.[19][25]

It is known as krypiris in Swedish.[40]

The Latin specific epithet cristata is derived from 'crista' meaning crested or with tassel-like tips.[25] This refers to the golden yellow crest on the sepal of the iris.[5][8]

In the 1750s, the American Quaker botanist, John Bartram (1699–1777) introduced Iris crisatata to England via his correspondence friend, Mr Peter Collinson. He had sent several specimen plants across the Atlantic to him.[25] It has been in European culture in since 1766.[13]

It was first published and described by William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis (Hort. Kew.) Volume 1, page70 in 1789.[13][40][42]

It was later published in Botanical Magazine (t412) in 1798,[2][13] then in 'Addisonia' Volume 9, Issue 4 on page 63 in December 1924 with a coloured illustration,[36] as well as in the 'Journal of the RHS' Volume 88 in 1963.[24]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 11 April 2000, then updated on 1 December 2004.[40]

Iris cristata is an accepted name by the RHS.[19]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate regions of United States of America.[40][43]

Range

It is found in North eastern U.S.A., within the states of Indiana,[7] Ohio,[2][13][4] Pennsylvania,[5][44] and West Virginia.[12][40]

In North-Central U.S.A.,[2][21] within the states of Illinois,[8] Iowa,[8] Missouri,[7][9] and Oklahoma.[9][12][40]

In South eastern U.S.A.,[24][15][19] within the states of Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia,[2] Georgia,[3][7]-->[27]

It is found within the Ouachita mountains,[34] Allegheny Mountains,[2] Appalachian and Ozark Mountains.[23][35][36]

The range is south of where the Wisconsinan glaciation spread about 11,000 years ago.[37]

Habitat

It grows in calcareous soils,[8][12] in oak woodlands (or forests),[8][18][21] on rocky hillsides,[13][6][21] in ravines,[2][6][12] on mountain ledges (and bluffs),[5][6][9] and along streams.[13][5][7]

Conservation

Iris cristata is listed as 'endangered' in Maryland and Pennsylvania.[5]

Cultivation

Close-up of the flower of Iris cristata

It is hardy to between USDA Zone 3 and Zone 9,[32][29][45] and is hardy to European Zone H2. [24] Meaning it is hardy down to −20 °C.[7]

It prefers to grow in well-drained soils,[2][3][6] that are neutral or slightly acidic (pH level of 6.1 to 6.5).[17][21][29] It also prefers medium to high fertile soils containing humus.[7][9][17] Although, it will tolerate loamy soils.[32]

It can tolerate shade or full sun,[9][30][46] but prefers cool, semi-shaded positions.[4][6][7]

It has average to above average water needs during the growing season.[6][29]

It becomes dormant in winter.[23]

It can be grown in a mixed flower border, or rock garden.[17][22][33] It also can be naturalized,[47] within a woodland garden, creating ground-cover.[10][17][45] It can also be grown on peat banks, with other acidic loving plants,[31] including camellias and azaleas.[23]

It is normally recommended to add peat (or leaf-mould) and sharp sand (or grit) when planting new plants.[2][4][10] The roots should be planted (during Spring or Summer or Autumn), so that the top of the rhizome is about 3–5 cm below the soil line.[4][10][32]

Once planted, they can be surrounded with leaf mulch, to help with moisture retention.[10]

They can suffer from damage by snails and slugs.[2][3][7]

They also can suffer damage from deer, but the plants can survive the nibbling, and flowers can also be eaten.[5][9][17]

Other minor threats include; Iris borer, verbena bud moth, whiteflies, iris weevil, thrips, aphids, and nematodes. Bacterial leaf blight and soft rot, crown rot, rhizome rot, leaf spot, rust, viruses, and scorch.[22]

Grown in ideal conditions, the plants can live for up to 10 years.[17]

Smaller, poorer and paler forms were originally mistakenly thought to be Iris lacustris.[2]

They can be found in plenty of reputable nurseries in the US,[5][10] but it is rarely offered on sale, in Europe.[3]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division or by seed growing.[29]

Since, the plant needs to be frequently divided every 3 to 4 years,[2][7][17] to keep the plant healthy and vigorous.[20] It is easier and more reliable to propagate via division.[17]

This is best done in the early fall (or Autumn), when the leaves have turned yellow.[10][17][20] The rhizome should be split into hand-sized clumps to allow for plenty of new growth to occur.[17] The new plants should be kept moist until established,[2] they also can be mulched (with a maximum of 4 inches deep) to help with water retention.[17]

If propagating by seed. Seeds are collected from the ripe brown capsules after flowering. They should be sown on acid or slightly acidic soil. The process of seedling to flowering plant, can take up to 3 years to mature and flower.[17]

Hybrids and cultivars

cultivar of Iris cristata in Norfolk Botanical Garden, 'Eco Bluebird'

Iris cristata has many different cultivars.

