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James Mitchell Varnum

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James Mitchell Varnum
James Mitchell Varnum, painted posthumously in 1804 by Charles Willson Peale
Born(1748-12-17)December 17, 1748
Dracut, Massachusetts
DiedJanuary 9, 1789(1789-01-09) (aged 40)
Marietta, Ohio
Place of burial
Oak Grove Cemetery, Marietta, Ohio
Allegiance United States of America
Service / branch Continental Army
Years of service1774–1779
Rank
Battles / wars
Other worktwice elected delegate to the Continental Congress (1780-82 and 1786-87), pioneer to the Ohio Country, justice of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territory
Signature
Varnum marker in Oak Grove Cemetery in Marietta, Ohio
Varnum marker in Oak Grove Cemetery in Marietta, Ohio
General James Mitchell Varnum, wife Martha Child inset.

James Mitchell Varnum (December 17, 1748 – January 9, 1789) was an American legislator, lawyer, general[1] in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and a pioneer to the Ohio Country.[2][3][4][5][6] "The career of Gen. Varnum was active, but brief. He graduated at twenty; was admitted to the bar at twenty-two; entered the army at twenty-seven; resigned his commission at thirty-one; was member of Congress the same year; resumed practice at thirty-three, and continued four years, was elected to Congress again at thirty-seven; emigrated to the west at thirty-nine, and died at the early age of forty."[7]

James Mitchell Varnum was "a man of boundless zeal, of warm feelings, of great honesty, of singular disinterestedness; and, as to talents, of prodigal imagination, a dextrous reasoner, and a splendid orator. He was a man made on a gigantic scale; his very defects were masculine and powerful, 'and, we shall not soon look upon his like again.'"[8]

Early life

James Mitchell Varnum was born in Dracut, Massachusetts. As a young man he matriculated at Harvard College only to transfer to the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (the college later named Brown University),[9] where he graduated with honors in 1769. In Rhode Island he met his future wife, Martha Chile.

Leadership in the American Revolution

Along with Nathanael Greene he served in the Kentish Guards. He served as a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, serving from 1777 until 1779. Varnum advocated allowing African Americans to enlist in the Continental Army, which resulted in the reformation of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment as an all-black unit. Varnum was a disciple of General Charles Lee and a serious critic of the position of Inspector General held in 1778 by Baron Von Steuben. After Varnum resigned his Continental Army commission because of personal business matters, he was appointed major general of Rhode Island militia. He led troops in the service of the United States in July and August, 1780, under the Comte de Rochambeau who commanded allied troops sent by King Louis XVI of France. General Varnum served at the siege of Boston, the battles at Long Island, White Plains, Red Bank, at Valley Forge and the battle of Rhode Island.[10]

Varnum was an original member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati and served as president of the Society from 1786 until his death in 1789.

He later represented Rhode Island in the Continental Congress (1780–1781 and 1787). After the Revolutionary War, along with General George Washington, Nathanael Greene, Henry Knox, Thomas Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and several others, he became a founding member of the Society of the Cincinnati.[11][12]

Varnum was also well known as a jurist. He successfully represented the defendant in Trevett v. Weeden one of the earliest cases of judicial review. In 1787, Varnum was appointed a justice of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territory, and moved to Marietta, Ohio, to take up his duties; he was one of the early pioneers to the Northwest Territory. He died less than two years later of consumption, and his marker is located in the Oak Grove Cemetery in Marietta. His college classmate the distinguished physician Solomon Drowne eulogized him during an oration at the one-year anniversary celebration of the founding of Marietta:

But of these worthies who have most exerted themselves in promoting this settlement, one, alas! is no more; one whose eloquence, like the music of Orpheus, attractive of the listening crowd, seemed designed to reconcile mankind to the closest bonds of society. Ah! what avail his manly virtues now! Slow through yon winding path his corse was borne, and on the steepy hill interred with funeral honors meet. What bosom refuses the tribute of a sigh, on the recollection of that melancholy scene, when, unusual spectacle, the fathers of the land, the chiefs of the aboriginal nations, in solemn train attended; while the mournful dirge was rendered doubly mournful mid the gloomy nodding grove. On that day even nature seemed to mourn. O Varnum ! Varnum! thy name shall not be forgotten, while gratitude and generosity continue to be the characteristics of those inhabiting the country, once thy care. Thy fair fame is deeply rooted in our fostering memories…[13]

Legacy

General Varnum's home, the Gen. James Mitchell Varnum House in East Greenwich, Rhode Island is a tourist attraction today. Varnum's brother was Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Joseph Bradley Varnum.

The Varnum Continentals, an historic military command in East Greenwich and founded in 1907, is named after General Varnum.

Dates of rank

  • Colonel, Varnum's Regiment, Army of Observation - April 1775
  • Colonel, Varnum's Regiment, Continental Army - 3 May 1775
  • Colonel, 9th Continental Infantry Regiment - 1 January 1776
  • Colonel, 1st Rhode Island Infantry Regiment - 1 January 1777
  • Brigadier General, Continental Army - 27 February 1777
  • Resigned from Continental Army - 5 March 1779
  • Major General, Rhode Island Militia - circa 1779

See also

References

  1. ^ Heitman, Officers of the Continental Army, 559.
  2. ^ Wilkins, Memoirs of the Rhode Island Bar, 145-239.
  3. ^ Hildreth, Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, 165-85.
  4. ^ Conley, Rhode Island's Founders, 134-37.
  5. ^ Dodge, Directory of the United States Congress 1774-2005, 2089.
  6. ^ Leiter, Generals of the Continental Army, 102-03.
  7. ^ Hildreth, Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, 184-85.
  8. ^ Hildreth, Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, 185.
  9. ^ Charles Theodore Greve (1904). Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens, Volume 1. Biographical Publishing Company. p. 104. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  10. ^ "Rhode Island Society of the Sons of the American Revolution: History - Nathanael Greene, genealogy, reenacting". Rhodeislandsar.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  11. ^ "General James Mitchell Varnum House Armory History". Varnum Continentals. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  12. ^ "James Mitchell Varnum". Nps.gov. 2001-10-17. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  13. ^ Hildreth, Pioneer History, 520.

Bibliography

  • Conley, P. T.: Rhode Island's Founders: From Settlement to Statehood, The History Press, Charleston, South Carolina (2010).
  • Dodge, A. R.: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005, Sixteenth Edition, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (2005).
  • Heitman, Francis B.: Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, Rare Book Shop Publishing Co., Washington, D.C. (1914).
  • Hildreth, S. P.: Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, H. W. Derby and Co., Cincinnati, Ohio (1852).
  • Hildreth, S. P.: Pioneer History: Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley, and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory, H. W. Derby and Co., Cincinnati, Ohio (1848).
  • Leiter, M. T.: Biographical Sketches of the Generals of the Continental Army of the Revolution, University Press: John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1889).
  • Updike, W.: Memoirs of the Rhode Island Bar, Thomas H. Webb and Co., Boston, Massachusetts (1842).
  • Varnum, J. M.: A Sketch of the Life and Public Services of James Mitchell Varnum of Rhode Island, David Clapp and Son Printers, Boston, Massachusetts (1906).
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