# Janko group J4

For general background and history of the Janko sporadic groups, see Janko group.

In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Janko group J4 is a sporadic simple group of order

221 · 33 ··· 113 · 23 · 29 · 31 · 37 · 43
= 86775571046077562880
≈ 9×1019.

## History

J4 is one of the 26 Sporadic groups. Zvonimir Janko found J4 in 1975 by studying groups with an involution centralizer of the form 21 + 12.3.(M22:2). Its existence and uniqueness was shown using computer calculations by Simon P. Norton and others in 1980. It has a modular representation of dimension 112 over the finite field with 2 elements and is the stabilizer of a certain 4995 dimensional subspace of the exterior square, a fact which Norton used to construct it, and which is the easiest way to deal with it computationally. Aschbacher & Segev (1991) and Ivanov (1992) gave computer-free proofs of uniqueness. Ivanov & Meierfrankenfeld (1999) and Ivanov (2004) gave a computer-free proof of existence by constructing it as an amalgams of groups 210:SL5(2) and (210:24:A8):2 over a group 210:24:A8.

The Schur multiplier and the outer automorphism group are both trivial.

Since 37 and 43 are not supersingular primes, J4 cannot be a subquotient of the monster group. Thus it is one of the 6 sporadic groups called the pariahs.

## Representations

The smallest faithful complex representation has dimension 1333; there are two complex conjugate representations of this dimension. The smallest faithful representation over any field is a 112 dimensional representation over the field of 2 elements.

The smallest permutation representation is on 173067389 points, with point stabilizer of the form 211M24. These points can be identified with certain "special vectors" in the 112 dimensional representation.

## Presentation

It has a presentation in terms of three generators a, b, and c as

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}a^{2}&=b^{3}=c^{2}=(ab)^{23}=[a,b]^{12}=[a,bab]^{5}=[c,a]=\left(ababab^{-1}\right)^{3}\left(abab^{-1}ab^{-1}\right)^{3}=\left(ab\left(abab^{-1}\right)^{3}\right)^{4}\\&=\left[c,bab\left(ab^{-1}\right)^{2}(ab)^{3}\right]=\left(bc^{bab^{-1}abab^{-1}a}\right)^{3}=\left((bababab)^{3}cc^{(ab)^{3}b(ab)^{6}b}\right)^{2}=1.\end{aligned}}}

## Maximal subgroups

Kleidman & Wilson (1988) found the 13 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of J4 as follows:

• 211:M24 - containing Sylow 2-subgroups and Sylow 3-subgroups; also containing 211:(M22:2), centralizer of involution of class 2B
• 21+12.3.(M22:2) - centralizer of involution of class 2A - containing Sylow 2-subgroups and Sylow 3-subgroups
• 210:PSL(5,2)
• 23+12.(S5 × PSL(3,2)) - containing Sylow 2-subgroups
• U3(11):2
• M22:2
• 111+2:(5 × GL(2,3)) - normalizer of Sylow 11-subgroup
• PSL(2,32):5
• PGL(2,23)
• U3(3) - containing Sylow 3-subgroups
• 29:28 Frobenius group
• 43:14 Frobenius group
• 37:12 Frobenius group

A Sylow 3-subgroup is a Heisenberg group: order 27, non-abelian, all non-trivial elements of order 3.