Including; Iris cristata 'Alba' (a white flowering form),[27][46][48] 'Abbey's Violet', 'Azure', 'Baby Blue', 'Caerulea' (deep blue blooms),[20] 'Celestial Gem', 'Crested Fairy', 'Crested Gem', 'Crested Ivory', 'Crest Of Hope', 'Cristata Alba', 'Cristata Major', 'McDonald',[46] 'Cumberland Gap', 'Dash It All', 'Dick Butler', ‘Echo Ruffles’ (large purple blooms),[20] 'Eco Little Bluebird', 'Eco Orchid Giant', 'Eco Purple Pomp',[46] 'Eco Royal Ruffles', 'Eco White Angel',[46] 'Edgar Anderson', 'Eyed Form', 'Gold Crest', 'Little Jay', 'Major', 'Millard', 'Navy Blue Gem',[46] 'Pearl White', 'Pink', 'Powder Blue Giant',[6][46] 'Shenandoah Sky',(pale blue blooms)[46] 'Scio County', 'Skylands', 'Stormy Sky', 'Summer Sky' (deep blue blooms),[20] 'Summer Storm', 'Tennessee White',(a white form)[6]'Vein Mountain', 'Whisper' and 'White Pearl'.[36]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[25][29] Also risk of Dermatitis.[25]

Uses

It has been listed as a medicinal plant.[49]

It has been used by the Cherokee North American Indians in herbal medicines.[25] A decoction of the pulverized root was used as salve for ulcers.[41][50] An infusion (tea) taken for liver. Also a decoction of the root was used to treat a "yellowish urine."[41] The root was also used as an ingredient in a cream applied to skin ulcers.[25]

The root has also been used as a spice.[25]

In the 19th Century, hunters in Virginia used the root, as a thirst aid. It is initially sweet and then the taste of the root becomes pungently acrid.[25]

References

  1. ^ "Iris cristata Aiton is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 111, at Google Books
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Chapter II iris clump and other (part3)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "CRESTED IRIS (IRIS CRISTATA)". ozarkedgewildflowers.com. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bush, Gene (9 May 2011). "Iris cristata, a native plant, is a charmer in the shade garden". csmonitor.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 188. ISBN 9780330327749.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h "Dwarf Woodland Iris". fs.fed.us. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Iris cristata". missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Phipps, Nikki. "Dwarf Crested Iris – How To Care For A Dwarf Iris Plant". gardeningknowhow.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  11. ^ Edwin B. Smith Keys to the Flora of Arkansas, p. 327, at Google Books
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  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris, p. 92-93, at Google Books
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  22. ^ a b c d e f g "Crested iris (Iris cristata)". finegardening.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  23. ^ a b c d "Crested Iris". irises.org.au. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011), p. 259, at Google Books
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  26. ^ a b c d e f Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0715305395.
  27. ^ a b c Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 146. ISBN 0-88192-089-4.
  28. ^ a b Hessayon, Dr. D.G. (1997) [1984]. The Flower Expert (Revised ed.). London: Transworld Publishers Ltd. p. 96. ISBN 0903505193.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h "PlantFiles: Dwarf Crested Iris". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  30. ^ a b c John Greenlee The American Meadow Garden: Creating a Natural Alternative to the traditional lawn, p. 116, at Google Books
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  32. ^ a b c d e "Dwarf Crested Iris". americanmeadows.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  33. ^ a b c John KirkegaardA Practical Handbook of Trees, Shrubs, Vines, and Herbaceous Perennials (1912), p. 218, at Google Books
  34. ^ a b c d Murrain, Jim (3 November 2014). "The Dwarf Crested Iris". theamericanirissociety.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  35. ^ a b c d "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  36. ^ a b c d Franco, Alain (16 March 2015). "(SPEC) Iris cristata Solander". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  37. ^ a b Hannan, Gary L.; Orick, Michael W. (2000). "Isozyme Diversity in Iris cristata and the Threatened Glacial Endemic I. Lacustris (Iridaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 87 (3): 293–301. doi:10.2307/2656625. JSTOR 2656625. PMID 10718990. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  38. ^ Guo, Jinyan; Wilson, Carol A. (Dec 2013). "Molecular Phylogeny of Crested Iris Based on Five Plastid Markers (Iridaceae)". Systematic Botany. 38 (4). The American Society of Plant Taxonomists: 987–995. doi:10.1600/036364413X674724. S2CID 86263728.
  39. ^ "How to Pronounce Latin".
  40. ^ a b c d e f g "Iris cristata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  41. ^ a b c Hamel, Paul B.; Chiltoskey, Mary U. (1975). Cherokee Plants and Their Uses – A 400 Year History. London: N.C. Herald Publishing Co. p. 41. ISBN 0903505193.
  42. ^ "Iridaceae Iris cristata Aiton". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  43. ^ NRCS. "Iris cristata". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  44. ^ Ann Fowler Rhoads and Timothy A. Block The Plants of Pennsylvania: An Illustrated Manual, p. 169, at Google Books
  45. ^ a b Karan Davis Cutler The New England Gardener's Book of Lists at Google Books
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h "Crested Irises". pacificbulbsociety.org. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  47. ^ William Robinson The Wild Garden: Expanded Edition (2009), p. 267, at Google Books
  48. ^ "Iris cristata 'Alba'". abnativeplants.com. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  49. ^ Thomas McDowell and Nelson LewisThe Prehistory of the Chickamauga Basin in Tennessee, Volume 2, p. 591, at Google Books
  50. ^ Umberto Quattrocchi CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific names, Synonyms and Etymology, p. 2104, at Google Books

Other sources

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  • Duncan, W. H. & J. T. Kartesz. 1981. Vascular flora of Georgia: an annotated checklist.
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  • Radford, A. E. et al. 1964. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas.
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  • Strausbaugh, T. D. & E. L. Core. 1978. Flora of West Virginia, ed. 2.
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  • Yatskievych, G. 1999–. Steyermark's Flora of Missouri, revised edition.
  • [ www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNdi0sz-R-8 A detailed look at one year in the life of Dwarf crested iris (Iris cristata) ]

Media related to Iris cristata at Wikimedia Commons

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